The Growth of a Young Nation

During the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe, the country grew in both size and prestige. During a time of growing sectionalism, Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828 ushered in a new era of popular democracy.

Essential Question

•How did the Jeffersonian Era, the Age of Jackson, and manifest destiny contribute to the growth of the nation during the first half of the 19th century?

Objectives

• Identify significant changes that occurred during Jefferson’s presidency.• Explain the causes & consequences of the War of 1812.• Summarize the ways in which nationalism shaped American foreign policy.• Describe the regional economic differences in the early U.S.• Summarize tensions between national and sectional interests.• Examine the crucial issues and events of Andrew Jackson’s presidency• Identify the presidents that followed Jackson and the challenges they faced.

The Jeffersonian Era

•Democratic-Republicans• Pro-strong state governments &

opposed the Federalist Party.

• Election of 1800• Jefferson & VP Burr have same

number of votes.• Hamilton convinces supporters to

back Jefferson.

• Jeffersonian republicanism• A simple government best suited

the needs of the people.

Marbury v. Madison

• President Adams makes last minute appointments for judges but not delivered in time.• New Prez Jefferson orders Madison not

to deliver them.• Chief Justice John Marshall rules that

Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional and can’t force delivery.• Judicial Review: Supreme Court’s power to

declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.

Judicial Review: You Decide

Flag burning?

Is burning the flag constitutional under Freedom of Speech?

Abortion?

Is abortion a constitutional right?

Gay Marriage

Is gay marriage a constitutional right?

Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson buys Louisiana territory from Napoleon for $15 million. (Illegal)•More than doubled size of the U.S.•Lewis & Clark explore the new land and showed that transcontinental travel was possible (1804).

Nationalism & Hubris

War of 1812

• British force American sailors into British Navy (Impressment) & armed Native Americans.• British sacked

Washington, D.C.• Neither side that

interested in fighting and peace treaty leaves borders the same.

Monroe Doctrine• A policy of U.S. opposition to any European

interference in the affairs of the Americas.

The Age of Jackson• Jacksonian Democracy: Jackson’s belief that common people were the source of American strength.• Tariff of 1828: High tariffs on imports led British to buy less cotton and hurt the Southern economy.• Nullification Crisis: Each state could decide

which federal laws were constitutional.

• Bank Wars• Jackson didn’t want a new national bank

(Agent of wealthy)

Missouri Compromise

•Maine admitted as a free state & Missouri as a slave state.•Louisiana territory split between free and slave at 36°30' North latitude.

Indian Removal Act

• Federal government provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force Native Americans to move west.• Cherokee nation fought the act in court

and won but Jackson refused to abide by the Supreme Court’s ruling.

• Trail of Tears• 800-mile journey on foot during fall &

winter (1838).• 25% of Cherokee died on the trip.

Do Now

•Think about a time you moved to a new community, changed schools, or came upon a situation for the first time. Did you feel the change gave you an opportunity to make a fresh start?

Objectives

• Summarize the reasons settlers headed west.•Describe Texas settlement, struggle for independence, and annexation.• Explain the causes and consequences of the War with Mexico.• Analyze the California gold rush.•Describe the institution of slavery and the abolitionist movement.•Describe the central role women played in 19th century reform movements.

Manifest Destiny

• The 19th-century belief that the U.S. would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory.• Santa Fe Trail: MO to

NM.• Oregon Trail:

Independence, MO to OR.• Mormons migrate to

UT.

Texan Independence

Don’t Mess w/ Texas

• Texas Revolution: Self-rule for Texans instead of Mexican government.• Mexico doesn’t want

slaves in TX.• “Remember the Alamo.”

• Texans captured Gen. Santa Anna and were granted independence.

War with Mexico

•NM & Cali fell to U.S. w/out a shot fired.• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo• Rio Grande new border

between U.S. & Mex.• $15 million for NV, UT, AZ, CO,

WY

“Go west, young man!”

•Gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill near the California Sierra Nevada mountains in 1848.• Immigration to Cali• 1848 = 400/year• 1850 = 44,000/year

• Apex of Gold Rush over by 1853

Slavery and Abolition

•Abolition: The movement to abolish slavery.• Frederick Douglass: Former slave who became an eloquent & outspoken critic of slavery.• Turner’s Rebellion• Nat Turner led a rebellion in August 1831.• Attacked 4 plantations & killed 60

people.• Turner and other slave rebels captured

and executed.

Women & Reform

• Education• Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1837): 1st

institution of higher learning for women.

•Women’s Rights Movement• Seneca Falls convention: Women’s right

convention demanding the right to vote led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.• Sojourner Truth: Former slave that spoke at

women’s conferences and abolition conferences.