C OI . O N I A 1 , K F P O R T S — A N N U A 1 .

No. 1664

ANNUAL R E P O R T ON T H E SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF T H E P E O P L E OF

T H E GAMBIA, 1933

(For Reports for TCJJJ and i(j]2 see Nos. / 5 7 2 and /616

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(Colon ia l No, 5)2.J »</. (!<>,'.). C O L O N I A L D E V E L O P M E N T A D V I S O R Y C O M M I T T E E .

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T o t a l . . . -17'2S i o d i c .

I n t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e t h e r c e o r c Is of r a i n f j II w e r e : —

N o r t h P>ank P r o v i n c e f K e n w a n ) •I7'.S.'* i nd ie

M c C a r t h y I s l a n d P r o v i n e e ( ( I E ( . r<n'to\\ h ) •17-77

\ ' p p o r U i v e r P r o v i n c e 1 ( W I I l i ) .5X''20 „

S o u t h P u n k P r o v i n c e ( C a p " S t . M a r v )

C l I A T T Kit I P C I O Y E U W ! K N T .

T h e m a i n p o l i t i c a l d i v i s i o n s o f t i m G a m b i a a m t h e ( \ d o n y o f t h e

G a m b i a a m i t h e P r o h a M o r a i e . t h e l a i t e r e o n - i s f m o < f o u r i V o v i n o c s

e a c h : i (11 m i n i r m o d b y a ( ' u i n i i i i — m r e r . T i n 1 u l i c l c c o u n t r y is u n d e r

I In 4 e m u m l o f t h e ( i o v o r n o r a n d C o m m a n d e r - i n - ( h i e f . l o w h o m t h e

C o n n n P s i o u o r s a r e r e s p e n d o f u r 11 mi r re<p< ot i ve i V o vii w e s . T h e

( ' o Io i i n i n c l u d e s t h o I - l a n d o f S i . M a r v < on w h m h tin* t o w n o f

l > a t h u r - f P si l u a i c d ) a n d a P o l b ' f m . I t a j a u a . M a c ( ' a ; ' .hv P d a m b { h e

( h a l o | M do a n d I mil P h K o m h o a i l o f w h i c h a : e a d t n i n i s ! o i v d b y t h e

( V a m m * s i o n e r < m e P r t h o P r o m m o r a t e - . - f e i n . T i m G u v e n n r is

a ^ > P < c d h v a n P x e o i i t i \ e ( ' o u n e il a r - P i m g o f t h o C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y

( e x ~ < ' d i r k > M e m b e r ; a n d S e v e r n I o l Inn* M i i i i i r o l l i e i a P . T i m i m / i ^ L a ! i v e

G o i m o i ! o f 111 o C o i o n v . o f w h i o h tin* G o v e r n o r :s I In* P r e d d o u t .

i i a d m h ' s tin* C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y ( o x - o l l i o i o M r n m t r i , s t a t i c O i t ' n a a l

M e m b e r s , i i a d u d i m i " t h e M e m b e r s o f t h e P x e o m i v e ( ' o u n e i k a n d a l s o

s e v e r a l T n o t h c i a l M c n i h e r s .

I'roh itonite Si/sh HI,—This - v s ! c m w a s int r o d u c e d in 1 *!) I b y a n

" O r d i n a n c e t o p r o v i d e l o r t h e e x e r c i s e in t h e P r o t e c t e d d ' m a a ' o r m s o f

" e e r l n in powa r> a n d j u r i s d i c ! i on h y N a t i v e A ut h o i a l m s a n d h y

d o m m m d o n e r s { N o . I I o f 1 S! U n w h i c h l a i d d o . v n i l i a ! * * A l ! 4 i n a t i \ e la v. - a n d e n - 1 o ; n s in t o r c c in t h e P r o m o t e d d h a a a t o i a e - w hah i; a r c u n o t r e p u g n a n t t o ua t u r a I j u s ! : c e n o r i n c o m p a ! i 1»P1 w i t h a n y < ) r d i n n n e e

" o f t h e C o l o n y w h i c h a p o h e s n» t h e P r o t e c t e d T e r r i t o r i e s . > Iml i h a v e

" ( I n - s a m e ell'eol a s R e g u l a t i o n s m a d e nmh•»• d m - ( h d i m a n o o " . T h e ,

( ) r d i n a m m d e f i n e d t l m pow m-s o f t h e C b m P in t i m f o l l o w i n g t e r m s : —

•\'> i . h v r r v H e a d C h i e f a n d H e a d m a n s h a l l p o s s e s s a n d

e x e r o p e —

(a ) T h e p o w e r s o f a C o n s e r v a t o r o f t h e p e a c e , i n c l u d i n g

t h e p o w e r o f b i n d i n g e v e r u n r u l v p e r s o n s w i t h s u r e t i c s o f

t l m p e a c e , a n d o f p r e v e n t i n g o r s u p p r e s s i n g r i o t s , a flea v s

a m i t u m u l t s o f > v e r y d e s c r i p t i o n .

( / / ) T h e p o w e r o f c a r r y i n g i n t o e x e c u t i o n w i t h i n h i s

d P i r i o K s u b - d i s t r i c t o r . v i l l a g e a n v la w o f t h e I m p e r i a l

P a r l i a m e n t o r o f t h e C o l o n v o f l h e G a m b i a , a n v O r d e r o f

11«• i* M a j e s t y "m C o u n c i l , a n v d e c r e e o r o n P r o f » h e S u p r e m e .

C o u r t , o r a n v o r d e r o f t h e ( ' o n u m - s i o m a \ - s u b j e c t t o s u c h

in s t iaict i a j s a s Im m a \ h o m i h u e t o l u u e r e c e i v e f r o m t h e

A d n u u M rat o r o r ( ' o m n i i s s i o m T : o r . m r c - o e c t o | d e c r e e s o r

o r d e r s o f t h e S u p r o m e C o u r t , f m m i h e O h m f M a g P t r a t e ;

( r ) T h e p u w r o f a p p i ' t d i c i a l i n g . d c t a i u m g a n d s e n d i n g "

t o t ie* ( ' o m m P - i o m a - V ( ' o i i r t f o r e x a m i n a t i o n , n r t o t h e

C o u r t s a t I h o h u . M f o r c x a i n i n a t ion a n d I r i a h o f e v e r y

p e r > o n a c c u s e d o f a u \ ' s e 1 i o u > o l l e n e e o r c r i m e , s u c h a s

m u r d ' a x r o b b e r \ . s l a \ e - d e a h n g . w h e t h e r o l t h e l i k e o r a,

d i l l e r e u t k i n d , a n d il s h a l l b e t h e d u l y o f e v e r y H e a d ( d d e f

tun! H e a d m u i t u u s e h i s i i l n m s t e n d e a v o u r t o d i s c o v e r t h e

a u ( h o r s o f a l l s m d i i d l m i c e s .

T h e p r o t e c t o i ' p e r s o n - ' - x e o n t m g ( l m d > ord(U*s w a^ p r t n i d e 1 f o r

b v S e e d i on o f t h e ( ) r d i u a n c e w h i c h i \ a d s " P . v e r y | ) e r s o n e m p l o y e d

8

•\> i a * 1 u i * r C o u r t in c a r r y i n g i n l o O f e c t a n y o r d e r

•|: m , s h a l l ha ; h e l i k e protect ion f o r t h a t p u r p o s e a< a

••pi a > >n a u t k a ' i / .ed i o e v e e u i e P r o c e s s o l t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t k

Ord inance , I I ol w a s l a t e r s u p e r s e d e d b y t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e

O r d i n a n c e (d' H M d a n d d u r i n g H i d d a n a d v a n c e w a s m a d e in t h e

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e b y t he e n a c t i n c u r o f the N a t i v e

A u l h o r i t v a id N a t i v e T r i b u n a l s O r d i n a n c e s , ( N o s . d a n d 4 o f H b ' b ' J ) .

' I d l e t w o O r d i n a n c e s , t h o u g h e a c h d e a l - w i th separate m a t t e r s o f

deta i l , ,>•'•> in f a c t d i r e c t e d t o o n e c o m m o n purpose, die d e v e l o p ­

m e n t o f l o e a i s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t b y the S o y f o l u a n d p e o p l e o f t h e

P r o t e c t o r a t e , under t h e a d v i c e a n d s u p e r v i s i o n o f the C o m m i s s i o n e r s

w h o r e p r e s e n t t l ie ( i o v e r n o r .

T h e N a t i v e A u t h o r i t v O r d i n a n c e p r o \ I D E S f o r t h e est a b i i s l u u e u t

and c o n s t i t u t i o n o f N a t i v e A u t h o r i t i e s in tin* P r o t e c t o r a t e a n d

p r e v i s i o n is m a d e f o r t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n of e x i s t i n g S e v f o l u and

A l k a l o l u a s N a t i v e A u t h o r i t i e s .

P d e f i n e s in far g r e a t e r d e t a i l t h a n d o e s t i n 1 P r o t e c t o r a t e ( ) r d i n a n c e

1 \ ) \ : \ the d u t i e s a n d p o w e r s o f S \ f o l u a n d A l k a l o l u in t h e i r e x e c u t i v e

c a p a e i t v . I t c o n f e r s o n N a t i v e A u t h o r i t i e s p o w e r t o i s s u e a d i n u n ' s t r a -

ti \ e o r d e r s i | e ; d i U g wit h a g r e a t v a r e a v o l m a t ' e r s in r e g a r d t o p e r - o i n

s u b j e c t t o t h e i r j ' u n s d i e t inn a n d a b o i m p o s e s d u t i e ^ in c o . m e c t i o n w i t h

t h e p r e v e n t i o n a n d H i p p r e ^ s i o n , , f e n : U E .

T H E N a ! i \ e T r i b u u a Is ( ) rd i inn I R E * - ! a b | i s l i e s I ! I r o u g l IOI ;! T H E P r o l o c -

t o r a t e a - v - t a i n <d N a t i v e T i i b u n a l s w i t h d-. l i n e d j u r i s d i c t i o n b o t h

C r i m i n a l a n d C i v i l . It d e a d s w i th t h e j u d e n a l p o w e r s o f S e v d ' o l u a n d

A l k a l o l u . a s t h e N a t i v e A u l l n » r i i \ O r d i n a n c e d e a l s w i t h t h e i r

e x e c u t i v e p o w e r s . S e c t i o n s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e r e m o v a l o f p r o c e e d i n g s

f r o m N a t i v e T r i b u n a l s t o t h e C o u r t o f a Commiss ioner and w i t h t h e

r e v i s o r v p o w e r s o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s i o p r o l u - e m a e i e a r e r m a u n e r t h e

r u l e s g o v e r n i n g ' t h e s e m a t t e r - in t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e O r d i n a n c e 1 < I | ; > .

O t h e r s e c t i o n s a b o r e p r o d u c e t l m l a w e x i s t i n g under t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e

O r d i n a n c e H H . ' J .

( k i m m i - d o n e r - n o k a i g ' e r s i 1 with. N a t i v e T r i b u n a l s , w h i c h a re n o w

i p i i t e s e p a r a t e f r o m the C o u r t - o f t h e ( ' o m m i s > i o n e r s .

T h e a d :n i u is t r a ! ion in the.1 P r o t e c t o r a t e s t i l l h i n g e s o n t h e ( d u e t t o r

S e v f u ) a n d t h e H e a d m a n ( o r A l k a l i ) t h e A l k a l i b e i n g - r e - p o m d b i " t o

t h e S ' v i ' u l o r i e s t o w n a n d t i c S c v f u t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r id ' ' h e

P r o v i n e e n a h i s d i s t r i c t . T h e A l k a l i is eho - eu b v t h e p e o p l e o f the

v i l ia ."oil h i - p >-dt i o n is c o e d i n i K d b v t h e C o m i b s i o n e r . H e a c ' s

a s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f his v i l lage in d e a l i n g w i t h ( iov a r u u i c n t ,

a n d p e r s o n i f i e s t h r v i l l a g e c m i i o u n i t v , d i d - is o x e i u p h l i e d b v tin*

f a c t tiiat it i s the A l k a l i who a l l o t s , t o t h o s e who n e e d it, u n o c c u p i e d

l a n d b c l o i e t a g t o the v i l l a g e as a c o m m u n i t y . H e i s hound b y

t r a d i t i o n o s e e k and t o l isten t o t i n 1 a d v i c e o f t h e e l d e r m e n i n

the v i l l a g e .

I n : h e e v e n t o f d i - p u t e s a r i s i n g in tin* c o m m u n i t y w h i c h c a n n o t b e

c o m p o s e d b v t l m f r i e n d s o r r e l a t i v e * o f t i c p a r t i e s t h e A l k a l i ,

a l t h o u g h a ^ u e d w k h n o j u d i c i a l p o w e r s is o f t e n a b l e b y v i r t u e o f h i s

o f l i e e to a c t s u c c e s s f u l l v as a r b i t r a t o r a n d - p r e v e n t t h e m a t t e r f r o m

r e a c h i n g the p o i n t o f l i t i g a t i o n .

T h e S c y f u h o l d s a p o s i t i o n p a r t l y e s t a b l i s h e d hy l e g i s l a t i o n a n d

p a r t l y i n h e r i t e d f r o m t h e K i n g s o f f o r m e r t i m e s . T h e M a n d i n k a w o r d

f o r K i n g ( M a n s a j is n o w a p p l i e d o n l y t o tin* G o v e r n o r w h o i s , i n

native* p h r a s e o l o g y , t h e " K i n g o f P a t h u r « d v , a n d t h i s l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e

w a n d r e f l e c t s t h e p a s s i n g o f n m e h o f t h e o l d k h m l v p o w e r s . V o t a

g o o d d e a l o f t h e s t a n d i n g a n d a u l h o r i t v o f t h e K i n g s r e m a i n s , e s p e c i a l l y

in c a s e s w h e r e it i s p o s - i h l o t o a p p o i n t a s C h i e f o n e o f a n o l d r u l i n g

f a m d v . I t is n o w t h e p o l i c e , t h e r e f o r e , t o a p p o i n t s u c h m e n a s f a r

a s p o s s i b l e , s i n c e o n t int a u t h o r i t y i n h e r e n t in t h e o l l i c o d e p e n d s a

j j r e a t p a r t o i ( h e C h i e f s nt ilit v a n d p r e s t i g e .

T h e S e v f u is a p p o i n t e d b v tin* ( i a v i ' r i i o r o n t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f

t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r , w h o h a - p r m i o u s ] v a s c e r t a i n e d w h i c h o f t h e

c a n d i d a t e s h a s t h e b e s t c l a i m o r c o m m a n d s m o s t t h e r e s p e c t a m i

o b e d i e n c e o f t h e d i s t r i c t . T h i s d i s t r i c t o p i n i o n is b c c o i n i n g a i i i n c r e a s ­

i n g l y i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r in t h e c h o i c e o f a c h i e f , A p a r i f r o m h i s

g e n e r a l a d mi n P t ra t i ve. d ut i e s a n d t h e > u p c r \ P i o u o f b i s d i s ; r » c t . t h e

• S e v f u is u s u a l l y t h e P r e s i d e n t o f l l m . N a t i v e T r i b u n a l o f b i s d i s t r i c t ,

a n d e x e r c i s e s p o w e r s w h i c h m a y b e c o m p a r e d r o u g h l y 1o t h o s e o f ;i

P o l i c e ( ' o u r t , a p p e a l s l y i n g f r o m h i s C o u r t t o t h a t o f t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r .

T h e f o r m a r s y s t e m o f a d v a n c e s o f s e e d g r o u n d n u t s a n d r i c e t o t h e

S e v f o l u a n d p e o p l e o f t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e w a s d i s c o n t i n u e d in 1 9 d 2 , a n d

in 1 !).').'> e a c h N a t i v e A u t h o r i t y m a d e a R u l e u n d e r w h i c h e v e r y

c u l t i v a t o r o f g r o u n d - n u t s in t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e P r e q u i r e d t o d e p o s i t in

t h e v i l l a g e s t o r e , a f t e r t in ; w i n n o w n i g o f t h e y e a r s c r o p , f i ve b u s h e l s o f

s e e d n u l s . O f t h e a m o u n t s o d e p o s i t e d f o u r b u s h e l s a r e r e t u r n a b l e t o

t h e d e p o s i t o r a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e n e x t p l a n t i n g > a a s o n . t h e r e m a i n ­

i n g b u s h e l b e i n g p l a c e d in t h e \ i i l a g e r e s e r v e .

T h e s c h e m e , w i t h t h e fu l l c o - o p e r a t i o n o f t h e S e v f o l u a n d p e o p l e ,

w o r k e d v e r y w e l l a n d r e s u l t e d in a n a d e q u a t e s u p p l y o f s e e d a n d a

g o o d e x p o r t c r o p o l g r o u n d - n u t s .

A m n i o s u p p l i e s o f h o m e - g r o w n f o o d - s t u i i s w e r e a P o p r o d u c e d , a n d

f r o m t h e s e h e m e t h e r e r e s u l t e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e g a i n in m o r a l e a n d a

m o r e o o n l i d e n i l o c a l a d m i u ' . s t i at i on b v S e y f o h i a n d N a t i v e A u t h o r i t i e s .

/..or/ft (itircnunrttt. I n t h e M a t h u r s t P r b a u D P t r i c i C o u n c i l

a n d H o a r d o f H e a l t h \ \ a > c o n s t i t u l e d in p l a c e o f t h e l o r u m r H o a r d (d'

J l e a l t h f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f a d v P i u g G o v e r n m e n t u p o n m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g

t o t h e w e l f a r e o f d m i n h a b i t a n t s o f P a t h u r s t .

T i m C o u n c i l , o f w h i c h t h e C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y is C h a i r m a n * , i s

c o m p o s e d o f r e p r e s e n t a l i v e s o f t h e v a r i o u s . G o v e r n m e n t I ) e p a rt i n c u t s

m o ^ t c l o s e l y c o n c e r n e d in t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f P a t h u r s t , o f s i x

M e m b e r s eh l e d b v t h e T o w n W a r d s o f P a t h u r s t , J M I U o f f o u r

M e m b e r s n o m i n a t e d b v t h e G o v e r n o r t o r e p r e s e n t c o m m e r c e i n d u s t r y

o r ot Inn* in t - ' r e s t s .

A n e l e c t i o n f o r W a r d R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s is Imld e v e r y I ) e e e m b e r , a n d

m e e t i n g s o f ( h e C o u n c i l a r c h e l d e v e r y q u a r t e r . M u c h m o P d a d v i c e

o n m a t t e r s a f P o t h m ; t h e T o w n o f P a t h u r s t a n d i t s i n h a I n t a n l s h a s b e e n

t e n d e r e d t o G o v e r n m e n t b v t h e m e m b e r - o f t h i s C o u n c i l b o t h ;n t h e i r

i n d i v i d u a l a n d c o l l e c t i v e c a p a c i t i e s , a n d the* C o u n c i l s e r v e s a s >x

v a l u a b l e l i n k b e t w e e n G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e p u b l i c ! .

10

C H A P T E R I I I . P o p r L A T I O W

T h e population o f the G a m b i a according to the 1931 Census was 1 9 9 , 5 2 0 of which 1 4 , 3 7 0 inhabi tants resided on S t . Marv ' s Is land. T h e Island contains few inhabitants outside the T o w n of Ibuhurst .

( i enera l lv speaking* the various nicies are distributed throughout the P ro t ec to ra t e with the except ion o f the -lolas who are pract ical ly confined to the Sou th Bank Province . T h e numerical distribution of the races in the Pro tec to ra te was given in the Census as follows : —

M a n d i n ' o 8;">,04O .Jolot 2 5 . 8 6 4 F u l a 2 2 , 2 7 a .lola 1 9 . 4 1 0 Sarah uli 12,3 I (i T u k u l o r i \.nrtz Bamhara 3,2f>i A k u 7 s o Others 3,1)4 7

Tota l I K / j J O O

People of all these, races are included amongst 1 h,' inhabitants o f Bat hurst.

Vi ta l statistics are recorded in the M a u d of S t . Mary onlv as*, owing io the i l l i t iM 'a i y of tin1 people, (lie collection of reliable data in the Protec tora te i s i m p o s s i b l e .

Tl i - ' st:tiistif*: in respi i of ll.ithurst for ili,« p-tst five years arc as follows : —

:> : i lhs . D r i l l s . Infantile M O I •ta.lit.y

(per 1.0)1 hirtlis' r t i - 'Ut «r«-i 1).

1 9 2 9 11)30 1 9 3 1 1 9 3 2 1 9 3 3

4 22

3:;i

M l 2 4 1 I

3'ill

3.i.:> 3 MS

3 3 3 2 8 3 227 2 4 2 2 9 0

A s regards the above figures ii is necessary to s la te that whereas all deaths taking p h e e in Uathiirst are registered (cer t i f icates of deaths and 1 >i trial permits be i i ; g required ir all ca>rs) , hirt hs of in funis to parents , in par: ienlar to il l i terate parents, are not registered. T h i s would account for the comparat ively large excess of deaths over bir ths which have been registered from year to year .

It is l ikely, however, that regis, rat ion of births will s i o n become more accurate as t ime goes on since parents, including; i l l i terate par. ' t i ts, arc beginning' to realise the value of cert ideates of birth t o the i r children in adult years .

11

W i t h regard Io ilie* Infant i le Mortal i ty Hate the figure given for 19:53 is For the whole of Ralhurst ; of the 3 3 1 births K2 were conducted by the ( Tmic Stal l and of thcs'H* 8 2 infants <S died within twelve; months g i \ l u g an infant i le Morta l i ty Hate of 9 S per thousand which comparer fa\ ourably with similar work in the Bri t ish Isles and compares more than faxourably with the general mortali ty rate of 2 9 0 for tin* whole of Ba ihu i s f .

KmiijraJioH and immiymfiun.

T h e r e is practically no emigration from the ( i a m b i a . A t the commencement o f each ground-nut planting sea>on a number

of natives cross the border into the Pro tec tora te from French Ter r i to ry for the purpose of assi>ting% the local fanners in tin* planting and harvest ing of the crop, T h o e v t range farmers ' return to their homes :>r r the crop ha> b« icu marketed , I ,ike\\ ise a considerable number o f foreign labourers and petty traders come to Hathurst at the beginning-of each t rade season and leave again when the season ends. T h e number of ' s t range f a n n e r s \ labourers and pettv traders visiting the ( i a m b i a naturally fluctuates according to trade conditions. Immigra­tion returns show t h a t during t h e past t h r e e years the per.Mms enter ing Ra thu r s t by sea numbered as follows : ~ ^ o f in 1 9 3 1 , 6 3 4 in 1 9 3 2 and 8 1 7 in 1 9 3 3 ; but it m a y b< assumed fh;-r the majori ty of these ])eople returned, or will return, to their homes. Immigrat ion is controlled b y the Immigrat ion Res t r ic t ion Ordinance ( N o . 12 of 1 9 2 4 ) under winch no person is allowed to enter the ( i ambia who : —

(a) is l ikely to become a pauper or e public charge ,

(h) is an idiot or i n sane ,

(c) is deemed by the Governor to be an undesirable immigrant ,

(d) is a prost i tute , or

(e) is not in possession of a passport valid under the law of the country o f which he is a c i t izen.

A n y person who appears to the Immigrat ion Officer to be without visible means of support is required to deposit tin sum of £ 6 0 , or to give security by bond in tha t amount.

At t h e expirat ion of eighteen months f rom t h e date of enter ing t h e ( i a m b i a , or at any e a r l i e r period, if the depositor not having become dest i tute or unable to support himself, d e p a r U f rom the ( i a m b i a , his deposit is returned to him.