The Enlightenment Mid 1700’s Note Key: If the writing is in black WRITE IT DOWN!!! If the writing...
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Transcript of The Enlightenment Mid 1700’s Note Key: If the writing is in black WRITE IT DOWN!!! If the writing...
The EnlightenmentMid 1700’s
Note Key:
If the writing is in black WRITE IT DOWN!!!
If the writing is in White read it and think about it.
What Was the Enlightenment?
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18th century that led to
a whole new world view.
According to the 18th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was “Sapere aude (dare to know)! Have courage to use your own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” 1784)
Immanuel Kant
The Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution
The equatorial armillary, used for navigation on ships
Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method
• The scientific method• Observation and
experimentation• Testable hypothesis
Sir Francis Bacon
Isaac Newton and the Scientific Method
• Used the scientific method to make a range of discoveries
• Newton’s achievements using the scientific method helped inspire Enlightenment thinkers
Sir Isaac Newton
Enlightenment Principles
• Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought
• Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith
• Scientific and academic thought should be secular
A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers
The Marquis de Condorcet
• French mathematician
• Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Spirit
• Played active role in the French Revolution
Condorcet (continued)
• Universal education (education for all)
• Progress and “perfectibility,” the idea that people realistically strive for perfection in all areas of life.
The French Salon and the Philosophes
Madame de Pompadour
• Madame de Pompadour• Salons: gatherings for
aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas
• Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons
The Encyclopédie
• Major achievement of the philosophes
• Begun in 1745; completed in 1765
• Included the most up-to-date knowledge on the sciences, arts, and crafts
Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie
The Encyclopédie (continued)
• Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert
• Banned by the Catholic Church
• It contained nearly 72,000 articles accompanied by numerous illustrations
Encyclopédie editor Denis Diderot
Deism
• Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion
• Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church
Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of deism
Deism (continued)
• God/the creator is the “great watchmaker”
• The idea that the universe operates like a watch.
• Thomas Paine is a famous American Deist.
Thomas Paine
How Rulers Ruled Before the Enlightenment
• Divine Rights of Kings
• The idea that rulers receive their authority from God and are answerable only to God.
Stop
• Take a deep breath and let it out.
• Continue breathing deeply and quietly until the teacher distributes paper to the class.
• Answer the following questions on this half sheet of paper.
Enlightenment Questions• 1. What do you believe is the nature of human
beings? Are people born inherently good or bad? Can people’s nature change? Explain your answers completely.
• 2. What would Port Hope look like if there were no laws or police?
• 3. What would you do if you saw a person drop a $100 bill? Explain your reasoning.
René Descartes (1596–1650)• French philosopher and
mathematician• Questioned the basis of
his own knowledge• “Cogito ergo sum”• “I think, therefore, I am.”
Voltaire (1694–1778)
• Most famous philosophe
• Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books
• Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order
• Championed social, political, and religious tolerance
Voltaire (con’t)• Credited with the idea of freedom of speech.
• He was very critical of the French government and the Roman Catholic Church.
• Was imprisoned in the Bastille twice.
• “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I'll defend to the death your right to say it”.
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)• Applied rational analysis to
the study of government• Attacked the concept of
divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy
• People are naturally wicked and selfish (bad). People must voluntarily give an authoritarian figure the power to rule.
John Locke (1632–1704)
• People have the ability to reason and can compromise (people are good).
• If Gov. doesn’t govern justly the people must over through it and establish a government that is just.
• Tabula rasa (a “Blank slate”)
Locke(continued)
• In Treatises of Government he attack DRo’K and Authoritarian Government
• Believed in Natural Rights which he defined as “Life, Liberty, and Property.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau(1712–1778)
• Believed that people are good but corrupted by society.
• Believed in Direct Democracy (individual vote).
• People are not truly free if they don’t make their own decisions.
• The Social Contract
Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755)
• Developed the idea of separation of powers.
• The Spirit of the Laws states that governmental power should be balanced among three branches.
Montesquieu (continued)
Three Branches of Gov.
• Executive = Carry out (enforce) laws.
• Legislative = Create laws.
• Judicial = Interpret laws.
The Spirit of the Laws
Women and the Enlightenment
• Changing views of women’s role in society
• Role of education• Equality
Mary Wollstonecraft Olympe de Gouges
Mary Wollstonecraft
• A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
• Believed that equal rights should be extended to women.
• Had the same natural rights and intellectual capacity as men.
Wollstonecraft (continued)
• The start of modern Women’s rights movement
Title page of Wollstonecraft’s Thoughts on the Education of Daughters
Olympe De Gouges
• Criticized the French Revolution
• The Rights of Women• “Declaration of the Rights
of Woman and the Female Citizen”
• Executed in 1793
“Enlightened Monarchs”• Most of Europe ruled by
absolute monarchs
• Receptive to Enlightenment ideas
• Instituted new laws and practices
Enlightened Monarchs
• Frederick II, Prussia
• Catherine the Great, Russia
• Maria Theresa, Austria
• Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire
• Gustav III, Sweden
• Napoleon I, France
Influenced by the Enlightenment
• The following are all events that were impacted by the Enlightenment.
The American Revolution
• Influence of Locke, Montesquieu
• The Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
The U.S. Constitution• Separation
of powers• Checks
and balances
Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention
The Declaration of theRights of Man
• Adopted by National Assembly in 1789
• “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”
The Legacy of the Enlightenment
• Government• Society• Education
The signing of the U.S. Constitution
Frederick the Great (ruled 1740–1786)
• Prussian ruler• Had a strong interest in
Enlightenment works• Induced Voltaire to come
to Prussia
Frederick the Great (continued)
• Wanted to make Prussia a modern state
• Reforms
Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”
Catherine the Great(ruled 1762–1796)
• Russian ruler• Well-versed in
Enlightenment works• “Westernizing”
Russia
Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790)
• Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780
• Joseph’s reforms• Religious
toleration• Control over the
Catholic Church• Abolition of
serfdom