THE ENLIGHTENMEN

T

A Revolution in Thought

Reason- absences of intolerance and prejudice in one’s thinking- use logic to discover the truth

Nature- is good and reasonable

Happiness- achieve well-being on earth- don’t need to wait for heaven…

Progress- society can always improve

Liberty- freedom in society like speech, religion, press, trade, etc.

THE 5 MAIN CONCEPTS AT THE HEART OF THE

ENLIGHTENMENT:

Read the quote- what is it saying?Voltaire- “ I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Liberty is one of our most important rights.

True in the US?The Enlightenment’s greatest enemies- intolerance, prejudice, and superstition

PHILOSOPHE QUOTES ACTIVITY:

Natural rights-life, liberty, property

Locke Fundamental to Dec. of Ind.

Separation of powers MontesquieuUS (Constitution)

Freedom of thought and expression

Voltaire US Bill of Rights, French. Dec. of RightsRich shouldn’t

enjoy special privilegesGive up some rights for common good

Rousseau US equality

Women should have power over themselves

Wollstonecraft

IDEA THINKER IMPACT

Natural rights-life, liberty, property

Locke Fundamental to Dec. of Ind.

Separation of powers MontesquieuUS and others use

Freedom of thought and expression

Voltaire US Bill of Rights, French. Dec. of RightsRich shouldn’t

enjoy special privilegesGive up some rights for common good

Rousseau US equality

Women should have power over themselves

Wollstonecraft

IDEA THINKER IMPACT

1. If the philosophes were alive today, do you think they would be satisfied or dissatisfied with the social conditions and the type of government we have in the U.S.?

2. Based on your beliefs, which two statements by the philosophes are the most important to mankind today? Why?

3. Do you disagree with any of the statements? Explain why.

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

THE FRENCH

REVOLUTION

A Political Revolution

CAUSES OF THE FRENCH

REVOLUTION STATIONS:

MOVE FROM STATION TO STATION TO

COMPLETE THE WORKSHEET.

STATION A: 1st EstateWhy would the clergy (church leaders) disagree with Enlightenment ideas? Do you think these men abused their position in society? Why or why not?

 STATION B: 2nd EstateBesides money, what other benefits/advantages did the 2nd Estate enjoy? Why might the poor 3rd Estate resent and hate the 2nd Estate? 

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION CAUSES STATIONS

QUESTIONS

STATION C: 3rd EstateWhat percentage of France’s population make up the 3rd Estate? Besides being poor, why might one not want to be a part of the 3rd Estate? What are their problems?  STATION D: The Bourbon MonarchyWhy would King Louis XVI be considered a bad leader?Why might the people of the 3rd Estate have been displeased with him?   STATION E: Marie Antoinette Did she deserve the nickname “Madame Deficit”? Why or why not? Why might the people of France hate Marie Antoinette? 

Phase 1: Preliminary Stage - leading causes like social division, inefficient

govt, inept ruler…Phase 2: First Stage

- financial breakdown, protests, dramatic events, moderate take-over, celebration

Phase 3: Crisis Stage-radical take-over, civil war, foreign war, centralization of power

Phase 4: Recovery Stage- slow return, rule by tyrant, radicals supressed,

appeal to the people

CRANE BRITON’S FOUR PHASES OF A

REVOLUTION:

Your notes for this part of the unit will be categorized in the Four Phases of the French Revolution. You will use the outline provided as a source for chronological information.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION’S FOUR PHASES

THE BOURBON MONARCHYLOUIS XVI & MARIE

ANTOINETTE

“MADAME DEFICIT”

THEIR HUMBLE HOME:THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES

BREAD SHORTAGE RESULTED FROM GRAIN FAILURE IN

1788-1789

PHASE ONE: PRELIMINARY STAGE

CLASS ANTAGONIS

M

GOVERNMENT

INEFFICIENCY

INEPT RULER

INTELLECTUAL

TRANSFER OF LOYALTY

• OLD REGIME- 3 ESTATES (SOCIAL CLASSES)

• THIRD ESTATE- 97% OF POPULATION, BUT LITTLE POLITICAL POWER• HEAVY TAX BURDEN ON 3RD ESTATE

• OVERSPENDING OF ROYAL FAMILY

• 1ST AND 2ND ESTATE AVOID GOVT WORK• LOUIS XVI- LITTLE EXPERIENCE/CARE FOR RULE & GOVT. SPENDING

• MARIE ANTOINETTE- GAMBLING, PARTIES, FROM AUSTRIA (FRANCE’S ENEMY)

• INSPIRED BY ENLIGHTENMENT• WANT GOV’T BASED ON PEOPLE’S

WILL, NOT MONARCHY OR ARISTOCRACY OR CHURCH

The Old Regime

June 17, 1789- creation of the National Assembly

June 20, 1789- Tennis Court Oath

JULY 14TH, 1789- STORMING OF THE BASTILLE

FRENCH EQUIVALENT TO 4TH OF JULY TO AMERICANS

SUMMER TO FALL 1789- THE GREAT FEAR

AUGUST 26, 1789-THE

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

PASSED THE DECLARATIO

N OF THE RIGHTS OF

MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN

LIBERTY! EQUALITY! FRATERNITY!

OCTOBER 5-6, 1789- WOMEN’S MARCH TO

VERSAILLESROYAL FAMILY

LEAVES VERSAILLES-

MOVES TO PARIS

JULY 1790- NATIONAL ASSEMBLY ATTEMPTS TO

TAKE OVER CHURCH, LOSES CATHOLIC SUPPORT

JUNE 20-21, 1791:ROYAL FAMILY ATTEMPTS TO ESCAPE TO THE AUSTRIAN

NETHERLANDS

NEW CONSTITUTION 1791:

-LIMITED MONARCHY-CREATES LEGISLATIVE

BODY, A.K.A. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY

FACTIONS (GROUPS) FORM IN THE REVOLUTIONARY

GOVERNMENT

Radical Jacobins

Conservative Girondin

Moderates

JANUARY 21, 1793:KING LOUIS XVI IS

EXECUTEDEXECUTION METHOD- Guillotine, ethical and less painful, used to apply capital punishment equally to all social classesNickname during the Revolution: The National Razor

OCTOBER 16, 1793:MARIE ANTOINETTE IS

EXECUTED

PHASE TWO: FIRST STAGEFINANCIAL

BREAKDOWN

GOVERNMENT PROTESTS INCREASE

DRAMATIC EVENTS

MODERATES ATTAIN POWER

• HEAVY DEBT WEAKEN FRANCE'S ECONOMY

• BAD WEATHER IN 1780S LED TO CROP FAILURE

• BREAD PRICES DOUBLED IN 1789• STORMING THE BASTILLE• THE GREAT FEAR- ATTACKS ON

UPPER CLASS• WOMEN’S MARCH TO

VERSAILLES• TENNIS COURT OATH• STORMING THE BASTILLE• WOMEN’S MARCH…• LOUIS XVI BEHEADED ON JAN. 21,

1793• NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TAKES

CONTROL OF FRANCE• FORM NEW CONSTITUTION AND

THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS OF MAN…

CIVIL WAR AND FOREIGN WAR

REIGN OF TERROR

Robespierre

Take your notes will be on the Video Notes handout

JACOBIN LEADERS

Robespierre- His death

ended the Reign of Terror

Marat- Author of the Friend

of the People

newspaper, murdered by Corday Danton-

known for great

speeches & sympathy for

the poor

STABBED

GUILLOTINE

D

GUILLOTINE

D

PHASE THREE: CRISIS STAGERADICALS

TAKE CONTROL

MODERATES DRIVEN FROM

POWER

CIVIL WAR

FOREIGN WAR

• LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ENDS IN 1792

• REPLACED WITH NATIONAL CONVENTION, MADE UP OF JACOBIN RADICALS• UNDER ROBESPIERRE, JACOBINS START A REIGN OF TERROR TO ELIMINATE OPPOSITION

• CONFLICT BETWEEN VARIOUS FACTIONS BREAK OUT THROUGHOUT FRANCE

• FRANCE IS INVADED BY PRUSSIA • WAGE WAR AGAINST AUSTRIA

AND KINGDOM OF SARDINIA • CONFLICTS WITH ENGLAND

THE DIRECTORY

Five moderate, upper-middle class menruled France following the Reign of Terror,

and hire…

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Great military leader, future French Emperor

EUROPE 1812

Napoleonic Wars

PHASE FOUR: RECOVERY STAGESLOW,

UNEVEN RETURN TO

QUIETER TIMESRULE BY TYRANT

RADICALS REPRESSED

MODERATES GAIN

AMNESTY

• TERROR ENDS WITH EXECUTION OF ROBESPIERRE

• THE CREATION OF DIRECTORY (RULES FOR 5 YEARS)

• COUP D'ÉTAT- NAPOLEON USED HIS ARMY TO TAKE CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT IN 1799

• RULES AS DICTATOR• NAPOLEON ORGANIZES FRENCH

SOCIETY, OPPRESSES SOME OF THE MORE RADICAL IDEAS OF THE JACOBINS (LIKE CLOSING CHURCHES)

• NAPOLEONIC CODE• NAPOLEON SEEKS APPROVAL OF

ALL PEOPLE WITH PLEBISCITE VOTE

EUROPE 1812

Napoleonic Wars

CONGRESS OF VIENNA

September 1, 1814 to June 9, 1815 (was suppose to last 4 weeks)

Key Players at Vienna

The “Host”:Prince Klemens von Metternich (Austria)

Foreign MinisterViscount

Castlereagh (Britain)

Tsar Alexander I

(Russia)

King Frederick William III (Prussia)

Foreign Minister Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (France)

Establish long lasting peace and stability in Europe

Undo what Napoleon had done…Return France to its pre-Revolution size

Return power of French territories to original monarchs

Use Diplomacy (negotiations) to resolve problems, not conflict/war

MEETING’S GOALS

Balance of Power: no one country would be more powerful than another, or feel threatened by the other countriesHow did this impact France?

Legitimacy: restore monarchs who were thrown out, believe this would stabilize political relations among countries

KEY PRINCIPLES

France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.

Russia was given most of Poland. Prussia was given half of Saxony,

parts of Poland, and other German territories.

A Germanic Confederation of 30+ states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.

Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy.

The House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule.

Changes Made at Vienna

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

More changes made at Vienna Norway and Sweden were joined.

The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed.

Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom.

Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia.

Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa.

The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies.

The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise.

The slave trade was condemned (at British urging).

Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Led to 40 years of peace between the European countries involved

Led to formation of the CONCERT OF EUROPE, a series of alliances to help out in case of revolution.

Increased sense of Nationalism in newly formed countries

WHAT WAS ITS LEGACY?

REVIEW GAME NEXT…

Your Unit Test covers the Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Enlightenment and French Revolution.

There is multiple choice, research project questions, mini DBQs, 1 art analysis and 1 paragraph response.

UNIT VI TEST