The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793

The French Monarchy:The French Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793

Marie Antoinette & Louis Marie Antoinette & Louis XVIXVI

Marie Antoinette and Marie Antoinette and the Royal Childrenthe Royal Children

Marie Antoinette and Marie Antoinette and the Royal Childrenthe Royal Children

Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”

Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”

The Necklace ScandalThe Necklace ScandalThe Necklace ScandalThe Necklace Scandal

Cardinal Louis René Édouard de Cardinal Louis René Édouard de RohanRohan

The Countess de LaMotteThe Countess de LaMotte

1,600,000 1,600,000 livreslivres

[$100 million today][$100 million today]

Let Them Eat Cake!Let Them Eat Cake!Let Them Eat Cake!Let Them Eat Cake!

“ “Madame Deficit”Madame Deficit”

“ “The Austrian The Austrian Whore”Whore”

French Budget, 1774French Budget, 1774French Budget, 1774French Budget, 1774

Where is the tax Where is the tax money?money?

Where is the tax Where is the tax money?money?

• Urban Commoner’sUrban Commoner’sBudget:Budget:– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%

• King’s Budget:King’s Budget:– Interest 50%Interest 50%– Army 25%Army 25%– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789

The French Urban PoorThe French Urban PoorThe French Urban PoorThe French Urban Poor

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

Socio-Economic Data, 1789Socio-Economic Data, 1789Socio-Economic Data, 1789Socio-Economic Data, 1789

Ancien RegimeAncien Regime Map, 1789 Map, 1789Ancien RegimeAncien Regime Map, 1789 Map, 1789

Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789

Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789

Last time it was called into session was 1614!Last time it was called into session was 1614!

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy

2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Suggested Voting Pattern:The Suggested Voting Pattern:Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates

The Suggested Voting Pattern:The Suggested Voting Pattern:Voting by EstatesVoting by Estates

1

1

1

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Number of RepresentativesThe Number of Representativesin the Estates General: Vote by Head!in the Estates General: Vote by Head!

The Number of RepresentativesThe Number of Representativesin the Estates General: Vote by Head!in the Estates General: Vote by Head!

300

300

648

Europe on the Eve of theEurope on the Eve of theFrench RevolutionFrench Revolution

Europe on the Eve of theEurope on the Eve of theFrench RevolutionFrench Revolution

““The Third Estate Awakens”The Third Estate Awakens”““The Third Estate Awakens”The Third Estate Awakens”

““The Tennis Court Oath”The Tennis Court Oath”by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David

““The Tennis Court Oath”The Tennis Court Oath”by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David

June 20, 1789June 20, 1789June 20, 1789June 20, 1789

Lettres de CachetLettres de CachetLettres de CachetLettres de Cachet

The French king could The French king could warrantwarrant imprisonment or death in a imprisonment or death in a signed letter under his signed letter under his seal.seal. A A carte-blanchecarte-blanche warrant. warrant.

Cardinal Fleury issued Cardinal Fleury issued 80,00080,000 during the reign of Louis during the reign of Louis XV!XV! Eliminated in 1790.Eliminated in 1790.

Storming the Bastille,Storming the Bastille,July 14, 1789July 14, 1789

Storming the Bastille,Storming the Bastille,July 14, 1789July 14, 1789

Revolutionary Paris, 1789Revolutionary Paris, 1789Revolutionary Paris, 1789Revolutionary Paris, 1789

The Great Fear:The Great Fear:Peasant RevoltPeasant RevoltThe Great Fear:The Great Fear:Peasant RevoltPeasant Revolt

July 20, July 20, 17891789

July 20, July 20, 17891789

March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789

March of the Women,March of the Women,October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789

We want the baker, the baker’s wife We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy!and the baker’s boy!

National Constituent AssemblyNational Constituent Assembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791

National Constituent AssemblyNational Constituent Assembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791

August DecreesAugust Decrees((August 4-11, 1789)August 4-11, 1789)

August DecreesAugust Decrees((August 4-11, 1789)August 4-11, 1789)

LibertéLiberté!!

LibertéLiberté!!

Egalité!Egalité!Egalité!Egalité!

FraterniFraternité!té!

FraterniFraternité!té!

Equality & Equality & MeritocracyMeritocracy Equality & Equality & MeritocracyMeritocracy

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Rights of Man and of the

CitizenCitizen

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Rights of Man and of the

CitizenCitizen

August August 26,26,

17891789

August August 26,26,

17891789

The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of RED & BLUE of

Paris.Paris.

Citizen!Citizen!Citizen!Citizen!

83 Revolutionary Departments83 Revolutionary Departments83 Revolutionary Departments83 Revolutionary Departments

February 26, 1790February 26, 1790February 26, 1790February 26, 1790

Planting the Tree of LibertyPlanting the Tree of LibertyPlanting the Tree of LibertyPlanting the Tree of Liberty

17901790

The Civil The Civil Constitution Constitution

of the Clergy of the Clergy

The Civil The Civil Constitution Constitution

of the Clergy of the ClergyJuly 12,July 12,

17901790July 12,July 12,

17901790

JuryingJurying

vs.vs.

Non-JuryingNon-JuryingClergyClergy

AssignatsAssignatsAssignatsAssignats

They were backed by the sale of Church lands.They were backed by the sale of Church lands.

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791& the National Assembly. 1791

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791& the National Assembly. 1791

The French Constitution of 1791:The French Constitution of 1791:A Bourgeois GovernmentA Bourgeois Government

The French Constitution of 1791:The French Constitution of 1791:A Bourgeois GovernmentA Bourgeois Government

The king got the The king got the “suspensive” “suspensive” vetoveto [which prevented the passage of [which prevented the passage of laws for 3 years]. laws for 3 years]. ** he could not pass laws. he could not pass laws. ** his ministers were responsible his ministers were responsible

for their own actions. for their own actions. A permanent, elected, single chamber A permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly. National Assembly. ** had the power to grant taxation. had the power to grant taxation. An independent judiciary.An independent judiciary.

““Active” CitizenActive” Citizen vs. vs. “Passive” Citizen“Passive” Citizen..

Louis XVI Tried to Escape Louis XVI Tried to Escape to Varennes, 1791to Varennes, 1791

Louis XVI Tried to Escape Louis XVI Tried to Escape to Varennes, 1791to Varennes, 1791

The The CordeliersCordeliersThe The CordeliersCordeliers The Society of the Friends of theThe Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

Organized in 1790.Organized in 1790.

It provided a political base for It provided a political base for DantonDanton and Marat. and Marat.

It eventually drifted to the It eventually drifted to the extremeextreme left after Marat’s death. left after Marat’s death.

Taken over by Taken over by Jacques Réne Jacques Réne HébertHébert and the and the HébertistsHébertists, who controlled , who controlled thethe Paris Commune. Paris Commune.

Called for the deposition of the Called for the deposition of the king.king.

The The Champs de MarChamps de Mar Massacre Massacre (July 17, 1791)(July 17, 1791)

The The Champs de MarChamps de Mar Massacre Massacre (July 17, 1791)(July 17, 1791)

Led by the Led by the CordeliersCordeliers..

Put down by the Marquis dePut down by the Marquis de Lafayette and the newly- Lafayette and the newly-createdcreated National Guard. National Guard.

1757 – 18341757 – 1834

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCESBIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

o ““Hist210—Europe in the Age of Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.”Revolutions.”http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/chron/rch5.htm

o “ “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.”Exploring the French Revolution.” http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/

o Matthews, Andrew. Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Revolution and Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. . CambridgeCambridgeUniversity Press, 2001.University Press, 2001.

o “ “The Napoleonic Guide.” The Napoleonic Guide.” http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm