The French Revolution Revolution= Change French Revolution= Change in France.

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The French Revolution Revolution= Change French Revolution= Change in France

Transcript of The French Revolution Revolution= Change French Revolution= Change in France.

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The French Revolution

Revolution= ChangeFrench Revolution= Change in France

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Brief Overview

Watch this short clip on the French Revolution that we will be covering over the next week.

2:00

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Spreading DiscontentAs the ideals of the enlightenment spread, revolutions around the world began. In America, the colonists fought for and won their independence. They leaned on the ideas of Thomas Locke, Montesquieu and others to gain support.

As Enlightened spread through France, the French people began to question the Old Order. After helping the United States of America become independent, the French began to demand change.

Revolution= Change

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France before the RevolutionBefore the Revolution France had three main problems:

-An outdated Social System -Low Wages-High cost of living (and rising)

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Anciene Regime (old regime)French society had 3 Estates:1st Estate2nd Estate3rd Estate

1st Estate- Clergy.5% of the population

2nd Estate- Nobility1.5% of the population

3rd Estate- Clergy.98% of the population

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1st Estate- Clergy

Before the Enlightenment the Church had been the most powerful force in Europe. It was rich, owned land and influenced politics.

The Clergy did provide some social supports such as hospitals, food kitchens and schools.

However, the Clergy continued to influence politics and refused to pay taxes.

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2nd Estate- NobilityThe nobility held high ranking jobs in the government, military and church. They typically owned vast estates and were well off. Despite holding a majority of the wealth of the nation, they paid no taxes!

While most nobles were well off, some hated Absolutism. They wanted more influence in the government, but their main concern was avoiding taxation.

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3rd Estate- The MassesThe 3rd estate made up 98% of the population and had a range of diverse groups:-Bourgeoisie- Middle class doctors, educators, merchants and lawyers.-Peasants- 9/10 people. Worked

as laborers or farmers.

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Social UnrestThe 3rd Estate resented the privileges of the upper classes.

3rd pays the taxes at the mercy of the land owning noblesterrible wages. A minor increase in bread prices could result in

starvation

What is th

e 3rd

Estate?EVERYTHING

What has it

been in

the political order u

p

to now?NOTHING

What is it

asking for?

To become

SOMETHING

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Can you identify each estate?

What is the author’s message?

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Financial Crisis

For years France was operating through deficit spending- spending more money than it takes in.

King’s like Louis XVI live too extravagantly, hosting lavish gatherings at the Palace of Versailles

France was also fighting Wars all over Europe.

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Crisis worsens

Deficit spending wasn’t the only issue. A crop failure was causing food prices to soar. Most peasants earned meager wages. They could not afford good food for their family. They could not even hunt as a supplemental food source.

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The boss: King Louis XVIKing Louis XVI sat on the throne during this period. He was not really qualified to solve the financial crisis. The only real solution would have been to cut spending and raise taxes, and start taxing the 1st and 2nd estate.

King Louis XVI decided to raise taxes on the 3rd estate. This resulted in anger and looting. The King realized he could no longer handle the fiscal situation himself, his chief financial advisor, Jacques Necker suggests he calls the Estates General.

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Who pays?If taxes are raised on the 3rd Estate, who really pays?

-Bourgeoisie- Middle class doctors, educators, merchants and lawyers.

-Peasants- 9/10 people. Worked as laborers or farmers.

The Bourgeoisie pay- the middle class. They become angry, and cause the Revolution. Therefore, the French Revolution is often called a Middle Class Revolution.

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The CahiersReluctantly the king agrees to call the Estates General. But he sends out cahiers (notebooks) to representatives for each estate to write their grievances (complaints). Can you recognize each estate?

“After a girl has served her master for many years, she should receive some reward for her service.”

“There needs to be a regular meeting of the Estates General to keep the King balanced.”

“Why do my taxes matter? My brothers and I make up less an a percent of the nation. What good are taxes from us?”

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What is the Estates General?

The Estates General is a meeting of representatives from the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Estates called by the King. The Kings rarely called the Estates General because they did not want to weaken their own power.

Typically each estate has one vote. How does this disadvantage the 3rd Estate?

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National AssemblyThe 3rd Estate was angry that they were not meeting with the other two estates. In response they created the National Assembly to represent the desires and needs of the people. Many nobles fed up with the king joined them.

The national Assembly demanded that the King begin taxing the 1st and 2nd Estates to help balance the National Debt. The King feels threatened and locks the Assembly meeting hall.

Can you identify the 3 estates?

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Tennis Court Upon finding the doors locked on June 20th, 1789, the delegates move to the tennis courts next door. Here they vow to keep meeting until they have a new constitution for France.

3:00

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Review“Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely.”- Lord Acton

Based on the quotation, what type of government would Lord Acton most likely support?1.Dictatorship2.Absolute monarchy3.Totalitarian state4.Representative democracy

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ReviewJohn Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau would be most likely to support1) a return to feudalism in Europe

2) A government ruled by a divine monarchy

3) A society ruled by the Catholic Church

4) The rights of citizens to decide the best form of government

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ReviewA primary cause of the French Revolution in 1789 was the

1) Increasing dissatisfaction of the Third Estate

2) Rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte

3) Actions of Prince Metternich

4) Execution of Louis XVI

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ReviewThe theory of laissez faire capitalism advocates

1) Government control of the economy

2) Noninvolvement of the government in the economy

3) Government regulation of big business

4) Government sponsorship of labor unions

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“Is it a Revolt?”

“No sire, it is a Revolution!”

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Storming the BastilleAs the National Assembly works on a constitution the King begins to assemble troops. Quickly rumors spread that the King will occupy the city of Paris.

800 Parisians gather at the Bastille, a fortress used to house prisoners (Voltaire was there several times). They demanded the guns and ammo they thought was there.

The Bastille commander refused and fired on the crowd. The angry mob surged forward and took control of the Bastille, killing the commander and several officers. They released the prisoners, but found no weapons.

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ImpactThe storming of the Bastille had a huge impact:

-Symbolic start of the French Revolution-Seen as a step towards freedom-Blow to the tyrant king

The Storming of the bastille is the symbolic startof the French Revolution, the same way the ________________________________ is theSymbolic start of the American Revolution

The French still celebrate the storming of the Bastille on July 20th, 1789.

French July 20th= American July 4th

Bastille Day= Independence day

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A Nation DividedThough a revolution had begun, most people still liked the King. They had a desire to fix the system, but keep the King.

The Revolution looked to Marquis de Lafayette as the leader for the revolutionary militia, the National Guard.

Lafayette had fought in the American Revolution along with George Washington. He organized the militia in response to the Kings troops arriving in Paris.

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Symbols of the Revolution

The Revolution adopted the tricolor, a red, white and blue badge. This was later adopted as the flag of France.

In addition to the tricolor, many revolutionaries wore red caps as a symbol of their support.

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The National Assembly reacts

The storming of the Bastille and news of peasant uprisings moved the National Assembly into action.

The Nobles gave up their privileges:-old manorial dues-exclusive hunting rights-special legal status-exemption from taxation

On August 4th, 1789, the National Assembly passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

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Declaration of the Rights of ManModeled after the American Declaration of Independence, the document announces that, “All Men were born and remain free and equal in rights.” They enjoy natural rights “ to liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.” All French men are made equal before the law.

It insists the government exists to protect the natural rights of citizens.

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Louis XVI hesitates

Uncertain about the reforms, King Louis XVI is slow to adopt the reforms. He continues to host extravagant and lavish parties at Versailles, despite the suffering and starvation of the peasants.

The Queen, Marie Antoinette, was particularly hated by the people of France. They viewed her as extravagant and frivolous. She even had a mock peasant village built at Versailles so she could “experience” peasant life.

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Women March on VersaillesAngry with the slow pace of change, and the continued food shortages, the women of Paris march to Versailles in October. They demand an audience with the King, death to the queen and bread.

Lafayette calms the crowd, but the women will not leave until the royal family moves to Paris, where they can see the plight of the people.

Tear out her heart, cut off her head, fry her liver

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France’s 1st Constitution

In 1791 the National Assembly passed France’s first constitution. Some of the reforms to this point and in the constitution are:

•France becomes a limited monarchy

•support free markets by abolishing the guild system

•A Legislative Assembly would be elected and had the power to make laws, collect taxes and decide on war.

•Tax paying male citizens could vote

•Church is under State control

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The King’s folly

In June 1791, shortly after the constitution is passed, King Louis attempts to flee France with his family. Disguised as lesser nobles the family flees towards Russia. They are discovered and tried as traitors to France. They are condemned to Death.

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Foreign opinion

Outside France the Revolution was feared. Monarchs and nobles throughout Europe denounce the French Revolution. They hear stories from émigrés about the attacks on noble privileges, property and religion. An émigrés is a person who left France (think emigrants).

Politicians outside France predict the French Revolution will not stop at the constitution.

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Radical ReformShortly after the new constitution went into effect, a new round of financial crises occurred. The money of France inflated causing food prices to skyrocket. This led to a new round of food shortages.

The sans-culottes, or working class men and women, began pushing for a republic and a guaranteed living wage.

The most radical were called Jacobins.

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Split DirectionsThe Legislative Assembly was split into three sections:

-The Right- thought reform had gone far enough

-Moderates- Reform was nearly complete

-The Left- Radical reformers who wanted to abolish the monarchy and continue Reforms

Soon the Left had majority control. They were eager to move the Revolution beyond France to destroy tyranny abroad. They were also determined to end tyranny in France itself, through any means necessary.

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France’s Republic

The assembly was taken over by radicals who called for a new legislative body, a National Convention, to be created. The convention extended suffrage, the right to vote, to all male citizens, not just property owners.

The National Convention wrote a new constitution declaring France a Republic. This young republic faced many problems, including war on nearly all sides. Constant fear of traitors caused the government to create the Committee of Public Safety.

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Committee of Public SafetyThe committee prepared the nation for war:

Young men shall go to battle. Married men shall forge arms and transport provisions. Women shall make tents and clothing and serve in hospitals. Children will make lint from old linen. And old men shall be brought to public places to arouse the courage of soldiers.

French forces developed new tactics to win battles with ill-trained but patriotic forces. Soon France had overrun its enemies and was pushing into new nations, spreading “Freedom Fever”.

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Reign Of TerrorLed by Maximilien Robespierre, the republic ruthlessly killed its opponents using the guillotine. From July 1793 to July 1794, nearly 40,000 people were convicted and executed. Most were peasants involved in riots against the republic. Many were victims of false accusations and mistaken identity.

According to Robespierre, “Liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads!”

Fearing for their lives, the Republic Convention turned on the committee and Robespierre and his radicals were executed.

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Reign Of Terror

The Reign of Terror symbolically begins with the death of King Louis XVI

The Reign of Terror symbolically ends with the death of Robespierre.

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The Directory

In reaction to the Reign of Terror, the moderates gained power. They created the Directory, set up the 3rd constitution in 6 years, and set up a 2 house legislature elected by male citizens of property.

Unfortunately the Directory was weak and incapable of solving the financial and political problems. They turned to Napoleon Bonaparte to lead them.

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Review

What was the socio-political system which existed in France prior to the Revolution?

1) Democracy

2) Old Regime

3) Totalitarianism

4) Republic

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Review

The ________ Estate was a privileged class, containing high-ranking members of the Church.

1) First

2) Second

3) Third

4) Fourth

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Review The Committee of Public Safety guillotined thousands

during the __________________, July 1793- July 1794.

1) Battle of Waterloo

2) Franco-Prussian War

3) National Assembly

4) Reign of Terror

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First 10 years of RevolutionOver the course of 10 years the French Revolution has not accomplished much permanent change. The nation had been through 3 governments, was at war with several nations, the economy was still sluggish and peasants were still starving.

However, the French Revolution had solidified French people as a nation. Nationalism, strong feeling of pride anddevotion to France, swept the nation.

The Middle class had earned a say in government, a significant change from the beginning of the revolution.

The people sang “La Marseillaise”, an inspiring song that later becomes the French national anthem.

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La Marseillaise

“Come, children of the fatherland,

The glorious day has arrived.

Against us the bloody banner

Of tyranny is raised.

To arms, citizens!

Join the battalions.

Let us march, let us march!”

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Napoleon Born in Corsica, Napoleon rose quickly through the ranks of France’s revolutionary militia. From young soldier to General. Napoleon had mass public support and was a fan of moderate reform.

Selected by the Directory to lead the nation in 1799, Napoleon became widely popular. He held plebiscites for voters to say yes or no to an issue. Napoleon was strongly supported by each plebiscite.

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Rise to PowerNapoleon started as a young Lieutenant in the militia. He was Selected by the Directory to lead the nation in 1799, he quickly replaced the government with a three man consulate, led by Napoleon himself.

Within 6 years he had accumulated enough power and support to take the title Emperor of the French.

Why did the artist paint Napoleon with a laurel leaf crown?

It is a connection to Ancient Roman emperors.

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Popularity

Not only did Napoleon hold plebiscites to maintain public support but his slogan of “Order, Security and Efficiency” was widely supported. Why?

Order- after years of reform and chaos, the people were ready for stability.

Security- After the Reign of Terror the French people wanted safety and to live without fear.

Efficiency- The French people wanted a competent leader who could make decisions quickly and to the benefit of the people.

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Napoleon’s Dream

Napoleon dreamed of conquering Europe. Nationalism inspired French troops to conquer Europe, spreading enlightened thought and Revolutionary reform.

However, Nationalism also worked against the French. The people of the conquered nations united and saw the French as an oppressing foreign force.

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Spain ResistsSpain resisted French Rule immediately. Despite forceful and ruthless attempts by Napoleon to quell the uprisings, more and more Spaniards supported their king and nation.

The Spanish patriots waged Guerilla warfare (hit and run raids) against the French. This kept French troops busy in Spain, when they were needed elsewhere.

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Napoleon pushes ForwardDespite revolts around the empire Napoleon continues his quest for a French Empire spanning Europe. In 1812 Napoleon’s Grand Army invades Russia.

However, the Russians avoided direct battle with the French and adopted a policy of “Scorched Earth”.

The Russians retreated East, burning their cities and crops along the way. By destroying all the supplies the Russians are crippling the French Army, who are unable to survive the Russian winter.

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Napoleon’s downfall

The French defeat in Russia inspires other nations to join with Russia against France. Napoleon is forced to abdicate, or give up his power. He is exiled to the Island of Elba.

Napoleon escapes and returns to France, where many soldiers and French citizens support his return. However, at the battle of Waterloo, just 100 days after his return, Napoleon is again defeated. He is sent to the island of St. Helena where he later dies.

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Napoleon’s ImpactNapoleon took away many of the reforms of the revolution, but he left a lasting legacy:

1) Napoleonic Code- set of laws inspired by the revolution

2) France’s government was centralized with a constitution

3) Many more citizens have the right to own property and access education, and choose their own career.

4) While he failed to create a French empire, he spread revolutionist ideas and sparked Nationalist feelings across Europe.

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Post Napoleon EuropeEuropean leaders met at the Congress of Vienna to restore order and stability to Europe after 25 years of war. The main players were:

Prince Clemons Von Metternich (Austria)Czar Alexander I (Russia)Lord Robert Castleragh (Britain)

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The Congress of ViennaThe Chief goal of the congress was to create a lasting peace by establishing a power balance and protecting monarchies. They accomplished this by:1)Redrew the map of Europe and surrounded France with strong nations to keep the French contained. 2)The congress promoted the idea of legitimacy- they replaced rightful heirs on the thrones of Europe. In France, King Louis XVIII regained the throne3)The Concert of Europe- a peace keeping organization that included all the majorEuropean powers. They pledged to keep power balanced and suppress the ideals of the French Revolution.

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Problems Though the decisions of the Congress of Vienna stabilizes Europe and promotes peace for nearly 100 years, it was not perfect. The Congress had drawn boundary lines for nations without paying attention to the clash of people and cultures within those lines.

Additionally, ideas from the French Revolution continued to spread outside of Europe, further inspiring revolts in the Americas.

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Review Nationalism is most likely to develop in an area that has

1)Land suited to agriculture

2) Adequate industry to supply consumer demands

3) A moderate climate with rivers for irrigation

4) Common customs, language and history

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Review A study of revolutions would most likely lead to the conclusion that pre-Revolutionary governments.

1) are more concerned about human rights than the governments that replace them 2) refuse to modernize their armed forces with advanced

technology 3) attempt to bring about the separation of government from

religion 4) fail to meet the political and economic needs of their

people

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ReviewWhat was the main purpose of the Congress of Vienna? 

1) To regain the strength lost by the Catholic Church in Europe

 2) To create a new military plan for European domination in the Americas

 3) To design a military plan to defeat Napoleon

 4) To create a balance of power on the European continent

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Review The French people supported Napoleon Bonaparte because they hoped he would

1) adopt the ideas of the Protestant Reformation

2) restore Louis XVI to power

3) provide stability for the nation

4) end British control of France

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ReviewIn France, which was a major result of the French Revolution?

1)the king was restored to unlimited power

2)the clergy dominated government

3)the middle class gained political influence

4)the tax burden was carried by the lower class