The Human Body in Health and Disease
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Transcript of The Human Body in Health and Disease
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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGYMEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
CompleteComplete!!
CHAPTER
Second EditionSecond Edition
The Human Body in Health and Disease
4
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Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Multimedia Directory
Slide 57PET Scan VideoSlide 60MRI VideoSlide 63Ultrasound Video
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Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Learning Objectives
• Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the human body.
• Identify the building blocks, organ systems, and cavities of the body.
• Identify the anatomical planes, regions, and directional terms used to describe areas of the body.
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Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Learning Objectives (cont.)
• Break down and define the important terms associated with the anatomy and physiology of the human body.
• Define the introductory terms associated with medical terminology.
• Identify the five major diagnostic imaging procedures.
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Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts
• abdomin/o • anter/o • brachi/o• cardi/o • caud/o • cephal/o
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Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts (cont.)
• cervic/o • chondr/i• cran/o, crani/o • cyt/o • dist/o • dors/o
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Medical Terminology: Complete!, Second EditionBruce Wingerd
Word Parts (cont.)
• femor/o • gastr/o • glute/o • hom/o, home/o • ili/o
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Word Parts (cont.)
• infer/o • inguin/o • later/o • lumb/o • medi/o
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Word Parts (cont.)
• organ/o • pelv/o • physi/o • pleur/o• poster/o • proxim/o
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Word Parts (cont.)
• super/o • thorac/o • tom/o • umbilic/o • ventr/o
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy• Physiology• Functions of the body• Homeostasis
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Anatomy and Physiology (cont.)
• The Building Blocks of Body Structure Cells Tissues Organs Systems
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Figure 4.1Building blocks of the body. Complexity increases in the direction of the
arrow.
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Anatomy and Physiology (cont.)
• Atoms Molecules Organelles
• Cells
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Anatomy and Physiology (cont.)
• Tissues• Four main types of tissues:
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
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Anatomy and Physiology (cont.)
• Organ Maintains a certain shape Performs a general function
• Examples: stomach, brain, pancreas
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Anatomy and Physiology (cont.)
• System The body contains 11 systems Each system performs a general function
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Table 4.1Systems of the Body
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Table 4.1 (continued)Systems of the Body
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Table 4.1 (continued)Systems of the Body
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Table 4.1 (continued)Systems of the Body
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Table 4.1 (continued)Systems of the Body
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Table 4.1 (continued)Systems of the Body
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Table 4.1 (continued)Systems of the Body
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Table 4.1 (continued)Systems of the Body
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Table 4.1 (continued)Systems of the Body
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Table 4.1 (continued)Systems of the Body
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Table 4.1 (continued)Systems of the Body
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Directional Terms
• Directional terms• Anatomical position• Most directional terms each include one word root and one suffix.
• Suffixes are either -ior or -al
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Word Roots Involving Direction
• super • infer • anter • poster• medi
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Word Roots Involving Direction (cont.)
• later• proxim • dist • ventr • dors• caud
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Directional Terms
• Superior• Inferior• Anterior (ventral)• Posterior (dorsal)
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Directional Terms (cont.)
• Medial• Lateral• Superficial• Deep• Proximal• Distal
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Planes Dividing the Body
• Plane• Frontal or coronal plane• Sagittal plane• Transverse plane
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Figure 4.2 Body planes
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Regions of the Body
• Regions of the Body Head Neck Upper appendages Trunk Lower appendages
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Regions of the Body (cont.)
• Regions may be broken down further such as the abdominal region within the trunk.
• Abdominal region can be broken down in two ways – abdominal regions and abdominal quadrants
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Regions of the Body (cont.)
• Abdominal Regions Epigastric region Hypochondriac regions Umbilical region Lumbar regions Hypogastric region Iliac regions
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Figure 4.3 The abdomen and abdominal regions
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Abdominal Quadrants
• Abdominal Quadrants Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
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Anatomical Terms (cont.)
• Body as a Whole Central trunk, or torso Appendages, or limbs Cavities Viscera
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Body Cavities
• Dorsal cavity Cranial cavity Spinal (vertebral) cavity
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Figure 4.4 Body cavities
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Body Cavities (cont.)
• Ventral cavity Thoracic cavity
-Pericardial cavity-Pleural cavities-Mediastinum
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Body Cavities (cont.)
• Ventral cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity
-Abdominal cavity-Pelvic cavity
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Medical Terms of the Human Body
• Disease• Pathology• Pathologist• Diagnosis• Symptom
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Medical Terms of the Human Body (cont.)
• Sign• Acute• Chronic
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Medical Terms of the Human Body (cont.)
• Infection• Trauma• Prognosis
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Diagnostic Imaging
• Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopy CT scan PET scan MRI Ultrasound
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Endoscopy
• Endoscope Views internal anatomy on a monitor
May also contain surgical attachments that allow the physician to manipulate internal structures
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Figure 4.5 EndoscopySource: Reflekta/Shutterstock
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CT Scan
• Computed Tomography Scanning Can scan from multiple angles Useful to view cross-sectional images of organs
Standard evaluation of trauma to most body areas
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Figure 4.6 CT scanSource: Linda Bartlett/National Cancer Institute.
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PET Scans
• Positron emission tomography The radioactive substance is combined with a metabolically important material and then inhaled or injected into the patient
The metabolic activity of an organ is detected by the PET scan based on the particles being released by the organ
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Figure 4.7a PET scanSource: Grieze/Dreamstime.com
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Figure 4.7b PET scanSource: ballemans./Shutterstock
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PET Scan Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of PET scans.
Back to Directory
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MRI
• Magnetic resonance imaging Can distinguish between structures based on the water content
Offers the clearest, most complete images of internal anatomy
Can diagnose many forms of cancer, joint disease, and trauma
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Figure 4.8 MRISource: Jupiterimages/Polka Dot/Thinkstock
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MRI Video
Click here to view an video on the topic of MRI.
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Ultrasound Imaging
• Ultrasound imaging, or sonography• Major body systems in which ultrasound is used: Obstetrics and gynecology – fetal, uterine, breast, ovarian
Cardiology – heart, blood flow through vessels
Urology – blood flow through the kidneys, detecting prostate cancer, seeing kidney stones
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Figure 4.9 Ultrasound imagingSource: Photodisc/Thinkstock
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Ultrasound Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of ultrasound.
Back to Directory
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Combining Form Quiz
1.dors/o a. front2.anter/o b. below3.proxim/o c. back4.super/o d. above5.infer/o e. near