The Extraordinary Properties of Waterrasmussenbiology.weebly.com/uploads/8/3/7/7/... · Properties...
Transcript of The Extraordinary Properties of Waterrasmussenbiology.weebly.com/uploads/8/3/7/7/... · Properties...
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The Extraordinary Properties of Water
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Chemical Elements and Water• Elements
– Substances that cannot be broken down
into different components by chemical means
• Atoms
– The smallest particle of an element ,
– Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus
– Electrons orbit around them
• Molecules
– Two or more atoms combined
– covalent bonding common in biological systems (share electrons)
• Ions
– A charged particle
– Form when one atom “gives up" an electron
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• The most common elements found in living
organisms are…
Students need to know the most frequently occurring elements
in living things
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen Carbon
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Chemical Elements and Water
State one role for each of the elementsOther elements are needed by living organisms…
• Nitrogen (N)– Proteins
– Nucleic acids
– 70% of air
• Calcium (Ca)– Cell walls
– Bones
– Blood clotting
• Phosphorus (P)– DNA and RNA
• Iron (Fe)– Hemoglobin carries oxygen
through bloodstream
• Sodium (Na)– Transmitting nerve impulses
– Electric potential across cell membranes
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Water
• A water molecule (H2O), is made up of three atoms ---one oxygen and two hydrogen.
H
HO
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Water is Polar
• In each water molecule, the oxygen atom attracts more than its "fair share" of electrons
• The oxygen end “acts” negative
• The hydrogen end “acts” positive
• Causes the water to be POLAR
• However, Water is neutral (equal number of e- and p+) --- Zero Net Charge
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Hydrogen Bonds Exist Between Water Molecules
• Formed between a highly Electronegative atom of a polar molecule and a Hydrogen
• One hydrogen bond is weak , but manyhydrogen bonds are strong
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What are the
Properties of Water?
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Properties of Water
• At sea level, pure water boils at 100 °C and freezes at 0 °C.
• The boiling temperature of water decreases at higher elevations (lower atmospheric pressure).
• For this reason, an egg will take longer to boil at higher altitudes
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Properties of Water
• Cohesion
• Adhesion
• High Specific Heat
• High Heat of Vaporization
• Less Dense as a Solid
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• It is transparent
– Light may penetrate
photosynthesis
• It is cohesive
– Cohesion: attractive forces between molecules of the same substance (this is why water is attracted to itself)
– Polarity!
– High surface tension (force between molecules of water at the surface) allows insects to walk on water.
Chemical Elements and Water
Why is water so important to life?
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Adhesion
• Attraction between two different substances.
• Water will make hydrogen bonds with other surfaces such as glass, soil, plant tissues, and cotton.
• Capillary action-water molecules will “tow” each other along when in a thin glass tube.
• Example: transpiration process which plants and trees remove water from the soil, and paper towels soak up water.
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Adhesion Causes Capillary Action
Which gives water the ability to “climb”
structures
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Adhesion Also Causes Water to …
Form spheres & hold onto plant
leaves
Attach to a silken spider
web
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High Specific Heat
• Amount of heat needed to raise or lower 1g of a substance 1° C.
• Water resists temperature change, both for heating and cooling.
• Water can absorb or release large amounts of heat energy with little change in actual temperature.
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High Heat of Vaporization
• Amount of energy to convert 1g or a substance from a liquid to a gas
• In order for water to evaporate, hydrogen bonds must be broken.
• As water evaporates, it removes a lot of heat with it.
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Water is Less Dense as a Solid
•Which is ice and which is water?
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Water is Less Dense as a Solid
Water Ice
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Homeostasis• Ability to maintain a steady state despite changing conditions
• Water is important to this process because:a. Makes a good insulatorb. Resists temperature changec. Universal solventd. Coolante. Ice protects against temperature
extremes (insulates frozen lakes)
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Chemical Elements and Water
Why is water so important to life?
• It is a good solvent– Polar-
– “like dissolves like”
– Proteins, glucose,or ions such as sodium are all soluble since they are polar
Because of hydrogen bonds!– Bodies of water act as “buffers” against
temperature changes—mild climate on coast
– Coolant—hydrogen bonds cause water to resist change, thus evaporation of water from plants (transpiration )or from humans (perspiration ) removes heat acting as a coolant.
• Ice floats– Organisms may live underwater