The French RevolutionLiberty Leading The People by Delacroix

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity -- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities

Why The French Revolution Is Important

French Revolution Trouble is brewing in FranceWhy it matters: The French Revolution became the model for revolution in the modern world.

The power of nationalism was first experienced during the French Revolution and it is still powerful in existing nations and emerging nations today.

The French Revolution spread the principles of liberty and equality, which are held dear by many nations and individuals today.

What Happened When in the French Revolution

student outlineRule of kings until 1789 Estates general called in 1789Fall of Bastille July 1789New Constitution 1789-1791Republic 1792Extremists in power 1793Reign of Terror 1793-1794The Directory 1795Napoleon First Consul 1799

The French Revolution of 1789

What Life Was Like Before the French Revolution Began

Louis XVIMarie AntionetteThe Rulers of FranceLet them eat cake

When she was 14 years old, her mother sent her to Paris to marry the Dauphin and become France's future Queen. Maria Teresa thought her a silly girl ("Her age craves indulgence," she wrote father-in-law Louis XV)--and only sent her when her other daughters defaulted and she had no other choice (beautiful Marie Elizabeth, for example, contracted small pox and became too ugly to qualify). Indeed, Marie Antoinette had been a lousy student, didn't like to read, and could barely write.

Her 15-year-old husband, the future Louis XVI, was a shy, gawky boy who most loved hunting, reading history, and working in his little locksmith shop. Whereas womanizing Louis XV immediately examined his daughter-in-law's breasts (and was disappointed--she was, after all, only 14), the future Louis XVI was not able to complete the sex act with his bride for a whole 7 years and 3 months after the wedding. Queen Marie Antoinette: Love Her or Hate Her

For 7 years and 3 months, then, Marie Antoinette filled her life with other gay pursuits--dancing, music, gambling; theatricals, buying things, gambling; riding horses, frisking with dogs, gambling--and she shocked the pants off France when she made an outing with courtiers and her household one morning to watch daybreak--the so-called l'lever d'Aurore. Positively Rousseau-esque! Decadent and unqueenly! It prompted the first of thousands of vitriolic pamphlets written against her specifically.

In 1774, Louis XV died, and King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette ascended to the throne.

Finally in 1778, thanks to the intervention in 1777 of Marie Antoinette's brother Joseph (the future Holy Roman Emperor) in the role of sex therapist, the King and Queen delivered a healthy baby girl...followed by a son in 1781, the coveted Dauphin and future King...another son in 1785...and daughter Sophie in 1786. These were the Queen's happiest years--so fulfilled as a mother, by her own account, that she packed on weight and mostly gave up her antic behavior. But sad days followed fast: Sophie died in 1787. The Dauphin, always a sickly boy, became hideously diseased, crippled, and feverish as he slipped into advanced tuberculosis. And, with the treasury empty, bread riots everywhere, and the fear of war rampant, the Queen got the blame. Queen Marie Antoinette: Love Her or Hate Her

Marie Antoinette and the Royal Children

Marie Antoinettes Peasant Cottage

Marie Antoinettes Peasant Cottage

The Necklace ScandalCardinal Louis Ren douard de RohanThe Countess de LaMotte1,600,000 livres [$100 million today]

Let Them Eat Cake! Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!Madame DeficitThe Austrian Whore

What will happen to her next?

Wait and see.Queen Marie Antoinette: Love Her or Hate Her

What Are The Conditions That Lead to a Revolution?

The French Urban Poor

Urban Commoners Budget:Food 80%Rent 25%Tithe 10%Taxes 35%Clothing 20%TOTAL 170%Kings Budget:Interest 50%Army 25%Versailles 25%Coronation 10%Loans 25%Admin. 25%TOTAL 160%Financial Problems in France, 1789

What Is French Society Composed Of Before the French Revolution?

The Three EstatesThe Estates General is the French body of lawmaking

NobilityClergyBourgeoisieCommonersPeasants

The Three EstatesFirst and Second EstatesFirst Estate: Clergy (1% population)-control lots of land-operated the schools-aided the poor-lived in great luxury chateaux-doesnt have to pay tax (taille) to King (common people pay tax to King and tithe to church)Second Estate: nobles-Nobles had almost complete authority over peasants-Nobles did not have to do military service-Nobles were exempt from most taxes-Nobles collected tolls from people using roads and markets-

The Three EstatesThe Third EstateWorkers (sans culottes) Bourgeoisie (businessmen)Peasants were forced to do military service Peasants could not hunt or fish on nobles estates-Peasants had to pay taxes to their lord, the king, and the Church-Peasants had to use the lords mill, oven and winepress, and pay for them- Peasants made up 90% of the population

Commoners3rd EstateAristocracy2nd EstateClergy1st EstateThe Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head!300300648

Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes1st What is the Third Estate? Everything!2nd What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing!3rd What does it demand? To become something therein!Abb Sieys 1748-1836

Convening the Estates General May, 1789Last time it was called into session was 1614!

The causes of the French RevolutionThis cartoon was produced in the 1780s and is a comment on the social situation in France at that time. It can be used to help explain the causes of the French Revolution of 1789.You have two tasks for this piece of homework. You should use your knowledge and evidence from your lessons on the causes of the French Revolution to help you complete the tasks.Label the three figures in the cartoon by writing in the spaces provided:PeasantPriestNoble ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Use your own knowledge to explain how the cartoon can be used to describe the causes of the French Revolution.

What Are The Causes of the French Revolution?

Four Causes of the 1789 French RevolutionKing Louis XVI and Marie Antionette ran out of money. He spent lots of money on two wars against Britain. One in 1756 (French and Indian War or the 7 Years War)One in 1778 (American Revolution against Britain)

Four Causes of the 1789 French Revolution2. Problems faced by peasants. They were so poor they couldnt feed their families. Then there were 2 years of bad harvest.

Four Causes of the 1789 French Revolution3. Clergy and Nobles would not give the king more money. Clergy and nobles had lots of land and money but would not pay more taxes.

Four Causes of the 1789 French Revolution4. Final cause of the French Revolution was ideas. A new set of ideas called the Enlightenment attacked the power of the king and the church. These made lots of ordinary French people think that they should have some of the power of the govt.

The causes of the French RevolutionThere was a revolution in _ _ _ _ _ _ in 1789. The ruler of France before the Revolution was King _ _ _ _ _ XVI. His wife was Queen _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ King Louis XVI lived in his palace at _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ near Paris.One of the reasons why there was a revolution in France in 1789 is that the king ran out of _ _ _ _ _. He spent lots of money on two wars with _ _ _ _ _ _ One was in 1756 and another one was in 1778. In the second war the French were helping the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ break away from British control.Another cause of the French Revolution was the problems faced by the _ _ _ They were so poor that they did not have enough money to feed their families. This was made worse when the crops failed to grow. The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ failed in 1787 and 1788.Another cause of the French Revolution was that the two _ _ _ _ __groups in France would not give the king more money. The _ _ _ _ _ and the _ _ _ _ _ had lots of land and money but would not pay more _ _ _ _ _. This left the king unable to find more money.A final reason why the French had a revolution in 1789 was ideas. A new set of ideas called the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ attacked the power of the king and the church. These made lots of ordinary French people think that they should have some of the power of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.I am a lord. I have lots of money and do not want to pay any extra taxes to the king!I am a bishop of the church. I have lots of money but I do not want to give the king any extra taxes either!I am a peasant. I have nothing. When the crops fail to grow the prices rise and I starve.I am King Louis XVI. I have run out of money fighting the British. Perhaps the lords and the church could give me some more taxes?

The Third Estate AwakensThe commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as representatives of the nation.They proclaimed themselves the National Assembly of France.

The Tennis Court Oath by Jacques Louis DavidJune 20, 1789

You tell me who said what: worksheetlink

1789 The French Revolution Begins

June 20, 1789What happened after the Tennis Court oath?The National Assembly ruled and created documents and new decrees (laws)

Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.18 died.73 wounded.7 guards killed.It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].

Bastille - a symbol of tyranny

The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt (July 20, 1789)There was chaos and fear everywhere as the National Assembly took overRumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.

The Path of the Great FearWhy did the Great Fear occur? ____Peasants believed nobles were planning to kill them and stop revolution. Many food shortages, so people hungry and angry______

What was the Great Fear? ____Peasants attacked manor houses and monasteries. Destroyed possessions and documents recording rents, feudal dues and other feudal obligations

The Creation of the National Assembly and the new Constitution

National Constituent Assembly 1789 - 1791During that August there were decrees (laws) passed that ended the privileges of the rich aristocracy Libert!Egalit!Fraternit!

1789 The National Assembly continued to meet.3 reforms of the National Assembly which occurred in August, 1789? (August Decrees)a. Outlawed the 10% tithe to Catholic Churchb. Canceled all feudal dues and services from peasants to nobilityc. Removed privileges of First and Second Estates, therefore outlawed Feudalism in France_

Equality & Meritocracy!

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Aug 26, 1789)5 rights stated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man.a. men are born and remain equal before the lawb. Freedom of speech, press, and religionc. Right to take part in governmentd. Right to hold public officee. Right to a fair trial

Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen (1791)Women played a vital role in the Revolution.But, The Declaration of the Rights of Man did NOT extend the rights and protections of citizenship to women.

BUT . . . . .Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private property!]Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed.Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate. Their GoalSafeguard the right of private property!!

BUT . . . . .Many nobles flee to Europe - they hope the other noble families will protect them and try to retake the throne for the French king.What is an emigre?French nobles who fled to Britain, Prussia, Switzerland

The Tricolor (1789)The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris.Citizen!

The Tricolor is the Fashion!

The Liberty Cap: Bonne Rouge

Revolutionary SymbolsCockadeRevolutionary ClockLa RepublicLibert

Revolutionary Playing Cards

Laws Passed by The National Assembly2 laws passed by the National Assembly which reformed France?

Divided France into 83 departments instead of unequal provinces

all local officials to be elected

83 Revolutionary Departments are createdFebruary 26, 1790

The Creation of the New Constitution The Assembly adopted its Constitution of 1791, which set up a limited monarchy with a king and a legislative Assembly with the power to make laws

Only the most affluent(rich) members would be elected.

Only men over 25 who paid a specified amount in taxes could vote. This keeps the mob from running the govt.

Many peopleCatholic priests, nobles, and lower classes hurt by economic hard timesopposed the new order.

The king tried to flee France, but he was recognized and returned to France.

The Creation of the New Franceand How Do They Pay For It?1791

How to Finance the New Govt.? 1. Confiscate and sell Church Lands (1790)One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.

How to Finance the New Govt.? Why did the National Assembly seize lands from the Catholic Church?

land was sold to the people and money used to pay down the national debt

The Civil Constitution of the ClergyPeople in parishes would elect their own clergy and government pay salaries of priests and bishops

What was the result of this law? Catholic Church upset and many Catholics began to oppose the Revolution

New Relations Between Church & StateGovernment paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the churches.

The church was reorganized:

The pope had NO voice in the appointment of the French clergy.

It transformed Frances Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the state!!Pope Pius VI [1775-1799]

2. Print AssignatsIssued by the National Constituent Assembly.Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as security.Caused inflation

What did the National Assembly Accomplish?limited the authority of the king and divided the government into 3 branches--executive, judicial, legislative--who believed in 3 branches of government?????

4 Provisions of the 1791 Constitution?king couldnt make or stop law

.tax paying males elected members to Legislative Assembly

c. National Assembly abolished, Legislative Assembly established

d. No member of National Assembly could be a member of the Legislative Assembly

How did Louis XIV feel about the 1791 Constitution?

Louis XVI Accepts the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791Agreed, but plotted with emigres to overthrow govt and restore Old Regime j

What were the problems with the Legislative Assembly of 1791? weak executive branch, inexperienced legislature elected by minority of population, discontent among poor, inflation

Timeline OrientationWhere Are We Going With This?

Meanwhile the rest of Europe watches and fears what is going on in FranceRevolutionary France prepares a new army

Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution

French Expansion: 1791-1799During the revolution in France other countries are scared. They are frightened the revolution will spread to their lands. Some offer support to Louis XVI and nobles of France.New French army (commoners) expands Fr territory.Out of this Napoleon will arise.

Why did the Legislative Assembly and Louis XVI favor war?

Louis XVI-would defeat revolutionary army and restore him to power. Legis Assemb--increase their power and spread revolution

__ 1.the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people__ 2.obligations of peasants to noble landlords that survived into the modern era__ 3.without breeches, members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (in other words, they wore long trousers instead of fine knee-length breeches)__ 4.one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (first estate), the nobles (second estate), and the townspeople (third estate)A.estateB.relics of feudalismC.bourgeoisieD.sans-culottesDefine Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.C B D AChecking for Understanding

The French Revolution and the Radical Phase1793-1794

The Political Spectrumconservative. Group that does not want change--revolution had gone far enough-king with limited authority radical. Person who wants more change-wants to get rid of king, set up republic and more reformsmoderate. Person who does not hold extreme views--sided with both sides depending on the issue

The Political SpectrumJacobinsMontagnards (The Mountain)GirondistsMonarchen (Royalists)1790s:The Plain (swing votes)TODAY:

Now there is an uprising Due to all the continued problems and discontent

What led to uprisings in France? Failures in war and economic/food shortages

From all this discontent new voices/groups will rise in power in the France.

The Political Chaos

The Girondins (rural) wanted to keep the king alive.

The Jacobins (especially the Mountain -left branch) wanted the King killed.

Things Go WildThere is murder and mayhem and chaos in the streets.The Jacobins take over.The Reign of Terror begins.

The September Massacres, 1792Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.Buveurs de sang [drinkers of blood.] over 1000 killed!It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.

The Radicals Seize PowerThey called themselves the Commune Radicals/Jacobins who seized government in Paris

Frances Monarchy Will EndThe steps leading to the end of the monarchya. Prussia vowed to destroy Paris if royal family is harmedb. Commune demanded Legis Assemb abolish monarchyc. Commune accused Louis XIV of plotting with foreign powers to overthrow Const of 1791d. Legis Assembly suspended office of kinge. Parisian mob marched to Tuileries, killed guards, and imprisoned the royal familyf. Commune ruled Paris and Legis Assembly tried to govern France

Why did the Legislative Assembly End?Legislative Assembly voted itself out of existence and sets date for new elections--Legis Assembly a constitutional monarchy and since no longer a king, need a new constitution_

The Change in the French RevolutionThe Republic and the Reign of Terror 1792-1795

So what exactly changed?The National Assembly added universal manhood suffrageevery adult male could vote no matter if owned property or not

Who were the leaders in the chaos of this time?1792-1795

The LeadersGeorges DantonMaximilien RobespierreJean Paul Marat

Important JacobinsA. One of the more important radical leaders was Jean-Paul Marat, who published the radical journal Friend of the People. He argued that the poor had a right to take from the rich whatever they needed, even by violence!

The Death of Marat by Jacques Louis David, 1793

The Assassination of Marat by Charlotte CordayPaul Jacques Aimee Baudry, 19c [A Romantic View]

1. The Sans-Culottes: The Parisian Working ClassWorkersSmall shopkeepers.Tradesmen.Artisans.They felt the govt should make sure they had wage increases and the price of food was fixed!They were the voice of the common man!

2. The JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseStarted as a debating society.Membership mostly middle class unlike the Sans-Collotes who were more peasant and working class.Created a vast network of clubs.

Who were the important Jacobins?Robespierre was a lawyer and activist, so known for his honesty that he was called The Incorruptible.

He followed Rousseaus ideas in The Social Contract, and he believed that anyone who would not submit to the general will as he interpreted it should be executed.B. To respond, the National Convention formed the 12-member Committee of Public Safety, led first by Danton and then by Maximilian Robespierre.

This New Govt Is Called The National Convention.

What Form Is It?A Republican Govt Without A King

The 4 Tasks of The National Convention.a.end monarchyb. write a new constitutionc. keep order at homed. fight foreign invaders

Committee for Public SafetyRevolutionary Tribunals.300,000 arrested.16,000 50,000 executed.

Committee for Public SafetyIts task was to try enemies of the RevolutionTo direct the army to try to stop invading armiesTo control the Revolution

The Monster Guillotine The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!

A French physician, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, was instrumental in having a law passed requiring all sentences of death to be carried out humanely by means of a machine. Use of the guillotine, named for Guillotin,continued in France through the 1970s. In 1981, France outlawed capital punishment.

The Reign of TerrorTerror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- RobespierreLet terror be the order of the day!The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.The total number of victims nationwide was over 20,000!

Louis XVIs Head (January 21, 1793)Louis XIV is accused of plotting against the govt of The National Convention and against France

Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793The rest of the world is shocked that the king and queen were executed!

Different Social Classes Executed 28%31%25%8%7%

Many other countries are at war with France while the Reign of Terror continues within FranceAustria, Prussia, Great Britain, Netherlands, Spain, Sardinia.

They feared France would try to export revolutionary ideas about overthrowing monarchy

The French Army was different than the old regimeA conscription is passed.Conscription is to draft all unmarried 18-25 year old men into the armyHow was the new French army different from the army of the Old Regime? anyone could become an officer if proved their ability

The Creation of the Republic Wars

The French revolutionary army changed the nature of modern warfare and was an important step in creating modern nationalism. Previously, small armies fought wars between governments and ruling dynasties. The new French army was a peoples army fighting a peoples war on behalf of a peoples government. Warfare also became more destructive.

More Changes Under the Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror (cont.) A new calendar was adopted. Years were numbered from September 22, 1792, the first day of the French Republic, and not from Christs birth. The calendar contained 12 months with each month having three weeks of 10 days, with the tenth day a day of rest. This practice eliminated Sundays. Robespierre realized, however, that France was too Catholic to be dechristianized.

The New Republican Calendar

Vendemaire (Vintage)22 September-21 OctoberBrumaire (Fog)22 October-20 NovemberFrimaire(Frost)21 November-20 DecemberNivose (Snow)21 December-19 JanuaryPluviose (Rain)20 January-18 FebruaryVentose(Wind)19 February-20 MarchGerminal(Budding)21 March-19 AprilFloreal (Flowers)20 April-19 MayPrairial(Meadows)20 May-18 JuneMessidor (Harvest)19 June-18 JulyThermidor (Heat)19 July-17 AugustFructidor (Fruit)18 August-21 September

New NameMeaningTime PeriodVendemaireVintageSeptember 22 October 21BrumaireFogOctober 22 November 20FrimaireFrostNovember 21 December 20NivoseSnowDecember 21 January 19PluvioseRainJanuary 20 February 18VentoseWindFebruary 19 March 20GerminalBuddingMarch 21 April 19FlorealFlowersApril 20 May 19PrairialMeadowMay 20 June 18MessidorHarvestJune 19 July 18ThermidorHeatJuly 19 August 17FructidorFruitAugust 18 September 21

Religious Terror: De-Christianization (1793-1794)The Catholic Church was linked with real or potential counter-revolution. Religion was associated with the Ancien Rgime and superstitious practices. Very popular among the sans-culottes. Therefore, religion had no place in a rational, secular republic!

The De-Christianization ProgramThe public exercise of religion was banned. The Paris Commune supported the:destruction of religious & royal statues.ban on clerical dress.encouragement of the clergy to give up their vocations. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the Temple of Reason. The deportation of priests denounced by six citizens.

The Temple of ReasonCome, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people.

The Festival of Supreme BeingA new secular holiday

The Radicals Arms: No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!

The Results of the Reign of Terror

The Results of the Reign of TerrorJacobins lost power, bourgeoisie took control of National Convention, Fashions became fancier, inflation increased _____________________________

The Response to the Reign of TerrorThe Thermidoran Reaction 1794

The Thermidorean Reaction, 1794July 26 Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots & conspiracies.he alienated members of the CPS & CGS. many felt threatened by his implications. July 27 the Convention arrests Robespierre. July 28 Robespierre is tried & guillotined!

The Arrest of RobespierreThe Thermidorean Reaction, 1794

The Revolution Consumes Its Own Children!Danton Awaits Execution, 1793Robespierre Lies Wounded Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.

The Revolution Comes to an EndWhat was the impact anyway?

6 Reforms of the National Conventiona. Opened new schoolsb. supported ideas of universal elementary educationc. encouraged religious tolerationd. established wage and price controls to stop inflatione. adopted metric systemf. abolished slavery in French colonies

A New Form of Govt Is Created(the third one.)A new constitution is writtenIt creates a Directory

The Directory

The Directory

New ruling govt of France 1795-1799Elector choose legislatorsThey choose 5 men to direct the country They are called the Directory

How is it organized?

2 House legislature-500 members Council of 500 - propose laws. 250 members - House of Ancients-vote on laws and select executive branch. Executive branch=5 members=directors_

Who voted in Directory elections? How was this different from elections during the National Convention? Male property owners, therefore bourgeoisie controlled govt. all men could vote during National Convention.

What problems did the Directory face? weak, corrupt rulers, Inflation, Used army to put down revolts

__ 1.an individual qualified to vote in an election__ 2.a dissenting group__ 3.a sudden overthrow of the governmentA.factionB.electorC.coup dtatDefine Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.B ACChecking for Understanding