UNIT 7 Chapter 23 – The French Revolution & Napoleon THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
The French Revolution
description
Transcript of The French Revolution
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The French Revolution
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Causes of the French Revolution
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Causes of the RevolutionPoor Leadership Louis XVIA Divided Societyinfluence of the American Revolutioninfluence of Enlightenment ideas
Political & Legal Equality (Rousseau)Personal Freedoms (Voltaire)Popular Sovereignty &
Natural Rights (Locke)
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Inept Ruler? King Louis XVI
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Q. What can you infer from the pie graphs on why a revolution occurred in France?
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A Divided SocietyFirst Estate: 100,000
Catholic clergyDid not pay taxes
Second Estate: 400,000 noblesExempt from many taxes
Third Estate: Rest of Populationmade up of peasants,
commoners, & Sans-culottes – working class
Provided bulk of French tax revenue
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Political inequalities for Middle Class
First Estate Second Estate Third EstateX X X X X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
X X X X
1 Vote1 Vote
1 VoteX= Representative
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Financial CrisisDuring 1780s, 50% of revenue went to pay off debts
American Revolution?Lavish lifestyle of the monarchy
Series of bad harvests 1787 & 1788Bread prices went up 50% in 1789
Need for tax reformLouis XVI hoped to raise taxes on the aristocracyAristocracy resisted reformsForced Louis to call the Estates-General for the first time
since 1614 start movie at 20:00 end 23
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Phase I
Moderate/liberalGoal- create constitutional
monarchy
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Calling of the Estates-GeneralMay 5, 1789
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Debriefing: Meeting of the Estates General
Describe what happened at the Estates General.How does it feel to be a member of the 3rd estate?Do you agree with the results of the Estates
General?What options do the members of the 3rd estate
have to change their status?How many people of the 3rd estate would now vote
to meet apart from the 1st and 2nd estate and be the true representatives of the people of France?
Who else might support members of the 3rd Estate who want to start a new government?
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The National Assembly and Tennis Court Oath
Third Estate removed themselves and created their own assembly
a. renamed themselves the National Assembly and met at a nearby indoor tennis court
b. Tennis Court Oath – promised not to disband until they had written a constitution for France
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The National Assembly andTennis Court Oath
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
June 20, 1789
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Storming of the Bastille-
- July 1789: people were hungry and desperate. a rumor spread that the king’s troops were coming to sack Paris.- hundreds of people marched to the Bastille (a medieval fort and prison) to get gunpowder - soldiers fired on the crowd, killing many people.- Importance = Symbolized the start of the revolution- France enters “Great Fear” – general revolts against Old Feudal Regime.
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Women’s March
Storming of VersaillesOctober 1, 1789
• October 1789: • thousands of women marched to Versailles and
demanded the King and Queen come to Paris and leave Versailles
• Their exit signaled the change of power and the radical reforms about the overtake France
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Creation of a “The Declaration of the Rights of Man”
nobles in the First and Second Estates joined the National Assembly scared of the violent commoners voted to end their own privileges
National Assembly adopted a statement of revolutionary ideas “A declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen”
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Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen
Passed by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789
Not a Constitution but a statement of general principlesDefines individual and
collective rightsDoes not address women or
slavery
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Marquis de LafayetteThe Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen - 1789
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
June 20, 1789
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Phase II
(1792-1794)Radical
Goal- a republic; eliminate monarchists and
counterrevolutionaries
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Radicals Take Control
Arrest of Louis XVIAugust 10, 1792• June 1791 Louis and is Family try to escape France
• They are recognized near the border and brought back to Paris
• September 1791 National assembly creates a constitutional monarchy• Stripping the king of most of his authority• Frances assemblymen would have the power to
make laws• Louis reluctantly approves it
• Hands over his power to the Legislative Assembly
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neighboring countries began to worry about their own monarchies
French émigrés (nobles who fled from France) tried to convince other countries to restore Louis XVI
French revolutionary leaders declared war on Austria, then Prussia radicals imprisoned Louis XVI,
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Radical Reforms of the JacobinsJacobins was a radical political club
Led by Jean Paul MaratGoal: remove the king and establish a
Republic
National Convention September 21 1792abolishes the monarchy and creates arepublic
Men were given the right to vote, not womenLouis XVI’s role went from King to common citizen
He was sentence to death for treason and was sent to the guillotine
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Execution of Louis XVIJanuary 21, 1793
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“Reign of Terror”1793 - 1794
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Reign of TerrorLed by Maximilien Robespierre
Goal was to build a “public of virtue”
1793 became leader of the Committee of Public Safety
He decided who was an enemy of the republic
According to records 16,000+ died under the guillotine
Historians estimate could be as high as 40,000
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British View of Reign of Terror
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End of the TerrorJuly 28, 1794
Robespierre is killed
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Phase III (1794-1815)
Conservative/reactionary
Goal- To end “terror” and establish Directory
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Directory and Rise of Napoleon
1799 - 1815
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Napoleon BonaparteModerate government,
the Directory, rules for five years following Reign of TerrorFailed to solve economic
problems of FranceNapoleon staged a
coup d'état in 1799Becomes emperor in
1804
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Domestic Policies of NapoleonMaintained some rights gained
during the revolutionFreedom of religionNapoleonic Code (Civil Code)Schools and universities
Reversed other gainsRights of womenFreedom of expression
Reformed economyRevised tax codeCentral bank
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Napoleon’s Empire
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Napoleon’s Failed Invasion of Russia
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Napoleon’s Empire
Left: Napoleon’s Empire by 1812Above: Napoleon’s Retreat from Russia
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Napoleon on Elba
This should NOT be a prison
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Battle of WaterlooBritish and Prussians Defeat Napoleon for good
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Napoleon Banished to St. Helena
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Napoleon’s DownfallCould not conquer British navyGuerilla movements in Spain and PortugalFailed invasion of RussiaFinal defeat at Waterloo
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Legacy of NapoleonUnsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under
French domination.
Napoleonic Code – great influence on modern European legal codes
Spread of nationalism in EuropeGerman and Italian unificationGreek independence
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Legacy of the French RevolutionGlobal Independence movements
Haitian RevolutionLatin American independence
• Triggered by Napoleon’s invasion of SpainEgypt broke away from Ottoman Empire
Slave Trade and SlaveryEngland abolished slave trade in 1807; slavery in 1833Brazil—Last to abolish slavery (1888)
Abolition of serfdomExcept in Russia