Staphylococcus aureus - Boils: Walled off from body with fibrin
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Transcript of Staphylococcus aureus - Boils: Walled off from body with fibrin
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• Staphylococcus aureus• - Boils: Walled off from body with fibrin• - Can produce toxic shock superantigen• - MRSA: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus• - Major cause of nosocomial infections (in
hospitals)• - Some strains make exfoliative toxin (scalded skin
syndrome).
Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
Figure 26.2
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• Streptococcus pyogenes• - Best known for causing sore throats and
immunological sequelae, such as rheumatic fever • - Also necrotizing fasciitis (“flesh-eating” disease)• - Many prophages carry virulence factors.
Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
Figure 26.3
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Impetigo S. pyogenes or Staph aureus
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• Viruses cause a maculopapular skin rash.• - Usually infects through respiratory tract• - Paramyxovirus: Rubeola (“measles”)• - Herpes virus: Chickenpox, shingles• - Togavirus: Rubella (“German measles”)
Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
Figure 26.4
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measles
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Chicken pox
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Respiratory tract infections
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Figure 26.5
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S. pneumoniae
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Scarlet fever
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normal TB show tubercules
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diphtheria
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Gastrointestinal tract infections
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Salmonellosis in the US
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norovirus
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Genitourinary tract infections
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases• Syphilis• - Caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum• - Primary syphilis: Chancre at site of infection• - Secondary syphilis: Generalized rash• - Tertiary syphilis: Effects on heart and CNS
Figure 26.11
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• Chlamydia• - Most frequently
reported STD in U.S. • - Caused by unusual
Gram-negative bacteria - Chlamydia trachomatis
• - Chlamydia pneumoniae
• - Obligate intracellular pathogens
• - Both cause STDs, as well as pneumonia and trachoma of the eye.
Figure 26.12
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Figure 18.45
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Chlamydia on fallopian tube tissue
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases• Gonorrhea• - Caused by the Gram-negative diplococcus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae• - Most infected men exhibit symptoms, while
most women are asymptomatic.• - Binds to CD4+ T cells, inhibiting T-cell activation
Figure 26.13
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• Meningitis– - Infection of membrane surrounding brain– - Some bacteria cross blood-brain barrier.
• - Streptococcus pneumoniae• - Haemophilus influenzae• - Neisseria meningitidis
Central Nervous System Infections
- Has thick capsule and type IV pili- Dangerous if gets into bloodstream- Crosses from capillary into cerebrospinal fluid- Once in meninges, very difficult to treat- Effective vaccine to capsule components
Figure 26.16D Figure 26.16B
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West Nile virus
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Figure 26.18 Figure 26.19
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• Animation: Retrograde Movement of Tetanus Toxin to an Inhibitory Neuron
Click box to launch animation
Central Nervous System Infections
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• Prions• - Proteinaceous infectious particles• - Cause spongiform encephalopathies• - Improperly folded proteins form
aggregates that damage the brain.• - Most mammals suffer from these
diseases.Figure 26.20
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Systemic infections
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Figure 26.23
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Figure 26.24
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Lyme disease
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Lyme disease
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Figure 26.25
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Lyme disease
deer ticks
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Deer tick eating
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Lyme disease rash
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Lyme Disease• Borrelia burgdorferi• Spirochete• Obligate Intracellular pathogen
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Borrelia burgdorferi
• 1.5Mbp• Strange genomic layout
– Linear chromosome (900 kb)– Has over 20 circular AND linear plasmids
• Genome decay in obligate intracellular bacteria
• Loses many biosynthesis pathways (why make it if you can get it from the host)
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Rocky Mt. spotted fever
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Vaccine LYMErix• Recombinant Outer surface
protein A (OspA)– Your body doesn’t make
antibodies to OspA normally– OspA only expressed in unfed
ticks, not in fed ticks or host
• Temperature is the trigger to stop OspA and start making OspC – other triggers for making
virulence proteins are pH and Fe starvation
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How the vaccine works
• Bacterial migration from midgut to salivary glands is inhibited when ticks feed on OspA (and also in OspC) immunized mice
• So immune serum appears to kill the bugs in the tick or prevent migration
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Rocky mountain spotted fever
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Rickettsia inside cells (arrows)
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leprosy