The Human Body:The Human Body:Lymphatic and Immune Lymphatic and Immune

SystemsSystems

Textbook Chapter 37Textbook Chapter 37Review Topic 1-2Review Topic 1-2

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

Your body has two transport networks that Your body has two transport networks that circulate fluids:circulate fluids:

– Circulatory systemCirculatory system

– Lymphatic systemLymphatic system

Consists of a complex network of organs, Consists of a complex network of organs, vessels, and nodes throughout the bodyvessels, and nodes throughout the body

Helps to:Helps to:

– Distribute nutrientsDistribute nutrients

– Absorb excess fluids Absorb excess fluids

between cellsbetween cells

– Fight diseaseFight disease

– Remove waste products Remove waste products

from cellsfrom cells

Relies on muscle contractions Relies on muscle contractions

and valves to circulate the lymphand valves to circulate the lymph

From the vessels, lymph collects From the vessels, lymph collects

in small rounded lymph nodesin small rounded lymph nodes

– Filter the lymph, trapping bacteria, viruses, fungi Filter the lymph, trapping bacteria, viruses, fungi and cell fragmentsand cell fragments

– Specialized immune cells ingest and destroy these Specialized immune cells ingest and destroy these wasteswastes

– Vessels carry the lymph out of the nodes, Vessels carry the lymph out of the nodes, returning it to the circulatory systemreturning it to the circulatory system

Structures of the lymphatic system:Structures of the lymphatic system:

– Tonsils Tonsils

Lymph nodes on eitherLymph nodes on either

side of the throatside of the throat

Filter out bacteria and Filter out bacteria and

virusesviruses

If a build up of pathogens occurs, it can If a build up of pathogens occurs, it can result in swelling and infection, causing result in swelling and infection, causing them to need to be removedthem to need to be removed

– SpleenSpleen

Largest organ in the lymphatic systemLargest organ in the lymphatic system

Filters and cleans the Filters and cleans the

lymphlymph

Contains white blood Contains white blood

cells to destroy harmful cells to destroy harmful

bacteria and foreign organismsbacteria and foreign organisms

– Thymus Thymus (part of endocrine system as well)(part of endocrine system as well)

Located in chest, above the heartLocated in chest, above the heart

Important in developing different types of Important in developing different types of white blood cells (lymphocytes)white blood cells (lymphocytes)

Immune SystemImmune System

There are different types of pathogens There are different types of pathogens which enter the body in different wayswhich enter the body in different ways

Pathogens are disease causing agentsPathogens are disease causing agents

– BacteriaBacteria

– VirusesViruses

– FungiFungi

– ProtozoaProtozoa

– ParasitesParasites

Many body systems protect you from pathogensMany body systems protect you from pathogens

– Immune system fights off infection and Immune system fights off infection and pathogenspathogens

– Relies on physical barriers Relies on physical barriers

to keep pathogens outto keep pathogens out

Skin is the first line of defenseSkin is the first line of defense

– Secretes oil and sweat, creating an acidic Secretes oil and sweat, creating an acidic environment which kills many pathogens on environment which kills many pathogens on the skins surfacethe skins surface

Eyes, nose, ears, mouth and excretory organs Eyes, nose, ears, mouth and excretory organs are entrances to the bodyare entrances to the body

– Protected by mucous membranes and ciliaProtected by mucous membranes and cilia

Once inside the body, the immune system Once inside the body, the immune system relies on the circulatory systemrelies on the circulatory system

– Sends chemical signals to coordinate an Sends chemical signals to coordinate an attack attack

– Transports specialized cells to the infectionTransports specialized cells to the infection

– Cells and proteins fight the body’s infectionsCells and proteins fight the body’s infections

White blood cellsWhite blood cells

– Find and kill pathogensFind and kill pathogens

– Types of white blood Types of white blood

cells:cells:

Phagocyte – cell that destroys Phagocyte – cell that destroys pathogens by surrounding and engulfing pathogens by surrounding and engulfing themthem

Lymphocytes – white blood cells Lymphocytes – white blood cells that initiate the specific immune that initiate the specific immune responsesresponses

~ T cells destroy body cells that ~ T cells destroy body cells that

are infected with pathogensare infected with pathogens

~ B cells produce proteins that ~ B cells produce proteins that

inactivate pathogens that have inactivate pathogens that have

not yet infected a body cellnot yet infected a body cell

ProteinsProteins

– AntibodiesAntibodies

~ Made by B cells~ Made by B cells

~ Destroy pathogens ~ Destroy pathogens by making them by making them ineffectiveineffective

~ Binds to the pathogen’s membrane proteins~ Binds to the pathogen’s membrane proteins

~ Cause pathogens to clump together~ Cause pathogens to clump together

- Makes it easier to be engulfed by - Makes it easier to be engulfed by phagocytesphagocytes

~ Antibodies activate proteins which weaken ~ Antibodies activate proteins which weaken the the

pathogen’s cell membranepathogen’s cell membrane

Immunity prevents a person from Immunity prevents a person from getting sick from a pathogengetting sick from a pathogen

– Passive ImmunityPassive Immunity

No immune responseNo immune response

Transferred between generations through Transferred between generations through DNADNA

– From mother and child through From mother and child through

breastfeeding or through the umbilical breastfeeding or through the umbilical

chordchord

– Active ImmunityActive Immunity

Produces a response to a specific Produces a response to a specific pathogen that has infected your bodypathogen that has infected your body

Occurs after your immune system Occurs after your immune system reacts to a pathogen invasionreacts to a pathogen invasion

If exposed again, immunity is already If exposed again, immunity is already present and illness is present and illness is prevents/lessenedprevents/lessened

Your body responds to the presence of Your body responds to the presence of foreign particles and pathogensforeign particles and pathogens

– Specific defenses – cellular level, specific Specific defenses – cellular level, specific to type of pathogento type of pathogen

– Nonspecific responses – occur the same Nonspecific responses – occur the same way to all pathogensway to all pathogens

InflammationInflammation

FeverFever

Cells of the immune system produce specific Cells of the immune system produce specific responsesresponses

– Antigens – proteins markers on the surface of Antigens – proteins markers on the surface of cells and viruses that help the immune system cells and viruses that help the immune system identify a foreign cell or virusidentify a foreign cell or virus

– Memory cells – specialized T and B cells that Memory cells – specialized T and B cells that provide acquired immunityprovide acquired immunity

The immune system rejects foreign tissuesThe immune system rejects foreign tissues

– Tissue rejection occurs when the recipients Tissue rejection occurs when the recipients immune system makes antibodies against the immune system makes antibodies against the protein markers on the donor’s tissueprotein markers on the donor’s tissue

Many methods are used to control pathogensMany methods are used to control pathogens

– Antiseptics – chemicals that kill pathogensAntiseptics – chemicals that kill pathogens Ex. soap, vinegar, rubbing alcoholEx. soap, vinegar, rubbing alcohol

– Antibiotics – target on type of bacteria or Antibiotics – target on type of bacteria or fungus to prevent them from growing and fungus to prevent them from growing and reproducingreproducing

Antibiotic resistance – occurs when Antibiotic resistance – occurs when bacteria mutate so they are no longer bacteria mutate so they are no longer affected by antibioticsaffected by antibiotics

Vaccines artificially Vaccines artificially produce acquired produce acquired immunityimmunity

– Vaccine – substance Vaccine – substance that contains a antigen that contains a antigen of a pathogen of a pathogen (weakened or dead (weakened or dead forms) to cause your forms) to cause your immune system to immune system to make memory cells (so make memory cells (so it prevents you from it prevents you from getting sick in the getting sick in the future)future)

Allergies occur when the immune Allergies occur when the immune system responds to harmless antigenssystem responds to harmless antigens

– Allergy – oversensitivity to a Allergy – oversensitivity to a normally harmless antigennormally harmless antigen

– Allergen – antigen that causes an Allergen – antigen that causes an allergic reactionallergic reaction

Ex. food, airborne, chemicalEx. food, airborne, chemical

In autoimmune diseases, white blood In autoimmune diseases, white blood cells attack the body’s healthy cellscells attack the body’s healthy cells

Autoimmune Autoimmune DiseaseDisease

Body Body Systems Systems AffectedAffected

The Immune System…The Immune System… How Many How Many AffectedAffected

Rheumatoid Rheumatoid ArthritisArthritis

IntegumentarIntegumentaryy

Breaks down tissues Breaks down tissues that line joints, that line joints, making movement making movement difficultdifficult

70 in 10,00070 in 10,000

Type I Diabetes Type I Diabetes MellitusMellitus

Endocrine, Endocrine, DigestiveDigestive

Attacks the pancreas, Attacks the pancreas, stopping the stopping the digestion of sugarsdigestion of sugars

60 in 10,00060 in 10,000

Hashimoto’s Hashimoto’s ThyroiditisThyroiditis

EndocrineEndocrine Attacks the thyroid Attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to gland, causing it to make fewer make fewer hormoneshormones

15 in 10,00015 in 10,000

Multiple Multiple Sclerosis Sclerosis (MS)(MS)

NervousNervous Breaks down myelin Breaks down myelin sheaths, disrupting sheaths, disrupting nerve nerve communicationcommunication

10 in 10,00010 in 10,000

Graves’ Graves’ DiseaseDisease

EndocrineEndocrine Stimulates the thyroid Stimulates the thyroid gland, causing it to gland, causing it to make more make more hormoneshormones

5 in 10,0005 in 10,000

Leukemia is characterized by abnormal white Leukemia is characterized by abnormal white blood cellsblood cells

– Cancer of the bone marrowCancer of the bone marrow

– Does not form tumors but Does not form tumors but

prevents bone marrow from prevents bone marrow from

functioning properlyfunctioning properly

Causes bone marrow to produce white blood cells Causes bone marrow to produce white blood cells that do not develop properly and are immaturethat do not develop properly and are immature

Can be treated with bone marrow transplants, Can be treated with bone marrow transplants, radiation and chemotherapyradiation and chemotherapy

HIV targets the immune systemHIV targets the immune system– Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

– A retrovirus that attacks and weakens A retrovirus that attacks and weakens the immune systemthe immune system

Retrovirus contains RNA instead of Retrovirus contains RNA instead of DNA with 9 genesDNA with 9 genes

– Can only live in human blood cellsCan only live in human blood cells

Cannot survive long outside of the bodyCannot survive long outside of the body

Cannot be transferred by touching of skin Cannot be transferred by touching of skin or even through mosquitoesor even through mosquitoes

– Transmitted when virus enters bloodstream Transmitted when virus enters bloodstream through the mixing of blood or other bodily through the mixing of blood or other bodily fluidsfluids

Sexual intercourse, umbilical chord between Sexual intercourse, umbilical chord between mother and child, sharing of needles (drugs, mother and child, sharing of needles (drugs, tattoos, piercings)tattoos, piercings)

– Reproduces in T cells, causing them to Reproduces in T cells, causing them to become ineffective to stimulate an immune become ineffective to stimulate an immune responseresponse

– HIV leads to AIDS (acquired immune HIV leads to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)deficiency syndrome)

Final stages of immune Final stages of immune

system declinesystem decline

– HIV is a virusHIV is a virus

– AIDS is the condition AIDS is the condition

of having a worn-out immune systemof having a worn-out immune system

Results in death because a person’s Results in death because a person’s immune system cannot fight off immune system cannot fight off infectionsinfections

Immune System Immune System BrainPopBrainPop