CHAPTER 23The Emergence of an Industrial

Society in the West

Industrialization

Industrial Revolution Themes

1. Political Upheaval: Age of Revolution2. Exportation of Western European

institutions and values

1750 Monarchi

es

1914Monarchies

overthrown and Parliaments established with strong

voting systems

Revolution

Political Upheaval – age of revolution 1775-1848A combo or economic, intellectual, and social changes

3 forces of change

1. Cultural: intellect brings questioning and questioning brings change

Enlightenment thinkers were already challenging the status quo

2. Economic: the old ways were being challenged

Commercialization=new wealth

3. Population increase: more people, less positions, harder to get ahead

Better nutrients lower infant death rate and people were living longer

American Revolution

The first revolution inspired by the new political thinking developing at the time

The US Constitution is based on enlightenment thinking 3 branches of government Checks and balances Life, liberty and property

French vs. American

Where the American Rev. developed a completely new form the French rev. developed in an already existent social structure (nobility) Democracy came easy in American but not in

France Bourgeoisie: growing class with no political

privileges, rich who wanted to be richer More of a civil war rising against the establishment Proletariat: the working people

Influenced by Enlightenment thinkers and the success of the American Rev.

Three Stages of the French Revolution1. Revolution2. Reign of Terror3. Napoleon

1. Revolution 1789

This would set precedent that would transform all of Europe

Causes Ideological factors – Enlightenment pressure

– limit Church/aristocracy Social changes – merchant class wanted

more power Peasants pressed by population issues –

want freedom from aristocracy Catalyst – economic problems by French

gov’t - series of wars/Versailles

More Revolution

Summer of discontent National Assembly – passes Declaration of

the Rights of Man and Citizen Storming of Bastille – symbol of repression –

destroyed almost vacant prison Great Fear – riots on countryside lead to

Great Flight Led to monumental changes

Seizure of church lands New parliament to restrict king Freedom religion, press, property

2. Reign of Terror 1792

Jacobin leaders take over: Kill you if you don’t agree Thousands of people guillotined or fleeing the

country Maximilien Robespierre

Lost touch with issues of the people Creates new religion – cult of the Supreme Being Doesn’t listen to issues of urban dwellers

3. Napoleon Reduced the power of

parliament Set up a powerful police system

that limited personal freedoms New laws: religious freedoms

and more equality Better schools Major expansion to control most

of western Europe 1812 the fall: DON’T INVADE

RUSSIA

Nationalism

Pride in their own government and culture conscious bond shared by a group of people who

feel strongly attached to a particular land and who possess a common language, culture, and history, marked by shared glories and sufferings.

Viva La France Country over everything else

Including the church All western governments started a Civil

Service exam and had a growing bureaucracy

Why is nationalism so strong

nationalism was enormously powerful in the nineteenth century

fueled preexisting rivalry among European states drive for colonies in Asia and Africa can see its

height in the suffering of World War I efforts to instill national loyalty in citizens

nationalism took on a variety of political ideologies civic nationalism” identified the “nation” with a

particular territory, encouraged assimilation some defined the nation in racial terms (e.g.,

Germany)

Congress of Vienna

National lines drawn Tried to create a balance of power – create

strong powers around France Prussia gains power in Germany Piedmont in Northern Italy Britain gains new territory around the world Russia maintains control of Poland

Europe after the Congress of Vienna

New Political Groups Emerge

Conservatives: Against revolutionary ideas: wanted old ways Tried to reinstate the monarchy in France (umm no)

Liberals: Focused on issues of political structure Limit state interference in peoples lives: basic

freedoms Understood that they needed to be less aggressive to

make changes. (revolution too risky) Radicals:

Like the liberals but wanted more democracy and voting rights

Socialist: attack on private property

Conservative Leaders

Benjamin Disraeli: British, granted the vote to working class men in 1867

Count Camillo di Cavour –unites Italy - alliance with FranceFought Austria for Northern provinces – peninsula unitesRevolution from control of the Church

Otto Von Bismark: Forced conflict with other nations to unify German peopleDefeated France in 1871 – new GermanyParliament has lower house based on universal suffrage

Socialism Karl Marx

When work and reward are shared than the evils of capitalism will end

History is shaped by those who control the means of production

According to Marx: “History was shaped by the available means of production and who controlled those means”

Socialism is Scary

The rise of socialism scared people of “Western” society Germany (led by Otto von Bismark) became largest

single political force by 1900 Major industrial strikes and the forming of unions

rose quickly Socialist parties would ally themselves with

other moderate groups to strengthen themselves

In the end, Marx’s vision was incorrect; success could be achieved by peaceful democratic means and NOT only by violent revolts

Roots: The Means of Production

Trunk: State Organization (government)

Branches: Institution of the State (Police, army,

bureaucracy)

Propertyless proletariat would

grow until revolution is inevitable

Transition with proletariat

dictatorship to clean up the bourgeoisie

Full freedom where the people benefit justly and equally

from their work not more state

Class struggle end because there are no

more classes

An Industrial WorldMany changes will occur due to the major changes that an industrialized world brings

The Industrial Revolution Factors leading to British Industrial Revolution:

Favorable natural resources Population pressure forced innovations at all levels

of society Increasing world trade Growth of manufacturing sector of the economy Governments committing policies of economic

growth James Watt: devised a steam engine in

1770’s Improvements in agriculture Population boom

Changes

Better infrastructure Consumer culture increases Better conditions for farmers More corporations

Labor unions Stock companies

Middle-class was improving (and growing) Education was more important for children than

work/apprenticeship Social structure relied less on privilege & birth

and more on money

Feminist Movement

Women and children still “sheltered” from the industrialized work world

Women mainly took care of children at home Moral status improved

Women wanted legal and economic gains Suffrage

Equal access to jobs and education Women were working in the home to create

goods but now those jobs were moving outside the home

A Change in the Culture

Less hours and more pay gave ordinary people more opportunities

White collar class: secretaries, clerks and salespeople

Middle class could now develop and gain more

Consumption grows=output grows Advertising and fads

Western Expansion

Causes of Western expansion new markets for processed goods created commercial agriculture in other regions

satisfy need for raw materials, agricultural products

communication/transportation facilitated expansion

Nationalistic rivalries Businesspeople sought new chances for profit Missionaries sought chances for profit Massive European emigration

Canada

Tried to create gradual self-government to avoid revolution

Quebec created to ease French tension New immigrants poor in during last

part of 18th century

Australia

1788-1853 – exported convicts Discovery of gold increases population

in 1850s Unified federal nation claimed on

January 1, 1900

New Zealand

Conflict with Maoris – attempts to convert to Christianity

Agricultural population Parliament allowed to rule self without

interference from mother country

Government Institutions

Political Reform Social Reform

Conservatives Absolute Monarchs Restoration of old nobility to power

Opposed to revolutionary ideas

Liberals Constitutional/representative monarch

Greater representation and power in the hands of the middle class

Social/economic reforms that would benefit the middle class

Radicals Outright democracy

Increased voting rights for the common people

Social reforms to benefit lower classes