The Deep SeaThe Deep Sea

By By

Brady RomeroBrady Romero

IntroIntro

• Undocumented• What is it?

– Physically– Environmentally– Biologically

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uqly8ERIkHM

PhysicallyPhysically

• Beneath continental shelf– Order of shelf?

• Originally thought as flat

• Trench benthic zone?• http://

www.youtube.com/channel/UCl3Vf8heuOumLuC_toRYGXg

Our problemsOur problems

• We know nothing– Expensive– Hard– Time consuming– Inaccurate

• Bathysnap– Camera– Bathysnack

EnvironmentEnvironment

• Light– Order?– Food?– Exceptions?

• Temperature– Constant

• -1* to 4* Celsius

– Exceptions?

• Dissolved oxygen– Minimum under _____– Then constant

EnvironmentEnvironment

• Currents– Keep measurements

constant– Three types

• Tidal currents• Oceanic conveyor• Coriolis effect

• Hydrostatic pressure– _atmospheres for _m– Organisms adapt– http://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=GnekAQTbEcI

EnvironmentEnvironment

• Sediment– Mainly soft, fine mud– Thick– 2 classes

• Inorganic• Biogenous

– Percentage?– Types?

– Dependent on surface– Whales

• Important• We suck even more

Food supplyFood supply

• Production– Chemosynthesis

• Sulfur compounds

– Mainly allochthonous• Rely on POM• 1-3%primary production

reach seabed

• Dissolved Organic Matter– Needed for carbon

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufxGw8EqY5Q

Food supplyFood supply

• Large food falls– Carcasses

• Important food source• Scavengers

– Unpredictable• Long times between

food sources

– Plant falls provide C– Terrestrial matter is

unused– Think there is other

food

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ykxQwleMo4

Food supplyFood supply

• POM from euphotic– 3 main groups

• Fecal pellets• Moults• Marine snow

– Grows like snow

• Timing of food– Directly associated with

surface blooms

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Hi5muM44NE

OrganismsOrganisms

• Slope– Hard to determine

changes

• Distribution– More in shallow then

deep

• Size of organisms– Generally

• Direct relationship

– Gigantism

OrganismsOrganisms

• Diversity– Forbes– Don’t know much

• Assume little

• Composition– Realized nice

• Small overlap of animal

• Species– 1.4 million species on

Earth

OrganismsOrganisms

• Mobile megafauna– Echinoderms– Crustaceans

• Lobsters• Ontogenetic

– Benthopelagic fish– http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ykxQwleMo4

Hydrothermal ventsHydrothermal vents

• First vent observed – 1977

– Galapagos rift

– By Robert Ballard

• Atochthonous– Chemosynthesis

• Thermophiles– Super

– Hyper

• Cold seeps

Hydrothermal ventsHydrothermal vents

• Vestimentarians– Worms

• Trophosome– Special organ– Holds bacteria

• Lecitrophicism– Short larval stage– http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtmXN_tH2iM