THE EARTH’S RELIEF

PEDRO FLORES. IES SAN JUAN BAUTISTA. 1º ESO

STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

THE EARTH IS FORMED BY SEVERAL LAYERS

CHEMICAL layers

PHYSICAL layers.

CRUST

MANTLE

CORE

Oceanic crustContinental crust

LITHOSPHEREASTHENOSPHERE ?

MESOSPHERE

ENDOSPHERE

Upper mantle

Lower mantle

Outer core

Inner core

MANTLE

CORE

CRUST

SKIN

THEORY OF THE CONTINENTAL DRIFT

THE EARTH’S CRUST THE CRUST IS DIVIDED INTO BLOCKS AND THE MANTLE IS LIQUID.

-- EARTHQUAKES -- SEPARATION OF LANDS -- OCEAN RIDGES CONSEQUENCES: -- VOLCANOES -- TSUNAMIS -- MOUNTAIN RANGES -- ISLANDS

THE EARTH’S CRUST

CRASH OF TECTONIC PLATES

VOLCANOES

MOUNTAIN RANGES

ISLANDS

ACTIVITIES1.- WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH?

2.- WHAT’S THE NAME OF THE WIDER LAYER? AND THE THINNER ONE?

3.- COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING TABLE: • VOLUME:• COMPOSITION:CORE• VOLUME:• COMPOSITIONMANTLE• VOLUME:• COMPOSITION:CRUST

4.- MAKE A DRAWING OF THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH.

5.- WHAT ARE THE AGENTS THAT SHAPE THE RELIEF?

6.- EXPLAIN THE THEORY OF THE CONTINENTAL DRIFT.

7.- LOOK AT THE MAP OF THE EARTH’S CRUST AND INDICATE THE NAME OF THE THREE MOST IMPORTANT TECTONIC PLATES. WHAT HAPPENS WHERE TWO IMPORTANT PLATES CLASH?

INTERNAL AGENTS OF THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEFEARTHQUAKES

AN EARTHQUAKE IS A VIBRATION OF THE EARTH’S CRUST THAT OCCURRED WHEN TWO SIDESOF A FAULT COLLIDE OR SEPARATE. THE FRICTION CAUSES ENERGY.

THE POINT WHERE THIS ENERGY IS FREED IS CALLED EPICENTRE.

TO MEASURE THE MAGNITUDE OF AN EARQUAKE WE USE A SEISMOGRAPH AND WE USE THERICHTER SCALE.

VOLCANOESINTERNAL AGENTS OF THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEF

EFFECTOS OF EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES

ACTIVITIES8.- WHAT ARE THE EXTERNAL AGENTS IN THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEF?

9.- WHY DO EARQUAKES AND VOLCANOES TAKE PLACE? WHICH ARE THEIR EFFECTS?

10.- INDICATE THE PARTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE. HOW DO WE MEASURE IT? WHAT’S THE MOSTIMPORTANT SCALE?.

11.- INDICATE AND DESCRIBE THE PARTS OF A VOLCANO.

12.- WHY DO YOU THINK THE MEDITERRANEAN IS A PLACE OF EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES?

OROGENY

RELIEF

INTERNALFORCES It is the result of…

EXTERNALFORCES

ELEVATION EROSION

EXTERNAL AGENTS IN THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEFEXTERNAL AGENTS (WATER, WIND, VEGETATION, LIVING BEINGS, ETC)

ARE PRODUCED IN THE EARTH’S CRUST AND MODIFY THE RELIEF

EROSION

WEATHERING TRANSPORT DEPOSITION

WATERRAVINES AND VALLEYS PLAINS AND DELTAS

ROCK’S FRACTURESCAVES AND GALLERIES

EXTERNAL AGENTS IN THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEF

WATER. WAVES, OCEAN CURRENTS AND TIDESEXTERNAL AGENTS IN THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEF

WIND

WIND ERODES THE ROCKS, TRANSPORT THEM AND ERODE OTHER ONES, BUT IT DOES IT VERY SOFTLY AND IN SMALL PARTICLES.

EXTERNAL AGENTS IN THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEF

VEGETATION

PLANTS AND TREES WITH THEIR ROOTS ALSO CHANGE THE RELIEF BREAKING ROCKS AND FIXING THE SOIL.

EXTERNAL AGENTS IN THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEF

HUMAN BEINGS

FARMLANDS

INFRAESTRUCTURES

CITIES

ROADS, RAILWAYS…

EXTERNAL AGENTS IN THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEF

ACTIVITIES13.- WHAT ARE THE MAIN EXTERNAL AGENTS THAT CHANGE THE EARTH RELIEF? WHAT ARE THE NAMES OF ITS ACTIONS?

14.- FROM ALL EXTERNAL AGENTS, WHICH ONE DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST IMPORTANT? WHY?

15.- WRITE A KIND OF LANDFORM ORIGINATED BY WATER AND EXPLAIN IT. YOU CAN LOOK INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET ABOUT THIS LANDFORM.

16.- HOW SEA WATERS CAN CHANGE THE COASTAL RELIEF?

16.- WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE WIND ON THE EARTH’S RELIEF? HOW DOES THE VEGETATIONCHANGE THE RELIEF?

17.- GIVE EXAMPLES OF HUMAN ACTIONS THAT CAN CHANGE THE RELIEF.

LANDFORMSCONTINENTAL RELIEF

SIERRA

EXTERNAL AGENTS IN THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEF

PLATEAU

RANGE

VALLEY

DEPRESSION

MOUNTAIN

PLAIN

HILL

PLATEAU: A FLAT TERRAIN THAT IS ELEVATED ABOVE THE SURROUNDING AREA.

PLAIN: A FLAT AREA OF LAND WITH FEW LANDFORMS.

DEPRESSION: A WIDE LOW AREA, WITH GENTLE SLOPES, SURROUNDED BY HIGHER AREAS.SOMETIMES A DEPRESSION CONTAINS VALLEYS AND THEIR RIVERS.

HILL: LOW ELEVATION, SMALLER THAN A MOUNTAIN. (LESS THAN 100 METERS).

VALLEY: A LOW AREA BETWEEN TWO HIGH AREAS, SMALLER THAN A DEPRESSION, USUALLYWITH A RIVER RUNNING THROUGH IT. IT CAN BE FLUVIAL OR GLACIAL.

MOUNTAIN: ELEVATED UNIT OF RELIEF WITH VERY STEEP SLOPES. USUALLY HIGHER THA 700 METERS.

SIERRA: A SMALLER LINE OF MOUNTAINS, LOWER THAN A RANGE, OR BELONGINGTO A RANGE.

MOUNTAIN RANGE: A LINE OF HIGH MOUNTAINS. USUALLY MADE UP OF VARIOUS SIERRAS.

LANDFORMSCOASTAL RELIEF

ISLAND: A PIECE OF LAND SURROUNDING BY WATER.

ARCHIPELAGO: A GROUP OF ISLANDS.

PENINSULA: A PIECE OF LAND SURROUNDED BY WATER, EXCEPT FOR THE ISTHMUS THATCONNECTS IT TO THE MAINLAND.

GULF: A BODY OF WATER INDENTS IN THE COASTLINE. THE NAME VARIES ACCORDINGTO ITS SIZE.

BAY: A SMALLER GULF.

CAPE: A LARGE AREA OF THE COAST THAT EXTENDS INTO THE SEA.

RIA: A RIVER VALLEY INVADED BY THE SEA.

BEACH: ACCUMULATION OF SAND AND GRAVEL ON LOW AREAS OF THE COAST.

MARSHES: LOW WET LAND THAT IS FLOODED BY THE TIDES.

LAGOON: A SHALLOW BODY OF WATER SEPARATED FROM THE COAST BY SAND OR CORAL.

DELTA: A DEPOSIT OF MATERIALS TRANSPORTED BY THE RIVER TO THE RIVER MOUTH.

ESTUARY: WHERE THE RIVER FLOWS INTO THE SEA AT THE RIVER MOUTH AND FRESH WATER MIXES WITH SALT WATER.

CLIFF: A VERTICAL WALL AT THE EDGE OF THE LAND.

LANDFORMSOCEANIC RELIEF

CONTINENTAL SHELF: AN EXTENSION OF THE CONTINENTE BELOW THE WATER. IT RUNSALONG THE COAST AND IS RELATIVELY SHALLOW (UP TO 200 M.)

CONTINENTAL SLOPE: A SHARP DESCENT AT THE END OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF.

ABYSSAL PLAIN: AN ENORMOUS AREA OF THE OCEAN FLOOR THAT IS RELATIVELY FLATAND IS AS DEEP AS 4000 M. IN SOME PARTS.

OCEAN RIDGE: MOUNTAINS OR MOUNTAIN RANGE, USUALLY OF VOLCANIC ORIGIN, FORMEDIN THE AREAS OF CONTACT OR SEPARATION OF TECTONIC PLATES.

OCEAN TRENCH: DEEP DEPRESSIONS (REACHING DEPTHS OF OVER 10,000 METERS) THATORIGINATE IN AREAS WHERE TECTONIC PLATES MEET.