The Habsburgshttp://www.smithsonianchannel.com/videos/what-happened-to-the-habsburgs/19953

Nationalism Divides

Hapsburg EmpireOttoman EmpireRussian Empire

Habsburg Empire

• In 1800, the Habsburgs were the oldest ruling family in Europe.

• They ruled over a multinational empire.

Habsburg Empire

• ~1850 the empire had 50 million people.• Less than a quarter were German

speaking Austrians. • Most belonged to different Slavic

groups: Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Romanians, Serbs, Croats & Slovenes.

Serbian Girls

Habsburg Empire

• Rival groups shared the same region.• The empire also included large numbers of

Hungarians and Italians.• When nationalist revolts broke out across

the empire in 1848, the government crushed them.

The Compromise…

• Amid all the chaos, 18 year old Franz Josef inherited the Habsburg throne.

• Franz Josef realized he needed to strengthen his empire and made some reforms.

• These changes only pleased the German speaking Austrians.

• The Hungarians wanted sovereignty (self-rule).

Dual Monarchy

• Austria’s disastrous defeat in 1866 in the war with Prussia brought renewed pressure from the Hungarians.

• Under the new agreement, Austria and Hungary were separate states.

• Each had its own constitution (set of laws) and parliament (lawmaking body).

• Franz Josef ruled as emperor of Austria and king of Hungary.

• The two states shared ministries (departments) of finance, defense and foreign affairs but were independent in other areas.– Hungarians were the only ones happy about

the compromise.

Unhappy Slavs…

Slavic groups became more restless for sovereignty (independence). Slavs (especially the Czechs) wanted to unite against the Dual Monarchy.

Ottoman Empire

• The Ottomans ruled a multinational empire. It stretched from Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle East…HUGE!!!!

• In the Balkans, Serbia won autonomy (self rule) in 1817 and southern Greece won independence in the 1830’s. But many Serbs & Greeks still lived in the Balkans under Ottoman rule.

Ottoman Empire

• The Ottoman Empire was home to other national groups, such as Bulgarians and Romanians.

• During the 1800’s, many different people revolted against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states.

Bulgaria

• In the mid-1800’s, Europeans viewed the Ottoman Empire as “the sick man of Europe”.

• Strong European countries that had gone through the Industrial Revolution took advantage of Ottoman weakness and took over their land.

• Russia, Austria-Hungary, Serbs, Britain and France all fought the Ottomans for their land.

• The Balkan region became known as the “Balkan Powder Keg” and in 1914 was the spark that started WWI.

The Ottomans were a strong trading empire through the mid-1600’s because they

• 1. controlled access to the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

• 2. had the most powerful navy in the world.

• 3. dominated West African caravan routes.

• 4. conquered most of Asia.

People would prefer their own bad government rather than submit to the good

government of a foreign power. Which concept is characterized by this statement?

• 1. nationalism• 2. communism• 3. socialism• 4. militarism