The Human Body.docx

8/21/2019 The Human Body.docx

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Monique Mavronicolas

The Human Body

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The Human Body consists of 11 complex integrated biologicalsystems, which carry out specic functions necessary for oureveryday living

http!""wwwlandryampscom"photography#na"systems$of$the$body

%or the purpose of the assignment we will only focus on the mainorgans within these systems &e will identify and discuss the

following organs!• Brain

• 'ungs

• Heart

• (ancreas

• )tomach

• 'arge *ntestine

• )mall *ntestine

•

'iver• +idneys

• )pleen

• Bladder

The Nervous System


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The -ervous )ystem consists of TH. B/0*- the ma#or organ of the -ervous)ystem2, )pinal 3ord, (eripheral -erves and nerves The system detects andprocesses sensory information that activates bodily responses

The Brain

'ocation! *n the 3ranium )4ull2

5enition! According to BMA Medical Dictionary (July 2013 0n organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the s4ull of vertebrates, functioning as thecoordinating centre of sensation, intellectual and nervous activity

A !ertical section through the human "rain# sho$ing the main areas

Main %unction! The Brain receives, sorts and interprets sensations from thenerves that extend from the central nervous system brain and spinal cord2to the rest of the body6 it initiates and coordinates nerve signals involved inactivities such as speech, movement, thought and emotion

(hysical 5escription! (ale gray, the si7e of a small cauli8ower the averageadult brain weighs about 194g2 and the texture of pate

)ignicant %eatures and %unctions!• %ere"rum

o This is the largest part of the brain and it is divided into lobes

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o The %orte& is the grey matter on the outer layers of thecerebrum

The %orte& is divided into two distinct parts ; the right andthe left cerebral hemispheres

The %orte& has any convolutions 4nown as 'yri Sucli

separate the 'yri, which increases the surface area of thegrey matter

o &hite matter nerve bres2connect these two hemispheres deepwithin the brain again

o Main %unctions of the %ere"ral %orte& Mental 0ctivities ; involved in memory and intelligence )ensory perception of touch, sight, hearing, taste and

smell *nitiation and control of movement and voluntary

movement Basal 'anglia

o (aired nerve cell clusters that in8uences s4eletal muscle the liesdeep within the cerebrum and upper part of the brainstem

o Main functions of the Basal 'anglia 3ontrols subconscious movement Muscle tone

o 5isease or degeneration a


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• The Mid"rain (Mesence*halono -ever cells and bres that connect with lower parts of the brain

and spinal cordo Main %unctions of the Mid Brain!

/elays motor impulses from the cortex to the pons

/elays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to thethalamus

• The *ons varolii

o %orms a bridge between the two hemispheres of the cerebrum toreplay messages from side to side

o Main %unction of the (ons >arolli &or4s with the medulla to help control breathing

Medulla +"longatao 'owest part of the brainstem, that lies in the scull #ust above the

spinal cordo

Main %unctions of the Medulla /elays impulses between other parts of the brain and the

spinal cord 3oordinates centres involved in stimulating the re8ex

centres for vomiting, coughing, snee7ing and hiccupping %ere"ellum

Behind the brainstem concerned with maintaining posture,balance and coordinating movement

The ,es*iratory System

The /espiratory )ystem ; the organs used for breathing $ consists of twonasal passages, the pharynx, the larynx, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm and TH. '?-@) the ma#or organ of the /espiratory )ystem2 This system isresponsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the blood and expellingcarbon dioxide from the body

The -ungs

'ocation! 'ies on each side of the thoracic cavity, and protected from in#uryby the sternum and the ribcage, resting on the diaphragm muscle

5enition! According to htt*.//$$$thereedictionarycom/idneys .ach of the pair of organs situated within the ribcage, consisting of elasticsacs with branching passages into which air is drawn, so that oxygen canpass into the blood and carbon dioxide be removed

Main %unction! The 'ungs supply the body with the oxygen needed foraerobic metabolism and eliminate the waste product carbon dioxide

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(hysical 5escription! Healthy adult lungs are 1$1 inches cone shaped lightspongy in8atable organs that appear pin4 in color The left lung is slightlysmaller than the right to ma4e space for the heart

A Diagram o the -ungs and "ronchial tree

)ignicant %eatures and %unctions!• The 'ungs are divided into lobes

o /ight lung has : lobes ; )uperior, middle and inferior lobeso 'eft lung only lobes ; )uperior and *nferior lobes

.ach lobe has its own blood supply and bronchi

• The !isceral leura is the thin membrane that covers the lung on theouter surface

• Ma#or feature of the lungs include the bronchi, bronchioles and thealveoli

o Bronchi ; two large air passageways connected to the tracheao Bronchioles ; much smaller tubes, leading o< the bronchi

carrying oxygen to the alveolio 0lveoli ; microscopic blood vessel$lined sac4s in which oxygen

and carbon dioxide gas are exchanged• The pleura, a 8uid cushioning system helps prevent friction between

the surfaces

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The %irculatory System

The 3irculatory )ystem also 4nown as the 3ardiovascular )ystem deliversoxygen and nutrients to tissues and helps stabili7e body temperature, pHand maintain homeostasis The system consists of TH. H.0/T, blood vessels

and approximately A liters of blood

The )eart

'ocation! The Heart is located in the thoracic cavity, medial to the lungs andposterior to the sternum

5enition! According to htt*.//$$$thereedictionarycom/heart 0 hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood through the circulatory systemby rhythmic contraction and dilation *n vertebrates there may be up to fourchambers as in humans2, with two atria and two ventricles

Main %unction! To circulate oxygenated blood to body tissues and pumpsdeoxygenated blood to the lungs

(hysical 5escription! 0 muscular organ that is about the si7e of a closed stof that person 0 healthy male heart weighs about 1 ounces and the femaleabout D ounces *t is conical shaped with 8attened bac4 and front surfaces

Diagram o the )eart

)ignicant %eatures and %unctions!

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• The heart sits within a 8uid$lled cavity called the pericardial cavityo The walls and lining of the cavity is 4nown as the *ericardium

ericardium is a type of serous membrane that producesserous 8uid to lubricate the heart and prevent frictionbetween the heart and surrounding organs

The ericardium also holds the heart in position The ericardium has layers!

• 0 !isceral layer, that covers the outside of the heart

• 0 arietal layer that forms a sac around the outsideof the pericardial cavity

• The heart wall is made up of : layers!o *icardium is #ust another name for the visceral layer of the

pericardium, thus to lubricate and protect the outside of theheart

o Myocardium is the second layer and is the muscular middle

layer of the heart wall that contains cardiac muscle tissue *t isresponsible for pumping bloodo ndocardium is the squamous endothelium layer in the inside

of the heart *t is smooth and ma4e sure that blood doesn=t stic4to the inside of the heart and forming blood clots

• The heart has four chambers!o ,ight atrium and -et Atrium

The atrium are thinner and less muscular, they act asreceiver chambers for the blood and are connected to theveins that transport blood to the heart

o ,ight !entricle and -et !entricle

The ventricles are bigger, stronger chambers that pumpblood out of the heart, they are connected to the arteriesthat transport blood away from the heart

• The heart has two types of valves that prevents blood 8ow in thewrong direction

o 0trioventricular 0>2 valves that carry blood to the hearto )emilunar valves that carry blood away from the heart

The ndocrine System

The .ndocrine )ystem secretes hormones produced by the endocrine glandssuch as pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, adrenal glands and TH.(0-3/.0), to regulate body processes

The ancreas

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'ocation! The (ancreas sits at the bac4 of the abdomen and is surrounded bythe stomach, liver, spleen, small intestine and gallbladder

5enition! According to htt*.//$$$thereedictionarycom/*ancreas 0

tapered gland that lies across the abdomen, that has digestive and hormonalfunctions, which secrets digestive en7ymes into the duodenum .mbedded inthe pancreas are the islets of 'angerhans, which secrete into the blood thehormones insulin and glucagon

Main %unction! The pancreas serves two primary functions *ts endocrinefunction is to produce the hormones insulin and glucagon The secondfunction, the exocrine function which is to produce and release digestive8uids

(hysical 5escription! The pancreas is a soft, lobular, 8eshy, cream colored,

elongated gland that has a most unusual and unique shape, and su


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• The e&ocrine function which is to produce and release digestive 8uidso This glad secretes directly into ducts and include, sweat

sebaceous mucus and digestive system *t secretes pancreatic 8uid that contains digestive en7ymes

that pass to the small intestine These en7ymes help to

further brea4 down the carbohydrates, proteins and lipidsfats2 in the chime

The Digestive System

The 5igestive )ystem is a system of organs6 the mouth, the salivary glands,

the oesophagus, TH. )TGM03H, TH. '*>./, TH. '0/@. *-T.)T*-., TH.

)M0'' *-T.)T*-., the gallbladder, the pancreas, the rectum and the anus in

which the ma#or function is to convert food into simpler, absorbable

nutriments to 4eep the body functioning and healthy

The Stomach

'ocation! Between the oesophagus and the beginning of the small intestine duodenum2 *t lies in the upper central portion of the abdomen above theumbilicus2 and to the left of the midline

5enition! According to BMA Medical Dictionary (July 2013 0nenlarged and muscular sacli4e organ of the alimentary canal6the principal organ of digestion

Diagram o the stomach

Diagram o the Stomach

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http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Mouthhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Oesophagushttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Beginninghttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Small_intestinehttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Duodenumhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Lieshttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Upperhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Portionhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Abdomenhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Lefthttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Midlinehttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Muscularhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Organhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Alimentaryhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Principalhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Organhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Mouthhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Oesophagushttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Beginninghttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Small_intestinehttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Duodenumhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Lieshttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Upperhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Portionhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Abdomenhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Lefthttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Midlinehttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Muscularhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Organhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Alimentaryhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Principalhttp://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Organ


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Main %unction! The )tomachs main function is to brea4 down and digest foodin order to extract necessary nutrients from what you have eaten

(hysical 5escription! 0 $shaped elastic sac which is the widest part of yourdigestive system

)ignicant %eatures and %unctions!• The stomach is divided into A areas

o %ardia ; surrounding and upper opening of the stomacho 4undus ; upper portion of the stomach that normally contains

only airo Body ; large central portiono Antrum ; lies between the body and the pyloris, this is the

expanded potion of pyloric part of the stomacho yloris ; narrow lower end of the stomach where food leaves the

stomach to enter the small intestine eristalsis brea4s food down into smaller pieces, mix it with 8uids

secreted from your stomach lining and move it through your stomach

The -iver

'ocation! 'ocated in the upper$right portion of the abdominal cavity underthe diaphragm, above your stomach, but a small portion extends into theupper left quadrant

5enition ! According to htt*.//dictionaryreerencecom/"ro$se/liver 0large and complicated reddish$brown organ that secrets bile andfunctions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat6synthesi7es substances involved in the clotting of the blood6 synthesi7es vitamin 06 detoxiespoisonous substances and brea4s down worn$out erythrocytes

Main %unction! The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body andperforms many vital functions to lter blood coming from the digestive tractbefore passing it to the rest of the body, it 4eeps the body pure of toxins andharmful substances

(hysical 5escription! The 'iver is a large, meaty organ weighing about :pounds, it is reddish$brown in color and feels rubbery to the touch

)ignicant %eatures and %unctions!• /emoves substances li4e alcohol and drugs by detoxifying the

5etoxies the blood• )tores some vitamins, iron and simple sugar glucose

• 3onvers stored sugar to glucose when the levels fall below normal

• Brea4s down hemoglobin as well as insulin and other hormones

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• 3onverts ammonia to urea vital in metabolism2

• 5estroys old red blood cells

Diagram o the -iver

The -arge 5ntestine

'ocation! The 'arge intestine starts at the right iliac region of the pelviswhere it continues from the small intestine2 Thereafter it traverses acrossthe width of the abdominal cavity, and then it turns down, continuing to itsendpoint at the anus

5enition ! The part of the alimentary canal consisting of the caecum, colonand rectum *t extracts moisture from food residuesare later excreted as feces

Main %unction! The 'arge intestine has four main functions6 reabsorbs waterand maintains the 8uid balance of the body *t absorbs certain vitamins by

processing undigested materials ber2 and basically stores the waste beforeit=s eliminated Maintaining a resident population of over A species ofbacteria and bacterial fermentation of indigestible material

(hysical 5escription! The large intestine a tubular sac line structure that isabout A feet 1A m2 in length and A inches C$E cm2 in diameter in theliving body and creamy orange in color

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Diagram o the -arge 5ntestine

)ignicant %eatures and %unctions!• The large intestine consists of the cecum and ascending (right

colon, the descending (let colon, and the sigmoid colon, which isconnected to the rectum

• The cecum which is at the beginning of the ascending colon, is the

point where the large and small intestine #oins• The large intestine secretes mucus and is largely responsible for the

absorption of water from your stool• Many bacteria inhabit the large intestine that can enable further

digestiono Bacteria in the large intestine ma4e some important substances,

such as >itamin + o These bacteria is important for healthy intestinal function

The Small 5ntestine

'ocation! The )mall intestine is situated in the abdomen following thestomach and followed by the large intestine

5enition ! According to htt*.//$$$thereedictionarycom/5ntestine#6small The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal,consisting of the duodenum, #e#unum and ileum in which the digestion iscompleted

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Main %unction! The main function of the small intestine is absorption ofnutrients and minerals from food

(hysical 5escription! 0 narrow long sausage$li4e coiled tube that averages in

an adult between CFm ft Din2 to E1m :ft 9 in2 that is approximatelyA$:cm in diameter

Diagram o the Small 5ntestine

)ignicant %eatures and %unctions!• The small intestine continue the in the duodenum the digestive

process that started in the stomach• *t absorbs digested food

• The small intestine can be divided into: ma#or regionso Duodenum rst section of the small intestine

)hortest region, that partially digest chymeo Je7unum the middle section of the small intestine

(rimary site of nutrient absorptiono 5leum is the last section of the small intestine

.mpties into large intestine 3ompletes absorption of nutrients that were missed in the

#e#unum

The 8rinary System

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The ?rinary )ystem consists of TH. +*5-.I), TH. B'055./, ureters andurethra and is involved in 8uid balance, electrolyte balance and excretion ofurine

The 9idneys

'ocation! 'ocated behind the peritoneal cavity on the posterior abdominal

wall and either side of the spine. The right 4idney sits a bit lower than the left

4idney to accommodate the liver

5enition! According to htt*.//$$$medicinenetcom/scri*t/main/artas*:articleey;


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)ignicant %eatures and %unctions!• /egulation of blood volume

• /egulations of blood pressure

• /egulation of electrolytes

• .xcretion of waste products

• Hormone production

The Bladder

'ocation! 'ocated in the pelvis, #ust above and behind the pubic bone

5enition! According to

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o eritoneum ; covers the upper surface of the bladder,remaining outer covering consists of brous tissue

o Detrusor muscle ; it thic4ens at the bladder$urethral #unction toform an internal urethral sphincter

*nvoluntary contractions opens the sphincter to allow urine

into the urethrao Su"mucosa layer$ contain nerves, connective tissue and blood

vesselso Transitional e*ithelium ; lines the bladder in folds to allow the

bladder to distend

The -ym*hatic System

The 'ymphatic )ystem consists of TH. )('..-, the thymus, lymph nodesand lymphatic vessels This system is involved in the transfer of lymphbetween tissue and the blood stream, the lymph and the vessels that

transport it

The S*leen

'ocation! *t is located under the ribs and above the stomach on the left side

of the abdomen

5enition! According to htt*.//$$$thereedictionarycom/s*leen Thespleen is a spongy highly vascular organ situated near the stomach in man*t forms lymphocytes, produces antibodies, aids in destroying worn$out redblood cells, and lters bacteria and foreign particles from the blood

Main %unction! The spleens main function is to lter and purify blood andstore blood cells

(hysical 5escription! 0dult spleens are usually about A inches wide andweigh about C ounces The spleens is soft and purple

)ignicant %eatures and %unctions!(roduction of lym*hocytes

o (roducing T cells and B cells that are capable of changing into

cells that preform specic immune reactions hagocytosis ta4es place within the spleen

The spleen has the ability to lter out potentially dangerous bacteria orviruses in the blood

)torage of platelets for use in emergency situations

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Diagram o the s*leen

Bi"liogra*hy

Boos

)haw, ' A2 Anatomy > hysiology ? Access to ), 3engage,Hampshire

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/ea$5upree, and 5u(ree, ( E2 Anatomy > hysiology $or"oo orDummies, &iley, Hobo4en

Boyle, M and *ndge, B and )enior, + 1FFF2 )uman Biology 1st .dHarper3ollins, 'ondon

5r (eters, M 1:2 BMA 5llustrated Medical Dictionary, :rd .d, 5orling+indersley, 'ondon

&augh, 0 and @rant, 0 192 ,oss and @ilson Anatomy and hysiologyin )ealth and 5llness, 1th .d, -orthampton shire

@e"sites

)uman Body online2 0vailable from! http!""wwwinnerbodycom"

Science. )uman "ody and mind online2 0vailable from!http!""wwwbbccou4"science"humanbody"body"factles"organsJanatomyshtml

)uman Body Ma*s online2 0vailable from!http!""wwwhealthlinecom"human$body$maps

8nderstand Anatomy in real 3D online2 0vailable from!http!""wwwvisiblebodycom"indexhtml

)uman Biology online2 0vailable from! http!""wwwwebmdcom"

@hat is the *ancreas online2 0vailable fromhttp!""wwwmedicalnewstodaycom"articles"111php

!arious online2 0vailable from! http!""wwwlivesciencecom"

1F
http://www.innerbody.com/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/organs_anatomy.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/organs_anatomy.shtmlhttp://www.healthline.com/human-body-mapshttp://www.visiblebody.com/index.htmlhttp://www.webmd.com/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10011.phphttp://www.livescience.com/http://www.innerbody.com/http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/organs_anatomy.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/organs_anatomy.shtmlhttp://www.healthline.com/human-body-mapshttp://www.visiblebody.com/index.htmlhttp://www.webmd.com/http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10011.phphttp://www.livescience.com/

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