The End of WWI & Treaty of Versailles Ypres Five battles from 1914-1918 1,700,000 soldiers on both...
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Transcript of The End of WWI & Treaty of Versailles Ypres Five battles from 1914-1918 1,700,000 soldiers on both...
Ypres
• Five battles from 1914-1918• 1,700,000 soldiers on both sides were killed or
wounded and an uncounted number of civilians
Verdun – February, 1916
Verdun – February, 1916
• German offensive.German offensive.
• Each side had 500,000 casualties.Each side had 500,000 casualties.
• German offensive.German offensive.
• Each side had 500,000 casualties.Each side had 500,000 casualties.
The Somme – July, 1916
The Somme – July, 1916
• 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
• Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
• 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
• Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.
The Somme American Cemetery, France
The Somme American Cemetery, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
Effects of War - Casualties• Britain : 750,000 soldiers
killed; 1,500,000 wounded
• France : 1,400,000 soldiers killed; 2,500,000 wounded
• Belgium : 50,000 soldiers killed
• Italy : 600,000 soldiers killed
• Russia : 1,700,000 soldiers killed
• America : 116,000 soldiers killed
• Germany : 2,000,000 soldiers killed
• Austria-Hungary : 1,200,000 soldiers killed
• Turkey : 325,000 soldiers killed
• Bulgaria : 100,000 soldiers killed
The total deaths of all nations who fought in the war is thought to have been 8.5 million with 21 million being wounded.
Effects of War - Destruction• War had destroyed vast areas of land in
northeastern Europe– Homes of 750,000 French people were
destroyed– Infrastructure (roads, buildings) damaged– Could not function normally
Treaty of Versailles
• Months of negotiation – signed on June 28th, 1919 in Hall of Mirrors (in Versailles Palace)
The “Big Three” or “Big Four”
Great BritainP.M. David Lloyd George
United StatesPres. Woodrow Wilson
FranceGeorges Clemenceau
ItalyVittorio Orlando
“Germany should be treated as a barrier to resist spread of communism; needs to be punished, but not so much that they would turn against Europe”
“We did not have a large part in the war, but we were defeated in some battles; I was mainly on the sidelines of the treaty negotiations.”
“Germany should be brought to its knees; France was destroyed and Germany should never be able to do this again.”
“The U.S. has a desire for isolation and keep American input to a minimum.”“The main ideas of my Fourteen Points, or plan for Europe, are…1)No secret treaties2)Countries reduce weapons and armed forces3)National self-determination 4)All countries belong to League of Nations
Terms of the Treaty - Territorial
Lands Taken from Germany
• Alsace-Lorraine • Eupen and
Malmedy • Northern Schleswig • West Prussia• Hultschin
Countries that Received Lands
• France• Belgium• Denmark• Czechoslovakia• Poland
Terms of the Treaty - Military • Germany’s army reduced to
100,000 men• No tanks, air force, or
submarines• Only 6 naval ships• Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) –
area west of Rhineland– No German soldier or
weapon allowed– Allied occupation
Terms of the Treaty - Financial• German required to pay reparations
(payments for cost of war) – about $32 billion
• Germany forbidden to unite w/Austria into one super-state
Terms of the Treaty – General Clauses
1) “War Guilt Clause” – Germany takes full responsibility
2) Germany had to pay reparations
3) League of Nations created to keep peace
Germany’s Reaction• Germany expected to be
consulted about terms, but was not
• Saw terms of treaty for the first time only weeks before it was signed
• Anger throughout Germany
– Known as “Diktat” – forced on them, had no choice but to sign it