The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914
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Transcript of The Emergence of Industrial Society in the West, 1750-1914
THE EMERGENCE OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY IN THE
WEST, 1750-1914Chapter 23
Themes: Age of Revolution Export of W. European institutions (United
States and Australia) Changes that take place in this period (1750-
1914) United States Germany Alliances
Age of Revolutions
1770’s-1780’s American Revolution (1775) French Revolution (1789)
Reasons for Revolution Enlightenment thinking (called for religious, economic,
technological changes) Commerce (challenges power of aristocrats, new ways of
production) Population Revolution: population growth after 1730 (control of
diseased animals, nutrition) Hard to gain higher positions, more people in working classes Expansion of manufacturing Changes in working class: urban dress, premarital sex increases,
parental authority declines, youthful independence
Why are people revolting against monarchs in the late 1700s?
The American Revolution Britain’s colonies rebel in 1775
War for independence Resistance to taxes and trade controls, restriction of movement to frontier
“No taxation without representation” Stamp Act: tax on documents and pamphlets
New opportunities in political office, decline of agriculture New Government- 1776
Declaration of Independence Creation of Army
Reasons for U.S. victory: Persistence of revolutionaries Poor decisions by British military U.S. support from the French
1789: Constitution written Based on Enlightenment ideas Three branches of government, checks and balances, protection of
liberties, voting rights One of the most advanced in the world at the time
What concepts did the founding fathers take from Enlightenment thinkers?
The French Revolution
The French Revolution 1789 Revolutionary ideas in Europe:
Ideological: Enlightenment ideas of limiting power of the Catholic church, aristocracy, monarchy
Middle class wants political role Peasants want freedom from landlords
demands Reasons for revolution in France
Aristocrats tighten power Government ineffective Economic slump 1787-1788
First Estate1% of the Population
Clergy of the RCC
Second Estate2% of the Population
Rich NoblesThird Estate
97% of the PopulationBourgeoisie – Upper Class
Workers – Middle ClassPeasants – Low Class
You should know this.
How might France’s trend toward absolutism be contributing to the impending revolution?
The French Revolution Louis XVI calls meeting to parliament to
discuss tax reform, middle class wants to vote with majority, street riots in Paris, King caves, revolution begins
French Revolution: Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen:
proclaims freedom of thought, natural rights Storming of the Bastille (July 14) becomes symbol
of revolution Peasants seize manorial records abolishing
manoralism, giving peasants title to the land Rule of aristocrats is cut, power of the church is
attacked and land seized Constitution: individual rights, powerful parliament,
adult males with property could vote
What were the key events leading to the revolution?
What role does propaganda play in the revolution?
Radical Phase of the French Revolution
1792-1799 Reforms spark opposition in the name of the
church and aristocracy Monarchs in Britain, Prussia, and Austria were
opposed to the Revolution Radical leaders take over and want to push the
revolution forward Maximilien Robespierre- Leader of radical phase
Inspired by democratic ideas of Rousseau, elected to rev. assemblies, prosecuted king, took leadership of government, put down factions, centralized government Reign of Terror
Abolish monarchy, use guillotine to behead the king and opponents
Why do you think the French Revolution became so violent compared to others? What are the problems unique to France?
You should know this.
How is the rest of Europe viewing the revolution?
Radical Phase of the French Revolution
“Cult of the Supreme Being” to replace Catholicism Revolutionary Reforms: (Not all put into practice, some
reversed) universal male suffrage, metric system of weights and measures, slavery abolished in French colonies, universal military conscription
Armies gain success and territories (Low Countries, Italy, Germany)
Didn’t do things people would support, convinced he knew their will
Calls for another purge of moderates, but arrested and guillotined
Nationalism: new feelings of loyalty to France develop National Anthem- worlds first “Come, children of the
nation, the day of glory has arrived.”
What are the positive outcomes of the “radical phase”? What are the negative outcomes?
The Death of Jean MaratHow do these pieces of art illustrate POV?
What can you predict about the course of French government from the picture?
Authoritarian Phase of the French Revolution
Started by General Napoleon Bonaparte Reduces parliament to a rubber stamp Powerful police limit freedom of expression
Gains: Religious freedom Equality for men in laws Secondary schools and universities for training
bureaucrats Desire for Expansion:
Wars against all major powers of Europe and Russia
1812: Holds most of W. Europe or controlled them as satellite nations
How did Napoleon use his authority to fix France?
Fall of the French Empire1812: Attempt to invade Russia fails as French armies died in the cold winter1814-1815: British alliance crushes the emperor
LegacyConquest spreads revolutionary legislation across Europe (equality under law, attacks on aristocracy, church, guilds)Spread of popular nationalism to Europe and growth of nationalism in FranceHow did Napoleon help the
rest of Europe (by being the bad guy)?
Congress of Vienna Allies who defeated the French meet at Vienna in 1815 to reach
peace settlement and end possibilities of future rebellions Did not punish France too severely, wanted to restore balance of power
in Europe Gains for Prussia in Germany, Piedmont in Italy Britain gains colonies Russia maintains hold over Poland Keeps Europe stable for half a century
New Political thoughts develop out of Vienna Conservatism: opposed to revolutionary goals in Europe, wanted to
restore Monarchy in France Liberals: focus on political structure, looked to limit state interference in
individual life, urged representation of people in government, constitutional rule, protection of religion, press, assembly, support better education, promote industry
Radicals: accept most liberal demands, but want wider voting rights, outright democracy, social reforms for lower classes
Nationalists: allied with liberals or radicals, urged the importance of national unity and glory
You should know this.
Why did the Congress of Vienna keep Europe stable for 50 years?
Other Revolts
1820: Greek Revolution: revolt against Ottoman rule
1830: France: installed a different king and liberal monarchy Belgian Revolution: liberal regime, new independence
Other rebellions: Spain, Italy, Germany
Other Changes: United States allows universal adult male suffrage (slaves excluded) Britain: Reform Bill of 1832- gives parliamentary vote to most
middle-class men By 1830’s France, Belgium, Britain, US, etc. have solid law making
bodies, protection of individual rights, and voting systems
What other nations revolted after France? Why does one revolution seem to beget 5 more?