APPENDIX

THE GERMAN- JAPANESE AGREEMENT AGAINST THE COMMUNIST INTERNATIONALl

I

The Govemment oftheGerman Reich and the Imperial Japanese Govem­ment, recognizing that the aim of the Communist International, known as the Comintern, is to disintegrate and subdue existing States by all means at its command; convinced that the toleration of interference by the Communist International in the internal affairs of the nationsnot only endangers their internal peace and social well being, but is also a menace to the peace of the world; desirous of cooperating in the defence against Communist subversion; have agreed as follows

Article 1

The High Contracting States agree to inform one another of the activities of the Communist International, to consult with one another on the necessary preventive measures and to carry these through in close collaboration.

Article 2

The High Contracting Parties will jointly invite third States whose intemal peace is threatened by the subversive activities of the Communist:Intemation­al to adopt defensive measures in the spirit of this agreement or to take part in the present agreement.

Article 3

The German as well as the J apanese text of the present agreement is to be deemed the original text. lt comes into force on the day of signature and shall remain in force for a period of five years. Before the expiry of this period the High Contracting Parties will come to an understanding over the further methods of their cooperation.

In witness whereof, etc. Berlin, November 25, 1936.

II

(Supplementary Protocol)

von Ribbentrop Mushakoji

On the occasion of the signing today of the agreement against the Communist International, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries have agreed as follows:

a) The competent authorities of the two High Contracting States will work in close collaboration in matters concerning the exchange of information over the activities of the Communist International as well as investigatory and defensive measures against the Communist International.

1 Documents on International Affairs, 1936 (Landen: Oxford University Press, 1937), pp. 297-299.

328 APPENDIX

b) The competent authorities of the two High Contrading States will within the framework of the existing laws take severe measures against those who at home or abroad are engaged directly or indirectly in the service of the Communist International or promote its subversive activities.

c) In order to facilitate the cooperation of the competent authorities provided for in paragraph (a) a permanent committee will be set up. In this committee the further defensive measures necessary for the struggle against the subversive adivities of the Communist International will be considered and discussed.

III

TEXT OF THE SECRET ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE GERMAN- JAPANESE AGREEMENT!

v. R. M.

The Government of the German Reich and the Imperial J apanese Govern­ment, recognizing that the Government of the U.S.S.R. is working toward a realization of the aims of the Communist International and intends to employ its army for this purpose; convinced that this fact threatens not only the existence of the High Contrading States, but endangers world peace most seriously; in order to safeguard their common interests have agreed as follows:

Article l

Should one of the High Contrading States become the object of an unprovok­ed attack or threat of attack by the U.S.S.R., the other High Contrading State obligates itself to take no measures which would tend to ease the situation of the U.S.S.R. Should the case described in paragraph 1 occur, the High Contrading States will immediately consult on what measures to take to safeguard their common interests.

Article 2

For the duration of the present agreement the High Contrading States will conclude no political treaties with the U.S.S.R. contrary to the spirit of this agreement without mutual consent.

Article 3

The German as well as the J apanese text of the present agreement is to be deemed the original text. The agreement comes into force simultaneously with the agreement against the Communist International signed today and will remain in force for the same period.

In witness whereof, etc. Berlin, November 25, 1936. von Ribbentrop

Mushakoji

1 Documents on International Affairs, 1939-1946, Vol. I March-September, 1939 (Londen: Oxford University Press, 1951), pp. 4-5.

APPENDIX

THE THREE- POWER PACT BETWEEN GERMANY, ITALY AND JAPAN!

The Governments of Germany, Italy and Japan consider it the prerequisite ot a lasting peace that every nation in the world shall receive the space to which it is entitled. They have, therefore, decided to stand by and co­operate with one another in their efforts in Greater East Asia and the regions of Europe respectively. In doing this it is their prime purpose to establish and maintain a new order of things, calculated to promote the mutual prosperity and welfare of the peoples concerned.

It is, furthermore, the desire of the three Governments to extend Co­operation to nations in other spheres of the world who are inclined to direct their efforts along lines similar to their own for the purpose of realizing their ultimate object, world peace.

Accordingly, the Governments of Germany, Italy and Japan have agreed as follows:

Article 1

Japan recognizes and respects the leadership of Germany and Italy in the establishment of a new order in Europe.

Article 2

Germany and Italy recognize and respect the leadership of Japan in the establishment of a new order in Greater East Asia.

Article 3

Germany, Italy and Japan agree to co-operate in their efforts on aforesaid lines. They further undertake to assist one another with all political, economic and military means if one of the three Contracting Powers is attacked by a Power at present not involved in the European War or in the Chinese­] apanese conflict.

Article 4

With the view to implementing the present pact, joint technical commissions, tobe appointed by the respective Governments of Germany, Italy and Japan, will meet without delay.

Article 5

Germany, Italy and Japan affirm that the above agreement affects in no

1 Documents on American Foreign Relations, 1940-1941 {Boston: World Peace Foundation, 1941), pp. 304-305.

330 APPENDIX

way the political status existing at present between each of the three Con­tracting Parties and Soviet Russia.

Article 6

The present pact shall become valid immediately upon signature and shall remain in force ten years from the date on which it becomes effective. In due time, before the expiration of the said term, the High Contracting Parties shall, at the request of any of them enter into negotiations for its renewal.

In recognition thereof, etc.

Berlin, the 27th day of September, 1940.

Ribbentrop Ciano Kurusu

BIBLIOGRAPHY

DOCUMENTS

a. unpublished

Archives of the Deutsch-japanische Gesellschaft in Berlin, 1927-1945. These unpublished records are available at the Departmental Records

Brauch, Defense Department, in Alexandria, Virginia. The papers consist mostly of unimportant correspondance, advertisements of German pro­ducts which might interest the J apanese, and orders for German military equipment by the J apanese military attache. Since those orders were mainly made after 1941, it is hard to say how much the Germans actually delivered.

Auswärtiges Amt. Vertrags- Verzeichnis seit I920. Berlin: 1941. A mimeographed list of German treaties with foreign countries. Available

at the Library of Congress.

International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Analysis of Documentary Evidence.

The Prosecution used in presenting its case the analysis of thousands of documents without introducing them in their entirety. The last part of this collection, approximately a hundred, is made up exclusively of German documents.

International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Documents presented in Evidence.

This unpublished collection of documents introduced at the Tokyo War Crimes Trial proved to be the most valuable single source for this study. Over 4,000 documents were examined in this group.

International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Interrogation of ]apanese Prisoners.

In this bundle of typewritten papers the interrogation of General Ott, former German Ambassador in Tokyo, proved especially fruitful. Over two hundred pages relating to him alone are to be found in this collection at the Harvard Law Library.

b. published

Auswärtiges Amt. Aussenpolitische Dokumente, I937, heft 1. Berlin: der Reichsdruckerei, 1937.

Collected speeches of German and other government leaders.

Auswärtiges Amt. Obersicht über die Handelspolitische Lage Deutschlands ende I932. Berlin: 1933.

A short economic report with a list of various economic treaties, among them the one concluded with Japan in 1927.

Baynes, Norman H. The Speeches of Adolf Hitler, I923-I939· London: Oxford University Press, 1942. 2 vols.

Undoubtedly the best collection in English of the Führer's pronounce­ments. Their worth is, however, diminished by the fact that some speeches

332 BIBLIOGRAPHY

are cut up in various sections to suit the topical organization of the book. Furthermore, the year 1939 was not a logical finishing point for this collection.

Ciano's Diplomatie Papers, edited by M. Muggeridge. London: Odhams Press Ltd., 1948.

These are the many conversations of Ciano with foreign statesmen which were faithfully recorded in his memoranda. Although a historical source of great value, the records should not be taken as always completely truthful.

Documents an American Foreign Relations, I939 -. Boston: World Peace Founda tion, 1940 -.

A series of documents, speeches, and announcements conceived on a very broad basis and by no means restricted to America alone.

Documents an British Foreign Policy, rgrg-I939· London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1949-1957.

Volumes eight and nine of the third series cover the Far East for the years 1938 and 1939. On the whole, this is a disappointing collection.

Documents an German Foreign Policy, rgr8-I945· Washington: U.S. Govem­ment Printing Office, 1949-195 7.

So far eleven volumes have appeared of a much !arger collection. Most of these have some papers on German-Japanese relations. The former's mediation during the Sino-Japanese conflict is especially well documented.

Documents an International Affairs, edited by J. W. Wheeler-Bennett. London: Oxford University Press, 1933-.

This most authoritative collection of speeches and announcements is perhaps the best source of its kind to date. Russia, Japan, Germany are all given full coverage in these annual volumes which were used from 1933 onward.

Dokumente der deutschen Politik, edited by F. A. Six. Berlin: Junker und Dünnhaupt Verlag, 1935-.

This publication was issued annually, sometimes in two volumes, and contained all the important speeches, declarations, and announcements by the German govemment and its leaders.

Emesson, T. R. Aus Görings Schreibtisch. Berlin: Algemeiner Verlag, 1947. Some interesting letters between Göring and Oshima on Germany's

trade with China.

Foreign Relations of the United States. Washington: U.S. Govemment Printing Office, 1933-.

The records of America's foreign policy, still in the process of publication, have so far appeared through 1941. These documents, especially relating to Germany and Japan, were used to a considerable extent and proved informative in many instances.

Foreign Relations of the United States - Japan: I93I-I94I. Washington: U.S. Govemment Printing Office, 1943. 2 vols.

This special selection of published papers has an entire section on Japan's relations with the Axis and is not without merit.

Foreign Relations of the United States - The Soviet Union, I933-I939· Was­hington: U.S. Govemment Printing Office, 1952.

BIBLIOGRAPH V 333

This volume on American-Soviet relations which Supplements other publications proved tobe of marginal value for this particular study.

Führer Conterences on matters dealing with the German Navy, I939-I945· Washington: Office of Naval Intelligence, 1947. 7 vols.

A very valuable source of conference notes and memoranda, giving much insight to the Führer's strategic thinking and Germannaval planning.

Gantenbein, J. W. Documentary Background of World War II. New York: Columbia University Press, 1948.

A useful source collection.

Hitler, Adolf. My New Order. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1941. A different collection of the Führer's speeches whose merit lies in the

fact that it includes the ones for the years 1940 and 1941.

Holldack, Heinz. Was Wirklich Geschah. Munich: Nymphenburger Verlags­handlung, 1949.

A selection of German documents published at Nuremberg, together with a commentary by a German historian.

House of Commons. Parliamentary Debates. London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1936. vol. 318.

International Military Tribunal. Trial of the Major War Criminals. Nurern­berg: Secretariat of the Tribunal, 1947-1949. 42 vols.

These are the proceedings and partial collection of documents used at the Nurernberg trial. Their value for this study was rather disappointing since relations with Japan were not extensively treated.

Japan. Otficial Announcements of the japanese Ministry of Foreign Atfairs. This collection is partly in J apanese and the rest in English. It is

available at Hoover Library, Stanford University.

La politique allemande- Espagne ( I936-I943), traduit du russe par M. et M. Eristov. Paris: Editions Dupont, 1946.

In this source is tobe found an important Neurath-Ciano conversation about the possibility of a Triangle Pact.

Ministero degli Affari Esteri. I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani, Ottava e Nona serie. Roma: La Libreria dello Stato, 1952-.

Three volumes have so far appeared in what promises to be an out­standing collection.

Momo, M. HitZer Spricht! Tokyo: Verlag Schobundo, 1934. A small collection of Hitler's speeches published in German in Tokyo by

a Japanese admirer. Principally important because of a personally signed foreword or address by the Führer to the J apanese people urging closer relations with Germany.

Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. Washington: U.S. Govemment Printing Office, 1946. 12 vols.

A collection of translated documents used at the Nurernberg War Crimes Trial.

Nazi-Soviet Relations, I939-I94I, edited by R. Sontag and S. Beddie. Washington: U.S. Govemment Printing Office, 1948.

This publication contained many relevant documents for this study, such as the Matsuoka-Hitler conversations of 1941.

334 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Peace and War- United States Foreign Policy, I93I-I94I. Washington: U.S. Govemment Printing Office, 1943.

A selection of key documents on American policy and the world situation in the decade before the war.

Report of the Seventh World Congress of the Communist International. London: Modem Books Ltd., 1936.

Contains the various resolutions condemning Germany and Japan.

Rühle, G., Das Dritte Reich -Dokumentarische Darstellung. Berlin: Hummel­verlag, 1933-.

An official survey of political events in Germany as compiled from speeches, statements, and govemment announcements.

Trials of War Criminals. The Ministries Gase. Washington: U.S. Govemment Printing Office, 1952. vol. XIV.

This volume is mainly concemed with the trial and conviction of State Secretary Weizsäcker. The published edition is, however, only a selection of the official record. The documents included are, on the whole, disap­pointing.

United States Congress Hearings. Pearl Harbor Attack. Washington: U.S. Govemment Printing Office, 1946.

This large collection of miscellaneous papers and proceedings has some very useful items, such as Prince Konoye's memoirs, a considerable amount of J apanese diplomatic dispatches, and some confidential memoranda of conferences with the German Ambassador in Tokyo.

BIOGRAPHIES, DIARIES, LETTERS, MEMOIRS

Ambassador Dodd's Diary, I933-I938, edited by W. and M. Dodd. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1941.

The vivid day-to-day account of the American Ambassador in Berlin. Mr. Dodd very early perceived the German-Japanese rapprochement but bis reports were more based on hearsay than established fact.

Bullock, Alan. Hitler. New York: Rarper and Brothers, 1953. The most outstanding post-war biography of Hitler. ·

Churchill, W. S. Their Finest Hour. Boston: Roughton Mifflin Co., 1949.

Ciano's Diary, I937-I938. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1952. Ciano's early diary is to some extent even more interesting than the

later one, for in this period the German connection bad not yet been firmly established and the Italians still regarded themselves as free agents.

Craigie, Sir Robert. Behind the japanese Mask. London: Hutehinsan & Co., 1946.

The memoirs of the British Ambassador in Tokyo. Not overly informa­tive.

Dirksen, Herbert von. Moscow, Tokyo, London. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1952.

When Ambassador von Dirksen left for Tokyo in 1933 he knew that Hitler was personally interested in closer relations with Japan. Yet the envoy played no extraordinarily important role in the negotiations for the Anti-Comintem Pact. The Büro Ribbentrop negotiated the question directly with the J apanese.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 335

Geyr von Schweppenburg. The Critical Years. London: Allan Wingate, 1952. The memoirs of the German military attache in London during Ribben­

trop's tenure of the post.

Grew, Joseph C. Ten Years in Japan. New York: Sirnon and Schuster, 1944. The duration of Mr. Grew's mission in Tokyo was really unique, for

it spanned almost the entire period from Mukden to Pearl Harbor. Natur­ally, he soon became aware of J apan's growing intimacy with Germany but was not always properly informed about the question.

Grew, Joseph C. Turbulent Era. Boston: Roughton Mifflin Co., 1952. 2 vols. The memoirs of the American Ambassador in Tokyo contain little new

informationnot given in bis published diary.

Kase, Toshikazu. journey to the Missouri. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950.

Mr. Kase was a member of the Gaimushö and describes his experiences prior and during the war in the everlasting struggle with the military authorities.

Kido, Marquis Koichi. Extracts from the Diary of .... I93I-I94I. Micro­filmed by the University of California, Berkeley.

For an inside look into the highest circles of the J apanese government this is one of the most valuable records. This diary of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal was used extensively.

Kordt, Erich. Nicht aus den Akten .... Stuttgart: Union Deutsche Verlags­gesellschaft, 1950.

Dr. Kordt, one-time German Foreign Office member and Ribbentrop's chef de cabinet revealed many unknown events in bis memoirs which make the work a fascinating if at times somewhat bitter account.

Les lettres secretes echangees par Hitler et Mussolini. Paris: Editions du Pavois, 1946.

A collection of letters beginning in 1940 and lasting until about mid-1943. Concerned mainly with European affairs.

Ribbentrop, Joachim. Zwischen London und Moskau. Leoni: Druffel Verlag, 1953.

These "memoirs" of the Nazi Foreign Ministerare no more than notes left by him during bis trial and now published, with a running commentary, by bis wife. The whole publication is rather worthless.

Schmidt, Paul. Statist auf diplomatischer Bühne. Bonn: Athenäum Verlag, 1949.

The recollections and reminiscences of the farnaus translator for the German Foreign Office. Although full of interesting sidelights and small events not otherwise recorded, some of the factual material is notably incorrect.

Schwarz, Paul. Ribbentrop. New York: Julian Messner Inc., 1943. A biography by an erstwhile official of the German Foreign Office.

On the whole not reliable, and because of many unsubstantiated facts to be used with great caution.

Shirer, William L. Berlin Diary. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941. The experiences of an American correspondent in Germany before

Pearl Harbor.

336 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Stahmer, H. G. ] apans Niederlage- Asians Sieg. Bielefeld: Deutscher Heimat­Verlag, 1952.

These memoirs of the last German Ambassador in Tokyo and one of the principal negotiators of the Tripartite Pact lack all personal infor­mation and are entirely useless.

The Ciano Diaries, I939-I943. edited by Hugh Gibson. New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1946.

The second part of Ciano's diary is naturally more preoccupied with the war, but it shows J apanese-Italian relations to be constantly controlled from Berlin.

The Saionji-Harada Memoirs. These volumes are really a part of the International Military Tribunal

for the Far East where they were introduced in their entirety as Exhibit 3751. The Harvard Law Library has the completely translated version of this most valuable single source for Japanese internal history from 1930 to 1940.

Weizsäcker, Ernst von. Memoirs. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1951. The former State Secretary of the German Foreign Office describes

events in rather too favorable a light. At times, however, he is informative.

GENERAL WORKS

Beloff, Max. The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, I929-I94I. London: Oxford University Press, 1947-1949. 2 vols.

A generat account of Russia's foreign relations.

Buss, Claude A. War and Diplomacy in Eastern Asia. New York: The Mac­millan Co., 1941.

A generat description of the political factors in the Far East with special emphasis on the role of the colonial powers. A substantial section deals with German commerce.

Chamberlin, W. H. Japan over Asia. Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1937. A journalistic account of Japan's aggression in the Far East.

Chambers, Frank P. et al. This Age of Conflict. New York: Rarcourt Brace & Co., 1950.

The best generat history survey for the period after 1914. Factual and yet weH written to a surprising extent.

Chassagne, H. Le ]apon contre le Monde. Paris: Editions Sociales Internatio­nales, 1938.

Corazza, Heinz. Japan - Wunder des Schwertes. Berlin: Klinkhardt und Biermann, 1935.

A popular history of Japan stressing the military values of Bushido and the Samurai in her national progress.

Dallin, David J. Soviet Russia and the Far East. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948.

On the whole not very relevant, but important because of its mistakes. The author "reveals" a German-Japanese disputein mid-1938 when no such event took place.

Deva, Jaya. ]apan's Kampf. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1942. Hauser, Ernst 0. Gefährlicher Osten, Zurich: Max Niehaus Verlag, 1935.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 337

Haushofer, Karl. Geopolitik des Pazifischen Ozeans. Heidelberg: Kurt Vowinckel Verlag, 1938.

Haushofer's geopolitical dassie on conditions in the Far East. Throughout the book aretobe found suggestions on how Germany could draw advan­tage from the situation.

Haushofer, Karl. Japan baut sein Reich. Berlin: Zeitgeschichte Verlag, 1941. A war-time account of Japan's history which was much influenced by

events since 1933. Nevertheless, the basic premise of a Eurasian com­bination remairred unchanged.

Haven, V.S. Gentlemen of Japan. Chicago: Ziff-Davis Publishing Co., 1944. A journalistic account of pre-war conditions and politics in Japan.

James, David H. The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1951.

A general account of J apanese expansion.

Kordt, Erich. Wahn und Wirklichkeit. Stuttgart: Union Deutsche Verlags­gesellschaft, 1948.

A rather factual account of German foreign policy under Hitler by a former official of the German Foreign Office.

Low, David. Years of Wrath. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1946. Some of the best political cartoons about the restless decade before

Pearl Harbor.

Lufft, Hermann. J apans strategische Stellung. Berlin: Junker und Dünn­haupt Verlag, 1940.

A German appraisal of the Japanese position in East Asia. Sympathetic and very much meant to appease the Japanese on the racial question.

Meissner, Kurt. Deutsche in Japan, I639-I939· Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags­anstalt, 1940.

A short social history of German explorers, scientists, and businessmen and their enterprises in the Far East.

Merker, Paul. Deutschland- sein oder nicht sein? Mexico: Ellibro libre, 1945. 2 vols.

A communist interpretation of events in Germany. Consequently, the author suspected a German-J apanese conspiracy agairrst Russia long before it existed.

Ostwald, Paul. Deutschland und Japan. Berlin: Junker und Dünnhaupt Verlag, 1941.

A propaganda work intended to foster closer relations with an ally.

Quigley, H. S. Par Bastern War, I937-I94I. Boston: World Peace Foundation, 1942.

A straight factual account.

Royama, Masamichi. Foreign Policy of Japan, I9I4-I939· Tokyo: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1941.

Schaum, F. Nationalsozialistische A ussenpolitik. Magdeburg: Trommler Verlag, 1934.

The author blames international tension in Europe on Japanese com­mercial competition- a non-European interloper.

338 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Survey of International Aflairs, by Arnold J. Toynbee et al. London: Oxford University Press, 1933-.

This annual publication of world events was frequently consulted from 1933 on. It was found to contain not only helpful summaries of political events, but often an accurate picture of the temper of the times in which these took place.

Von Pustau und Okanouye. Japan und Deutschland. Berlin: Deutscher Verlag für Politik und Wirtschaft. 1936.

An early propaganda publication for the purpose of popularizing a German-Japanese rapprochement.

Wirsing, Giselher. Deutschland in der Weltpolitik. Jena: Eugen Diederichs Verlag, 1933.

Economic data on German-J apanese trade.

Yanaga, Chitoshi. JapansincePerry. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1949 The most comprehensive history of Japan in modern times available

in the English language. While the book is naturally full of detail, it fails at times in synthesis and conclusions.

MONOGRAPHS

Bloch, Kurt. German Interests and Palieies in the Far East. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1940.

Mr. Bloch centered bis attention really on German commercial ac­tivities in China during the 1920's and early thirties. His account is con­cerned with the Germancome-back after World War I.

Brown, Delmer M. Nationalism in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1955.

Buell, R. L. The Washington Conference. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1922. A chronological account, almost in the form of a transcript, of the

conference. The book contains the more important documents relating to the decisions of the meeting.

Butow, Robert J. C. japan's Decision to Surrender. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1954.

Craig, Gordon. The Diplomats, I9I9-I939· Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1953.

An outstanding collection of essays about Foreign Ministers and their Offices in inter-war Europe and America. The sections on Germany were the most useful for this study.

Dallin, David J. Soviet Russia's Foreign Policy, I939-I942. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1942.

A somewhat out-of-date account which, however, because of its unique main source- newspapers- still has a certain usefulness.

"Europäische Wirtschaft, 1943." Sonderheft der Zeitschrift Berlin, Rom, Tokio. Berlin: Steiniger Verlage, 1943.

An appraisal of pre-war German industrial Connections with Japan.

Feis, Herbert. The Road to Pearl Harbor. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 339

An excellent, brief account of Japanese-American relations between 1937 and 1941.

Görlitz, Walter. Der deutsche Generalstab. Frankfurt: Verlag der Frankfurter Hefte, 1950.

A general history of Germany's central military organization and its influence on the politicallife of the country.

Grass, Walter. Der deutsche Rassengedanke und die Welt. Berlin: Junker und Dünnhaupt Verlag, 1939.

The director of the Nazi racial bureau restated Nazi views to suit the exigencies of the forejgn situation, and intended to eliminate all racial antagonism with the J apanese.

Hagemann, Walter. Publizistik im Dritten Reich. Hamburg: Hansischer Gildenverlag, 1948.

The author, a journaHst in Nazi days, reveals the interesting propaganda efforts to become friendlier with Japan and how these measures failed to win over the sympathies of the German people. The feeling of the "Y ellow Peril" survived too strongly from Imperial times.

Haushofer, Karl. Dai Nihon. Berlin: Mittler und Sohn, 1913. This was Haushofer's first publication upon his return from Japan; in

it is already to be found the basic premise of bis entire system: a German­Russian-J apanese coalition.

Haushofer, Karl. Das japanische Reich in seiner geographischen Entwicklung. Vienna: Seidel und Sohn, 1921.

An early work on J apanese history as seen from a geopolitical point of view.

Haushofer, Karl. Der nationalsozialistische Gedanke in der Welt. Munich: George Gallwey Verlag, 1933.

Haushofer's first reaction to the Nazi assumption of power which was couched in favorable terms.

Hinsley. F. H. Hitler's Strategy. Cambridge: The University Press, 1951. A closely reasoned account of Hitler's personal direction of the war.

Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1940. The best English edition of Nazism's most fundamental book. This

particular reprint of 1940 has an index which increases its value.

Hitler's Secret Conversations, I94I-I944· New York: Farrer, Straus and Young, 1953.

The English version of the Führer's table talks with a few additional conversations for 1943 and 1944. This collection has been chronologically put together.

Hitlers Tischgespräche, r94I-r942, edited by H. Picker. Bann: Athenäum Verlag, 1951.

Revealing insights into Hitler's moreprivate thoughts given to a small circle of followers. The talks have been arranged on a topical basis.

Ichihashi, Yamato. The Washington Conference and after. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1928.

A reasonably detached study of the conference and its results.

340 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ikle, Frank W. German-]apanese Relations, rg36-rg4o. Berkeley, Calif.: Ph. D. dissertation, 1953.

Mr. Ikle, who was kind enough to let me see bis thesis, made extensive use of the archives of the State Department. He not only utilized the reports of the American missions but consulted the remaining files of the Japanese Foreign Office in Washington which bad not been introduced in the Tokyo War Crimes Trial. He dealt with the topic, however, primarily from the J apanese side.

Jones, F. C. ]apan's New Order in East Asia, I937-I945· London: Oxford University Press, 1954.

This excellent monograph, though conceived on a somewhat different basis, has several detailed sections on Japan and Germany. The author was able to use some unpublished German documents.

Kato, Masuo. The Lost War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946. A Japanese journaHst records bis last pre-war and war-time experiences.

Krivitsky, Walter G. In Stalin's Secret Service. New York: Rarper and Brothers, 1939.

Reminiscences of a former Soviet spy who turned renegade.

Langer, William L. and Gleason, S. Everett. The Challenge to Isolation, I937-r940. New York: Rarper and Brothers, 1952.

Langer, William L. and Gleason, S. Everett. The Undeclared War, I940-r94I. New York: Rarper and Brothers, 1953.

These two volumes represent, no doubt, the most definitive and author­itative account of American foreign policy in the last years before Pearl Harbor. Many unpublished as well as published sources were utilized.

Leers, Johann von. Deutschlands Stellung in der Welt. Leipzig: Verlag von Quelle und Meyer, 1933.

A Nazi publicist rejects all ideas of a racial foreign policy and advocates power-politics pure and simple. Indeed a key statement during the first months of the Nazi regime.

Lichtenberger, H. The Third Reich. New York: The Greystone Press, 19381 One ofthebest contemporary works on Nazi Germany from a politica.

point of view.

Maxon, Yale C. Control of japanese Foreign Policy: A Study of Civil-Military Rivalry, rgJO-I945· Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957.

Meier, A. Vier] ahre Aufbauarbeit, I933-I937. Stuttgart: Franckische Verlags­handlung, 1937.

A Nazipropaganda publication.

Namier, L. B. Europein Decay, rg36-rg4o. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd., 1950.

Aseries of essays on diplomatic aspects of the European and Far Rastern crisis prior to the war.

Neumann, Franz. Behemoth. New York: Oxford University Press, 1944. An excellent study of the political events in Germany since the Nazi

accession to power.

Pang Bin Chin. Der Aussenhandel zwischen Deutschland und China und die

BIBLIOGRAPHY 341

deutsch-chinesische Aussenhandelspolitik. Erlangen : Buchdruckerei Richard Weissmann, 1937.

Useful for its statistical material.

Rauschning, Hermann. The Voice of Destruction. New York: C. P. Putnam's Sons, 1940.

The English version of Hitler's private expositions to a former co­worker. These conversations of 1932-1934 were written by Herr Rausehrring afterbis withdrawal from the Nazi movement.

Rosenberg, Alfred. Blut und Ehre. Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1938. Collected speeches and articles from the pages of the Völkischer Beob­

achter during the early years of the regime.

Rosenberg, Alfred. Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts. Munich: Hoheneichen Verlag, 1935.

Another Nazi "classic" by the one-time intellectual representative of the Party. Very diffuse reading which gained notoriety by being put on the Index.

Rosenberg, Alfred. Gestaltung der Idee. Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP, 1938.

More speeches and articles by the same author on the intellectual significance of the Nazi movement for Europe.

Rosenberg, Alfred. Krisis und Neubau Europas. Reprinted in Grundfragen der Deutschen Politik, edited by P. Meier-Benneckenstein. Berlin: Junker und Dünnhaupt Verlag, 1939.

A racial exposition of European affairs as the reason for its troubles and the solution for its future.

Scalapino, Robert A. Democracy and the Party M ovement in Prewar ] apan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1953.

A scholarly consideration of the various domestic forces in prewar Japan which led the country into authoritarianism and eventual defeat.

Schneider-Kynast, Oskar. Drie Mächte Pakt-Berlin, Rom, Tokio. Leipzig: Nationale Verlagsgesellschaft, 1940.

A Nazipropaganda publication which is worthless.

Seeckt, Hans von. Deutschland zwischen West und Ost. Harnburg: Hansischer Verlagsanstalt, 1933.

Not long after Hitler's rise to power, the creator of the Reichswehrand the Russian entente could see the writing on the wall. He warned that Germany's increasing friendship with Japan and Poland would only antagonize Russia who would then ally herself with France. Naturally, Seekt was also pro-Chinese.

Strausz-Hupe, Robert. Geopolitics. New York: C. P. Putnam's Sons,1942. A useful general survey of the subject.

Tamagna, Frank M. Italy's Interests and Palieies in the Far East. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1941.

A brief description of Italian activities in the Far East. The author considers her interests in both China and Japan to be slight.

Toscano, Mario. Le origini del Patto d'acciaio. Firenze: C. G. Sansoni, 1948. An Italian work on the origins of the Pact of Steel. The author used the

unpublished archives of the Italian Foreign Office.

342 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Trefousse, H. L. Germany and American Neutrality, I939-I94I. New York: Bookman Associates, 1951.

A very careful and scholarly analysis of Hitler's American policy in the last two years before Pearl Harbor. The author makes the mistake, however, of considering the Führer's policy during 1941 tobe unwavering on the question of wishing to avoid war with the United States.

Walsh, Edmund A. Total Power. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1948. Father Walsh was one of the foremost authorities on geopolitics. It may

be said that he attended Haushofer during the last months of his life after the war. His study is not only abrief summary of these events but contains Haushofer's "testament."

Weigert, Hans W. Generals and Geographers. London: Oxford University Press, 1942.

For an introduction as weil as a commentary to Haushofer's academic system, this work must be regarded as indispensable. The author wrote with a real knowledge of the subject.

Weinberg, Gerhard L. Germany and the Soviet Union, I939-I94I. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1954.

A highly detailed study of the first critical years of the war.

Wheeler-Bennett, John W. Disarmament and Security since Locarno. London: C. Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1932.

Wheeler-Bennett, John W. The Disarmament Deadlock. London: L. G. Routledge & Sons, 1934.

Two reports on the futility of the disarmament conferences during the 1920's and early '30's and their eventual failure.

Wheeler-Bennett, John W. Munich: Prologue to Tragedy. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948.

An outstanding monograph on the Murrich crisis and its ramifications. However, it deals but little with Far Rastern affairs.

Whittlesey, Derwent. German Strategy of World Conquest. New York: Farrar, & Rhinehart Inc., 1942.

An enlightening summary of geopolitics which makes useful reading before attempting to undertake Haushofer's own works.

Willoughby, Charles A. Shanghai Conspiracy; The Sorge Spy Ring. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. Inc., 1952.

The only practical merit of this work is that it contains Sorge's own account of his activities.

Wiskemann, Elizabeth. The Rome-Berlin Axis. London: Oxford University Press, 1949.

A competent discussion of German-Italian relations during the Hitler period.

ARTICLES

Archimbaud, Leon, "Le Fascisme Japonais," La Revue du Pacifique, XIII (May, 1934), pp. 257-264.

Baba, Tsunego, "The Anti-Comintem Pact in Domestic Politics," Con­temporary Japan, V (March, 1937), pp. 536-544.

An account of the reasons for the overthrow of the Hirota Cabinet.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 343

Ballantine, Joseph W., "Mukden to Pearl Harbor," Foreign Affairs, XXVII (July, 1949), pp. 651-664.

A concise essay about Japanese foreign policy based on the War Crimes Trial documents.

Bauer, R., "Gefahrenpunkte Japans," Volk und Reich, XI (August, 1935), pp. 612-624.

A German author considers Japan incapable of winning a war with the Soviet Union.

Berber, Fritz, "Der Bündnispakt Berlin-Rom-Tokio," Monatshefte für Auswärtige Politik, VII (October, 1940), pp. 743-748.

Berger, Erich, "Rassenpolitische Erkentnisse sind für Deutschland keine Ausfuhrwaren," Rasse, VI (1939), pp. 59-62.

With this self-explanatory article Nazi appeasement on the racial question reached new heights.

Bloch, Kurt, "German harter economy in the Yen bloc," Amerasia, III (April, 1939), pp. 68-72.

Caspar, Karl, "Der japanische Kapitalismus," Volk im Werden, III (1935), pp. 161-168.

Chamberlin, W. H., "The Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis: II TheChallengetothe Status-Quo," Contemporary Japan, VII (June, 1938), pp. 11-21.

An antagonistic view conceming the Triangle's influence in world affairs.

Claur, M., "Japan und Abessinien," Deutsche Rundschau, (February, 1934), pp. 85-88.

An article showing the extent of Japan's commercial penetration in former European markets.

"Das deutsch-japanische Kulturabkommen," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XIX (December, 1938), p. 573.

"Der Konflikt im Femen Osten," Die Tat, XXV (November, 1933), pp. 669-672.

Regards a Japanese-Soviet war as disadvantageous for the former who would be defeated by the greater power of Russia's endurance.

"Deutschland, Japan, und die Kommunistische Internationale," Monatshefte für Auswärtige Politik, III (December, 1936), pp. 350-351.

Official statements by the German and J apanese govemments.

"Deutschland und Mandschukuo," Monatshefte für Auswärtige Politik, V (September, 1938), pp. 874-876.

"Deutschland und Ostasien," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XV (February 1, 1934), pp. 45-46.

A denial that Germany was about to recognize Manchukuo because she had just left the League of Nations.

"Die Anerkennung der Nanking-Regierung durch die Achsenmächte," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XXII (July, 1941), pp. 139-140.

"Die deutsch-mandschurische Wirtschafts-Vereinbarung," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XVII (June 1, 1936), p. 281.

The announeerneut of Germany's first commercial agreement with Manchukuo.

344 BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Die Reichstagrede des Führers," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XXII (December, 1941), p. 250.

Hitler's declaration of war against the United States and his announee­rneut of a new treaty with Italy and Japan not to conclude aseparate peace.

Die Stimme eines Japaners, "Japan muss den Deutschen Anspruch auf Gleichberechtigung unterstützen," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XIV (February 1' 1933)' pp. 49-50.

This very important article was published in the latter part of 1932 in Gaiko ]iho (Revue Diplomatique) - a semi-official J apanese periodical. It represented, perhaps, a Japanese effort to support Germany's request for parity in armaments in exchange for Berlin's opposition to the Lytton report.

"Erklärung des ReichsinDernministers zur Rassenfrage," Ostasiatische Rund­schau, XIV (December 16, 1933), p. 521.

A very important Nazistatement shortly after the assumption of power on the touchy racial question.

"Finanzminister H. H. Kung in Berlin," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XVIII (June 16, 1937), p. 507.

Friendly German sentiments for China just prior to the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese incident.

Fleming, Walter, "Der gelbe Handel droht," Zeitwende, IX (1933), pp. 465-469.

Futse, Katsuji, "Rapprochement between Germany and the Soviet Union," Contemporary ] apan, VIII (September, 1939), pp. 824-831.

"German-Manchukuo Trade Pact," The Far Eastern Review, XXXIII (June, 1937), pp. 218-219.

A very revealing account how Germany aided China in her early in­dustrialization with huge harter agreements.

"German-Soviet Pact and Japan," The Far Eastern Digest, II (September, 1939), pp. 498-500.

Gössinger, A., "Japaner springen mit Weissen um den Sieg," Rasse, I (1934), pp. 134-136.

A pro-Japanese declaration in a racial periodical such as this deserves attention, if only to point out how inconsistent the Nazis were about their radical ideology.

Griswold, A. Whitney, "European Factars in Far Rastern Diplomacy," Foreign Alfairs, XIX (January, 1941), pp. 297-309.

An American estimate of the Three-Power Pact which believed Germany to be the dominating force and Europe the place where issues would finally be settled.

Haas, Wilhelm, "Der japanisch-mandschurische Warenaustausch mit Deutschland," Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, XLVI (1937), pp. 272-286.

Contains some reliable statistical material.

Haushofer, Karl, "Bericht über den Indopazifischen Raum," Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, VIII (December, 1931), p. 868.

These usually were monthly commentaries on political events in the Far East - in this case the start of the Manchurian incident.

BIBLIOGRAPH V 345

Haushofer, Karl, "Bericht über den Indopazifischen Raum," Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, XIV (January, 1937), pp. 45-50.

Comments on the Anti-Comintem Pact.

Haushofer, Karl, "Bericht über den Indopazifischen Raum," Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, XIV (November, 1937), pp. 945-946.

The outbreak of the Sino-Japanese conflict.

Haushofer, Karl, "Der Ost-Eurasiatische Zukunftsblock," Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, II (February, 1925), pp. 80-87.

Haushofer, Karl, "Geopolitischer Neujahrs-Ausblick 1940," Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, XVII (January, 1940), pp. 1-5.

Haushofer, Karl, "Grossasiatische Dynamik," Zeitschrift für Geopolitik, IX (March, 1932), pp. 129-135.

Hayner, Colonel, "Die Spannung zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und Japan," Wissen und Wehr, XVI (1935), pp. 581-603.

An exposition of the traditional military point of view: Germany had her interests in China, not Japan.

Hennig, Richard, "Die Wirren im Femen Osten," Zeitschrift für Politik, XXIV (April, 1934), pp. 180-199.

A conservative author considers the Far Eastem political scene and advises his country not to involve herself in its struggles.

Hollenhorst, N. H., "Japan stösst vor," Volk und Reich, IX (October, 1933), pp. 905-910.

Business fears J apanese expansion and competition in the world market. Even the German domestic scene had not remained free from her products.

Holler, K., "Die farbige Gefahr," Rasse, I (1934), pp. 262-264.

Hugonnot, Jean, "L'Italie et le Japon," La Revue du Pacifique, XIII (June, 1934), pp. 326-330.

Ida, Iwakusu, "The Meaning of the Japan-German Pact," Contemporary Japan, V (March, 1937), pp. 519-527.

"Interview mit den Japanischen Botschafter, Dr. M. Nagai," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XIV (September 16, 1933), p. 387.

Jaffe, P. J., "America and the German-Japanese Pact," Amerasia, I (March, 1937), pp. 20-23.

"Japan and the International Situation: Press Comments," The Par Eastern Digest, II (J une, 1939), pp. 275-277.

Public discussion about the 1939 negotiations for an alliance.

'Japan-Duitsland," Marineblad, XLIX (1934), p. 679.

"Japan-German Trade Pact," TheOriental Economist, VI (September, 1939), pp. 594-596.

"Japan-Handelsverträge/ Aussenhandelsentwicklung," Ostasiatische Rund­schau, XX (September 5, 1939), p. 394.

Announcing the cancellation of the new trade pact.

"Japans Rüstungen," Militär-Wochenblatt, CXVII (February 11, 1933), pp. 989-990.

346 BIBLIOGRAPH V

Johannes, M. 0., "Kleine Beiträge," Rasse, I (1934), pp. 204-205. A statement praising the Chinese for their racial coherence.

Just, A. W., "Asien und die Sowjetunion," Volk und Reich, X (February, 1934), pp. 102-111.

Kaiser, Walter von, "Wehr- und Aussenpolitik des Nationalsozialistischen Deutschland," Deutscher Wille, (1935), pp. 63-72.

This article reaffirms all the Nazi racial prejudices in connection with foreign affairs, especially the colored peoples.

Kamikawa, Hikomatsu, "The Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis: I The Democrades and the Comintern," Contemporary Japan, VII (June, 1938), pp. 1-10.

A sympathetic appraisal of Italy's adherence to the 1936 treaty.

Kaufmann, G., "Jenseits Europas," Wille und Macht, I (September 1, 1933), pp. 10-13.

The writer considers a Japanese-American war entirely to Germany's advantage.

"Kündigung des deutsch-japanischen Handelsvertrags," Ostasiatische Rund­schau, XX (August 16, 1939), pp. 368-369.

This was the trade pact that was never put into force because of the Nazi-Soviet treaty and the outbreak of war in Europe.

"L'accord Germano-Nippon," La Revue du Pacifique, XV (December, 1936), pp. 668-691.

This article contains world-wide press reactions to the 1936 anti-Comin­tern agreement.

Leers, Dr. von, "Aussenpolitische Lage," Volk im Werden, heft 4 (1933), pp. 1-6.

A statement advocating closer relations with Japan who was the "dynamic" state of Asia.

Leers, Dr. von, "Japans mandschurisches Grossreich," Wille und Macht, I (October 15, 1933), pp. 6-10.

Leers, J. von, "Krieg im Fernen Osten?," Wille und Macht, II (April15,1934), pp. 11-16.

Pleads for an alliance with a non-European state- Japan- to tip the European balance of power to Germany's favor.

Leers, Johann von, "Japanische Neuformung," Die Tat, XXVI (September, 1934), pp. 411-423.

The most outspoken statement so far for the elimination of racial antagonism in German relations with Japan and an alliance with that strong power.

Liu, James T. C., "German Mediation in the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1938," Far Eastern Quarterly, VIII (February, 1949), pp. 157-171.

A careful study of Germany's role during the first crucial months of the war. Makes use of a few Chinese sources.

Menzel, Johanna M., "Der geheime deutsch-japanische Notenaustausch zum Dreimächtepakt," Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, V (April, 1957), pp. 183- 193.

A detailed discussion of a Gaimushö memorandum on the Tripartite Pact negotiations in Tokyo. This document, which was put together by one of Matsuoka's close collaborators, has only recently become available.

BIBLIOGRAPH V 347

Meurer, D. A., "Japans Weltstellung und die Rolle der Seemacht in seiner neuesten Geschichte," Marine-Rundschau, XXXVIII ( 1933), pp. 337-347.

A sympathetic article about Japan's naval strength and capacities.

Muggeridge, Malcolm, "Germany, Russia and Japan," Nineteenth Century, CXV (March, 1934), pp. 281-290.

Reports on the rumors of a German-Polish-Japanese coalition against Russia after the conclusion of the German-Polish non-aggression pact.

"Nach dem Dreimächte-Pakt," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XXI (October, 1940), p. 188.

Poole, DeWitt C., "Light on Nazi Foreign Policy," Foreign Atfairs, XXV (October, 1946), pp. 130-154.

Mr. Poole interviewed the Nazi Ieaders shortly after the war and from their conversations fashioned the above article. He called it the "raw material" of history.

Prehn-Dewitz, H., "Japans Dumping auf den Weltmärkten," Deutsche Rundschau, (October, 1933), pp. 23-26.

"Reichsparteitag und Aussenpolitik," Monatshefte für Auswärtige Politik, IV (October, 1937), pp. 659-670.

Hitler's favorable comments on the alliance with Japan despite the out­break of the Sino-J apanese conflict.

Reichwein, A., "Warum kämpft Japan," Deutsche Rundschau (December, 1937), pp. 161-165.

Justifies Japanese policy in China in terms of economic necessity.

"Review of the Month," The Griental Economist, IV (November, 1937), p. 633.

Significant comments about England's perils because of the new Triangle.

Richter, Otto, "Der Widerhall des deutsch-japanischen Abkommens gegen die kommunistische Internationale," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XVII (December 1, 1936), pp. 619-620.

An attempt to allay Chinese fears about the new German-J apanese entente.

"Richtlinien der Japanischen Aussenpolitik," Monatshefte für Auswärtige Politik, I (July, 1934), pp. 17-24.

A collection of J apanese speeches and announcements by govemment Ieaders in Tokyo.

Rosenfelder, Karl, "Yamato Damashi- Japanischer Geist," Nationalsozialis­tische Monatshefte, VIII (February, 1937), pp. 159-162.

A pro-J apanese article in the wake of the 1936 agreement which praised the ally in terms of its racial worth.

Rosinger, L. K., "Germany's Far Eastern Policy under Hitler," Pacific Affairs, XI (December, 1938), pp. 421-432.

An economic and political review of Hitler's policies in the Far East.

Rosinger, L. K., "The Far East as reflected in the German Press," Amerasia, I (August, 1937), pp. 270-275.

Schaefer, H. 0., "Die Weltanschauung des Nationalsozialismus," Deutscher Wille, (1935), pp. 20-30.

348 BIBLIOGRAPH V

Another German statement delimiting racial attitudes in connection with foreign relations.

Sontag, Raymond J., "The Last Months of Peace, 1939," Foreign Affairs, XXXV (April, 1957), pp. 507-524.

"Soviet-J apanese Relations improved," International Gleanings from Japan, (November 15, 1936), p. 4.

Steiger, G. N., "Japan and the Axis," Events, V (June, 1939), pp. 457-460.

Stoye, Johannes, "Der Geist des Japanischen Heeres," Deutsche Rundschau, (April, 1936), pp. 76-78.

A sympathetic article in a heretofore anti-J apanese publication.

Suyetsugu, Nubumasa, "The Three-Power Pact," Contemporary Japan, IX (November, 1940), pp. 1379-1383.

The Economist, CXXV (November 21, 1936), pp. 346-347. Editorial comments about the impending German-Japanese treaty.

The Japan Chronicle, December 10, 1936, pp. 749-750. Various reactions to the Anti-Comintem Pact.

The New York Times, March 10, 1933, p. 11. A report about Matsuoka's visit to Germany in 1933.

Thierbach, Hans, "Japan und die Sowjet Union," Die Tat, XXV (February, 1934), pp. 876-883.

The writer, sympathetic to Japan, regards her as the weaker of the two and is sceptical about the outcome of a war.

Thompson, Dorothy, "National Socialism: Theory and Practice," Foreign Affairs, XIII (July, 1935), pp. 557-573.

Tomoyeda, Takahiko, "Germany and Japan," Contemporary Japan, V (September, 1936), pp. 211-218.

Suddenly, two months before the conclusion ofthe Anti-Comintem Pact, this pro-German article appeared. It was a clear indication of events to come, for this periodical was almost a govemment publication.

Trefousse, H. L., "Germany and Pearl Harbor," Far Eastern Quarterly, XI (November, 1951), pp. 35-50.

Considers Germany not directly guilty for the attack since Hitler had wanted for more than a year to avoid war with America.

Utley, Freda, "Germany and Japan," The Political Quarterly, VIII (January, 1937), pp. 51-65.

A brilliant essay on the significance of the Anti-Comintem Pact, es­pecially as concems the Far East and future J apanese policy versus China.

Veit, Otto, "Verliert Europa den Weltmarkt?," Die Neue Rundschau, XL VI (January, 1935), pp. 97-112.

An attempt to minimize the fear of German business circles about Japanese competition. It was pointed out that Japan was by no means as highly industrialized as Germany.

Waldheim, H. von, "Germany's trade with Asia," The Griental Economist, II (January, 1935), pp. 18-20.

An article which maintained that German purchases in China aided Ja­pan, for it gave the Chinese purchasing power to buy from the Japanese.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 349

Watt, D. C., "An Earlier Model for the Pact of Steel," International Affairs, XXXIII (April, 1957), pp. 185-197.

"Wechsel in der Japanischen Botschaft in Berlin," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XV (December 16, 1934), p. 540.

Weinberg, Gerhard L., "Die Geheimen Abkommen zum Antikominternpakt," Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, II (April, 1954), pp. 193-201.

The secret documents to the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1936.

Weinberg, Gerhard L., "Deutsch-japanische Verhandlungen über das Süd­seemandat, 1937-1938," Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, IV (October, 1956)' pp. 390-398.

Weinberg, Gerhard L., "German Recognition of Manchoukuo," World Affairs Quarterly, XXVIII (July, 1957), pp. 149-164.

Wheeler-Bennett, J. W., "Twenty Years of Russö-German Relations," Foreign Affairs, XXV (October, 1946), pp. 23-43.

Argues that to conclude an ideological treaty against Russia in 1936 was a clever strategic move on the part of Hitler.

Zapp, Manfred, "Die nationalsozialistische Bewegung in Japan," Preussische Jahrbücher, CCXXXII (June, 1933), pp. 193-199.

A friendly article on the right-wing trend of J apanese politics. It ex­presses the hope for closer German-J apanese contacts.

"Zum neuen deutsch-mandschurischen Wirtschaftsabkommen," Ostasiatische Rundschau, XIX (September, 1938), pp. 421-422.

Heralding the extension and improvement of the 1936 Germau-Manchu­rian trade treaty.

NUMERICAL INDEX OF IMTFE DOCUMENTS

Exhibit No. Subject

39 Agreement regarding trade between Japan and Germany (1939). 121 Military record of Hiroshi Oshima. 131 Swom affidavit of Mr. Y. Takikawa, Dean of Law, Kyoto University

(1946). 216 "Basic Principles of National Policy- August 7, 1936," decided by

the Five Ministers' Conference. 270 J apanese Foreign Office Memorandum ( 1937). 477 & 478 Interrogation of General Oshima (Feb., 1946). 479 Report on the conclusion of the Anti-Comintern Pact by an In­

vestigation Committee of the Privy Council, November 20, 1936. 480 Various letters between Ambassador Mushakoji and von Ribbentrop

on the supplementary protocols to the Anti-Comiutem Pact, and its secret treaty.

482 Letter of Ambassador Mushakoji to von Ribbentrop, Berlin, October 23, 1936.

483A December 1937 issue ofthe Tokyo Gazette, pp. 14-19. 484 Transcript of the Privy Council committee meeting, November 13,

1936. 485 Minutes of the Privy Council concerning the Anti-Comintem Pact. 486D Trautmann (Hankow) to German Foreign Office (hereafter cited as

486E 486F 486K 486L 487 491 492 495

497

GFO), January 11, 1938. GFO to Trautmann (Hankow), Berlin, January 12, 1938. Dirksen (Tokyo) to GFO, January 10, 1938. GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, May 15, 1939. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, August 25, 1939. Interrogation of General Oshima, February 4, 1946. Minutes of the Privy Council, February 22, 1939. Record of the Privy Council session, November 12, 1937. Protocol for the extension of the period of validity of the agreement against the Comintern. Excerpts from General Oshima's interrogation, February 4, 6, 7, 11, 1946.

498 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, September 8, 1939. 502 GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, April 26, 1939. 503 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, May 4, 1939. 504 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, May 6, 1939. 507 GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, September 9, 1939, 509 & 510 Memoranda of the conversations between Hitler, Ribbentrop

511 514 515 516 517

and General Count Terauchi, September 20, 1939. Stahmer (Tokyo) to GFO, February 23, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, March 23, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, May 10, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, June 12, 1940. GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, May 21, 1940.

NUMERICAL INDEX OF IMTFE DOCUMENTS 351

Exhibit No. Subject

518 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, May 22, 1940. 519 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, May 23, 1940. 522 Memorandum of a conversation between Herr Knoll (GFO) and

523 524

526

527

528

530 531 533 536 537 538 541

542

543

544

545

548 549

550

551

552

553

Ambassador Kurusu, Berlin, J une 20, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, June 24, 1940. Memorandum of a conversation between von Ribbentrop and Ambassadors Sato and Kurusu, Berlin, J uly 8, 1940. Kurusu (Berlin) to Japanese Foreign Office (hereafter cited as JFO), July 15, 1940. Minutes of joint conference of the Japanese War, Navy and Foreign Ministry representatives on strengthening of harmony between Japan, Germany and Italy, Tokyo, July 12, 1940. Minutes of joint conference of the Japanese War, Navy and Foreign Ministry representatives for intensification of the coalition between Japan, Germany and Italy, Tokyo, July 16, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 1, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 3, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, J uly 17, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 29, 1940. Memorandum of Herr Woermann (GFO), Berlin, July 22, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, August 2, 1940. J apanese Cabinet decisions of J uly 26, 1940: "Outline of basic Japanese national policy." Decisions made by the Five Ministers' Conference of September 4, 1940 and the Liaison Conference of September 19, 1940: "Strengthening of the Japanese-German­Italian Axis." Memorandum of von Weizsäcker to von Ribbentrop, Berlin, August 1, 1940. Memorandum of von Weizsäcker to von Ribbentrop, Berlin, August 2, 1940. Memorandum of von Weizsäcker to von Ribbentrop, Berlin, August 7, 1940. Memorandum of a conversation between J apanese Foreign Minister Matsuoka and Ambassador Ott, Tokyo, August 2, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, August 23, 1940. "Some of the salient points in the informal discussion between Mat­suoka and Ott and Stahmer." Tokyo, September 9, 10, 1940. Imperial Conference on the conclusion of the Tripartite Pact; reference paper of Foreign Minister Matsuoka (no date). Salient points of questions in the Privy Council concerning the con­clusion of the Tripartite Pact, Tokyo, September 16, 1940. Minutes of the session of the Investigation Committee of the Privy Council, Tokyo, September 26, 1940. Minutes of the Privy Council session on the conclusion of the Tripar­tite Pact, Tokyo, September 26, 1940.

555A Ott (Tokyo) to Japanese Foreign Minister Matsuoka, September 27,

555B 555C 556 559

1940. Ott (Tokyo) to Matsuoka, September 27, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to Matsuoka, September 27, 1940. Letter of Yosuke Matsuoka to Ambassador Ott (no date). Agreement on the implementation of the technical committees of the Tripartite Pact, Tokyo, December 20, 1940.

352 NUMERICAL INDEX OF IMTFE DOCUMENTS

Exhibit No. Subject

560 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, December 13, 1940. 561 Memorandum by von Weizsäcker, Berlin, November 29, 1940. 562 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, January 31, 1941. 563 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, November 21, 1940. 564 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, February 6, 1941. 565 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, February 17, 1941. 566 Boltze (Tokyo) to GFO, March 12, 1941. 567 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, December 19, 1940. 568 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, December 31, 1940. 569 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, February 10, 1941. 570 Memorandum of von Weizsäcker to von Ribbentrop, Berlin, Februa­

572 575

576

585 586 587 588

589 595

601 602 604 608 614 622 628

629 631 635 636 638 639B 642 774A

776A 781 788A 792 793

795A 799 800

ry 22, 1941. Ribbentrop (Fuschl) to Ott, February 27, 1941. Memorandum of von Weizsäcker to von Ribbentrop, Berlin, March 24, 1941. Notes of Ambassador Ott for von Ribbentrop, en route to Berlin, March 25, 1941. German military attacM (Tokyo) to OKW, May 24, 1941. Woermann (GFO) to von Ribbentrop, Berlin, June 10, 1941. GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, June 28, 1941. Resolutions on Japanese - American relations taken in Imperial Conferences on July 2, September 6, November 5 and December 1, 1941 ( excerpts). Minutes of the Privy Council, Tokyo, November 22, 1938. "Account concerning the situation of German economic interests in the parts of China occupied by Japan," Berlin, July 24, 1938. GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, November 21, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, November 23, 1941. Interrogation of General Oshima, February 26, 27, 1946. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, December 5, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, June 5, 1939. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, August 2, 1940. "Various Outlines of Japanese Foreign Policy," Tokyo, September 28, 1940; October 4, 1940; October 25, 1940. Memorandum of von Weizsäcker, Berlin, January 23, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, June 21, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, June 21, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 3, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 4, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 10, 1941. GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, July 19, 1941. Memorandum of Tosbio Shiratori, November 12, 1935, for Am-bassador Arita. Interrogation of General Oshima, April 22, 1946. Excerpt from the Kido diary, June 21, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, October 4, 1941. GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, July 5, 1941. Excerpt from the diary of the Russian Ambassador, K. A. Smetanin, in Tokyo, J une 25, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, June 23, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 12, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, September 4, 1941.

NUMERICAL INDEX OF IMTFE DOCUMENTS 353

Exhibit No. Subject

801A Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, September 4, 1941. 830 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 25, 1941. 878 Liaison Conference of November 13, 1941: "Decisions to be taken

1050 1068 1073 1075 1090 1096 1097 1111

1114 1121 1182

1310 2198 2228

2230 2232 2234

2260 2614 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2722 2726 2733 2735A 2744

towards foreign countries." Oshima (Berlin) to JFO, February 25, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, May 6, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, May 18, 1941. Oshima (Berlin) to JFO, May 20, 1941. Excerpt from the Kido Diary, June 20, 1941. GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, June 28, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, June 28, 1941. Memorandum of a conversation between von Weizsäcker and Am­bassador Oshima, Berlin, July 3, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 15, 1941. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 24, 1941. Excerpts from "Record of the Investigation Committee of the Privy Council on the prolongation of the Anti-Comintem Pact," Tokyo, November 21, 1941. Decisions of the Liaison Conference of July 27, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, August 11, 1939. "German-Japanese agreement plan on economic cooperation in China." Excerpts from an economic report by the Japanese Foreign Office ( 1938). GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, May 28, 1939. Mackensen (Rome) to GFO, September 2, 1939. Seven speeches by Tosbio Shiratori in favor of the projected German­J apanese alliance. Excerpt from the Kido diary, January 14, 1938. JFO to Mushakoji (Berlin), Tokyo, May 8, 1936. Sigimura (Rome) to JFO, November 18, 1936. Sugimura (Rome) to JFO, November 28, 1936. Dirksen (Tokyo) to GFO, March 24, 1937. Sugimura (Rome) to JFO, May 25, 1937. GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, May 15, 1939. GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, June 21, 1939. Mackensen (Rome) to GFO, August 23, 1939. Mackensen (Rome) to GFO, May 27, 1940. "On the Tri-Partite Alliance," by Prince Konoye (1945). Affidavit of Heinrich Stahmer, German Ambassador to Japan (1947).

2747 Swom affidavit by Colonel Nagai, a member of Matsuoka's entourage on his European trip in 1941.

2758 Summary of opinions of the German govemment on the J apanese­American negotiations, Tokyo, May 11, 1941.

2762 Affidavit of Joachim von Ribbentrop (September, 1946). 2999 Swom affidavit by Paul W. Wenneker, German naval attacM in

Tokyo (August, 1947). 3268 "Views conceming attitude of the Empire towards arbitration or

intervention by America, European powers or the League of Nations in the Sino-Japanese incident." Japanese War Department, Tokyo, October 11, 1937.

3143 Swom affidavit by Yoshie Saito, special adviser of Foreign Minister

354 NUMERICAL INDEX OF IMTFE DOCUMENTS

Exhibit No. Subject

Matsuoka in the negotiations for the Tripartite Pact of September, 1940.

3145 "Outline of drafting various drafts and of the intemal procedure pertaining to the Tripartite Pact of Japan, I taly and Germany."

3260 Swom affidavit by Kensuke Horinouchi, former Vice-Foreign Minis­ter of Japan.

3267 "The problern of the conclusion of a Japanese-German political con­vention," a memorandum drawn up at the orders of Foreign Minister Hachiro Arita. Tokyo, J uly 24, 1936.

3440 Swom affidavit and excerpts from the diary of Marquis Koichi Kido, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal.

3481-3491 Swom affidavit pertaining to certain destroyed Japanese Foreign Office documents, but listing subject matter of each document.

3492 Swom affidavit of Tadaichi Wakamatsu, Japanese General Staff officer and special emissary to Berlin.

3493 Swom affidavit by Lt. General Yukio Kasahara, former assistant mili­tary attache in Berlin.

3494 Swom affidavit by Uzuhiko Usami, Counselor of the Japanese Em­bassy in Berlin.

3503B Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, December 31, 1939.

3508 3512 3514

3515 3521 3579 3587

3595 3609A

3610

3614

3615

3618

3619

3620

3655 3657

Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, January 23, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, January 26, 1940. Swom affidavit by Hiroshi Oshima. Interrogation of General Oshima. Japanese War Office to General Oshima (Berlin), Tokyo, August 29, 1938. An explanation of the previous exhibit. JFO to Oshima (Berlin), Tokyo, February 17, 1941. Swom affidavit by GeneralEugen Ott (May 18, 1947). Swom affidavit by Mikizo Nagai, member of the Japanese Embassy in Rome. Swom affidavit by Tosbio Shiratori. "On the Foreign Policy of Japanvisavis Europe and America follow­ing withdrawal from the League of Nations (middle of April, 1933)." Drawn up by Shigenori Togo, director of the European-American Bureau of the J apanese Foreign Office, and submitted to Vice­Foreign Minister Arita and Foreign Minister Ushida. Swom affidavit of the Chief of the archives of the Japanese Foreign Office on the destruction of certain specific documents, but listing the subject matter of each. Swom affidavit by Katsushiro Narita, Third Secretary of the Japane­se Embassy in Berlin. Swom affidavit by Akira Yamaji, official of the Japanese Foreign Office. Swom affidavit by Lt. General Yukio Kasahara, former assistant mili­tary attacM in Berlin. Swom affidavit by Yasuto Shudö, Japanese commercial attache in Berlin. Swom affidavit by Tadashi Sahaya, Senior Secretary of the J apanese Embassy in Berlin. Swom affidavit by General Hedeki Tojo. Decisions of the Liaison Conference: Outline of Plan for negotiations

NUMERICAL INDEX OF IMTFE DOCUMENTS 355

Exhibit No. Subject

with Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. Tokyo, February 3, 1941. 3687 Excerpts of the Saionji-Harada memoirs concerning the Four Minis­

ters' Conference of August 19, 1940. 3751 The Saionji-Harada memoirs. 3835 Memorandum of a conversation between Ambassador Ott and

Japanese Foreign Minister Togo. Tokyo, October 27, 1941. 3848 GFO to its Paris Embassy, Berlin, February 23, 1941. 3901 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, November 6, 1941.

IPS document no. Subject

13 Excerpt from a speech by Colonel Hashimoto, May 1, 1939. 472 Mimeographed collection of Yosuke Matsuoka's speeches in 1932-

1933. 755 Excerpts from correspondance between Ambassador Ott and Foreign

Minister Matsuoka in September, 1940. 888 Kurusu (Berlin) to JFO, April 6, 1940. 991 "Program of measures tobe taken .... to expedite the termination

ofthe war." Tokyo, November 12, 1941. (from the files of the Japane­se Foreign Office).

1157 JFO to Oshima (Berlin), Tokyo, February 17, 1941. 1272 Trautmann (Hankow) to GFO, January 31, 1938. 1298 Kurusu (Berlin) to JFO, September, 1940.

Memorandum of a conversation between Ambassador Craigie and Foreign Minister Matsuoka. Tokyo, October 8, 1940.

1378 Memorandum of a conversation between von Ribbentrop and Mussolini and Ciano, Rome, September 20, 1940 (excerpts).

1531 Excerpt of "Brief History of Japanese Politics," by Prince Konoye. 1634 Outline of our Diplomatie Policy, Japanese Foreign Ministry, Tokyo,

J une 29, 1936. Our Diplomatie Policy, Tokyo, August 7, 1936. 3121 Memoranda of conversations between Ambassador Ott and Japa­

nese Foreign Minister Toyoda and Vice-Foreign Minister Amau, September 15, 1941 ; September 20, 1941 ; October 2, 1941.

3271 Japanese War Ministry to General Oshima (Berlin), Tokyo, August 29, 1938.

3361 Memorandum of von Ribbentrop to the German Foreign Office, March 2, 1941.

4009 GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, June 17, 1939. 4019 Mackensen Papers: letter of the Duce to the Führer, July 24, 1941

(excerpt). 4020 Memorandum of the German Foreign Office on a speech by J apanese

Foreign Minister Arita. Berlin, April, 1940. 4024 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, October 6, 1941. 4025 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, January 20, 1941. 4026 Weizsäcker memorandum on the Germanposition in the Dutch East

Indies. Berlin, May, 1940. 4027 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, June 21, 1940. 4028 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 23, 1940. 4029 GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, August 9, 1940.

Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, August 15, 1940. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, September 10, 1940.

356 NUMERICAL INDEX OF IMTFE DOCUMENTS

IPS document no. Subject

4030 Excerpt of a report of the Helfferich economic mission to Japan ( 1940). Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, April 15, 1940.

4033 GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, August 25, 1941. 4034 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 5, 1939.

Memorandum of a conversation between von Ribbentrop and General Count Terauchi. September 25, 1939.

4035 GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, May 1, 1939. 4039 Trautmann (Nanking) to GFO, November 28, 1936. 4040 Hasseil (Rome) to GFO, November 19, 1936.

Circular Telegram to all German Missions, Berlin, November 24, 25, 1936. Kolb (Tokyo) to GFO, July 5, 1938. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, October 16, 1939.

4042 Excerpts of wires of Ott (Tokyo) to GFO during the fall of 1940 on the Japanese-Russian negotiations.

4043 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, April 24, 1939. 4044 Weizsäcker memorandum, Berlin, June 17, 1939. 4045 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, October 7, 1939.

Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, October 10, 1939. 4047 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, July 29, 1939.

Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, August 11, 1939. GFO to Ott (Tokyo), Berlin, August 22, 1939. Memorandum of von Weizsäcker to von Ribbentrop, Berlin, August 26, 1939.

4050 Memorandum of von Weizsäcker to von Ribbentrop, Berlin, July 22, 1939. Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, September 8, 1939.

4053 German Naval Attache (Tokyo) to German Naval Command, August 22, 1941.

4059 Ott (Tokyo) to GFO, May 5, 1941.

INDEX

Abe, General Nobuyuki, Japanese pre­mier, 225-226; and Germany, 231-232; resigns, 233

Abyssinia, and relations with Japan, 165 Amau, Eiji, Japanese diplomat, state­

ment forbidding European aid for China, 72, 73, 165; and disputes with Germany, 310-311

Anglo-J apanese alliance. See Great Britain.

Anti-Comintem Pact, 21, 22; informa­tion obtained by Sorge, 80; origins of the pact, 81, 83-85; negotiations for, 96-98, 99, 100; drafting the text, 101-103; naming the treaty, 103; oppo­sition in Japan, 103-104; treaty initialed, 104; approved by Privy Council, I 04--106; propaganda pre­parations in Germany, 106-107, 108; signing of, I 09-110; exchange of secret letters to, 110-111; reactions to, 111-118; significance of summarized, 119-123; and the Sino-J apanese war, 127, 128, 130, 132, 138, 161; international implications, 164; and Italy, 167-170, 171-172; plans for a Triangle Pact, 173-180; and Italy's limited adher­ence, 181; becomes a Triangle Pact, 181-182; Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 217-218, 226, 232; remains in force, 265; extended for five years, 313-314

Araki, General Sadao, compared with Hitler and Mussolini, 39; statements compared with Goebbels and Goering, 65

Arita, Hachiro, J apanese diplomat, 50; disagrees with Toshio Shiratori, 81-82; becomes foreign minister, 93; and the Anti-Comintern Pact, 98, 100; drafting the text, I 01-103; explains Anti-Comintern Pact to Privy Coun­cil, 104--106, 108, 113, 114; defends the pact, 118; and Italy, 181 n; and German alliance, 197, 198, 200; against German alliance, 203-204, 206-207, 209-210; and Russia, 211-212; German-Russian yappyochement, 214--215, 217-218; foreign minister again, 233-234; pro-German elements, 236; and the Dutch East lndies, 237-239;

the French defeat and Indo-China, 240-241; German victories and Japa­nese desires, 243, 245; criticizes Mat­suoka, 277

Attolico, Bernardo, Italian diplomat, and the Triangle, 176-179; Italian re­cognition of Manchukuo, 184--185; and Ribbentrop's alliance projects, 192-193,200

Barthou, Jean Louis, French statesman, 80

Blomberg, General Werner von, indi­cates Hitler's desire for closer relations with Japan, 45, 47, 75; attends dis­cussions for a treaty with Japan, 84

Bülow, Bernhard von, German diplomat, 97; opposes the Anti-Comintern Pact, 99

Büro Ribbentyop, organized, 59-60, 91; and the Anti-Comintern Pact, 97-98, 99, 100; Anti-Comintern Pact signed at, I 09; and the Italian-J apanese ne­gotiations, 173, 175

Bullitt, William C., American diplomat, 53

Chamberlain, Neville, British prime minister, 219

Chamberlin, WilliamH., and theTriang­le Pact, 183

Chang Tso-lin, 29 Chiang Kai-shek, 57, invites General

von Seeckt, 75; understanding with the communists, 95; and German mediation, 131, 134--142; and German officers, 146, 148, 161; and the Tri­partite Pact, 265, 270, 275, 309

China, 17, 21, 22; twenty one demands (1915), 26; Japanese interference, 29; J apanese encroachments, 52-53; and the Amau statement, 72; German military mission in, 75; German-Man­churian trade agreement, 91; harter agreement with Germany, 92-93; J apanese encroachements, 93; Sian incident, 95; and Germany, 124; war with Japan, 127; German aid to China, 129-131; appeals to the League of Nations, 132; and the Brussels Conference, 132-133, 136; German

358 INDEX

mediation, 134-142; German interests liquidated, 145-146; German eco­nomic position in, 147-150, 153-154; German arms shipments, 154-156; German-J apanese commercial negoti­ations concerning, 157-160; and Italy, 164-165; and the Tripartite Pact, 265, 275-276

Churchill, Winston, British prime mi­nister, 270

Ciano, Count Galeazzo, first visit to Germany, 107; told about treaty with Japan, 107; reaction to the Anti­Comintern Pact, 111 ; and the Sino­Japanese war, 128, 133; and Italian­Japanese relations, 166-168; makes pro-J apanese declaration, 169; ne­gotiates with the Japanese, 170-173; and German interference, 173-179; J apanese agreement, 180-181 ; signs the Triangle Pact, 181-182, 183-184; and a German alliance, 192-193, 196-197; alliance approved, 199-200; Pact of Steel, 215-216, 226; Russia and Japan, 232-233; German colonial policy, 242; Tripartite Pact, 261-262 268; Schönhof conference, 272; no­separate-peace agreement, 315

Coburg, Duke Leopold of, visits Japan, 235

Contemporary Japan, pro-German ar­ticle, 96

Corazza, Heinz, German writer, favors closer German-Japanese relations, 67

Craigie, Sir Robert, British diplomat, and the Tokyo Conference, 213; Japan and German victories, 242-243; the alliance question, 251, 257 n, 261; Tripartite Pact, 267, 270; German­Russian war, 302, 308

Deutscher Wille, (German periodical), contradictory attitudes in, 11

Dimitrov, Georgi, 81 Dirksen, Herbert von, German diplomat,

37; appointed Ambassador to Tokyo, 43, 45; cites Hitler's personal interest in Japan, 47-48; Japanese efforts for German recognition of Manchukuo, 51-52; judgement of Neurath, 56; and the problern of Manchukuo, 60-61 ; J apanese reaction to the 1934 purge, 65; signs shipping treaty, 70; makes friendly overtures, 74; German Japanese naval cooperation, 76-77; discussions for a treaty, 85; Germau­Manchurian trade treaty, 91; Anti­Comintern Pact, 97-99, 113; Ger­many's Far Eastern prospects, 124; friction with Foreign Minister Sato,

125-126; Sino-Japanese war, 130-131• 133 n; and German mediation, 134-142; failure of mediation, 143; trans­ferred to London, 145; Germanarms shipments to China, 153, 154; former German colonies, 160-161; and Itali­an-J apanese negotiations, 172-173, 174

Disarmament, problems of the Dis­armament Conference ( 1932-1933), 33-34

Dodd, William E., American diplomat, 35; notes Hitler's J apanese sympa­thies, 65; and German rearmament, 74, 76; German-J apanese cooperation, 77, 89; Anti-Comintern Pact, 114; Sino-Japanese war, 127, 153-154

Dooman, Eugene H., American diplo­mat, 295

Eden, Anthony, 113 Ercoli, See Togliatti, Palmiro. Ethiopia, See Abyssinia.

Falkenhausen, General Alexander von, and German mediation, 136, 139

Feis, Herbert, American writer, Gema­ny and Japan, 247-248

Five Ministers' Conference, operations described, 49; plans policy of Hirota Cabinet, 94-95; meeting of J une 5, 1939, 212

Foerster, Admiral Richard, visits Japan, 213

Foujita, Issimarou, J apanese writer, Germany and Japan, 73

Four-Power Treaty, 28 France, position versus Germany on

disarmament, 33-34, 46-47; Anglo­German naval treaty, 76. See also French Indo-China.

French Indo-China, and Japan, 240-242, 244, 246, 255-256, 287-288, 299, 307, 310

Frick, Wilhelm, German Interior Mi­nister, statement on the racial question, 9

Fritsch, General Werner von, 100

Gaikö ]iho (Revue Diplomatique), pro­German article ( 1932), 37-38

Gaimushö (J apanese Foreign Office). See German-Japanese relations; Ja­pan.

Gaus, Dr. Friedrich, German legal ex­pert,206,207, 212

Gayda, Virginio, Italian writer, 180 Geopolitics, historical origins and char­

acter, 13-15; and German-Japanese relations, 16-19; influence on German

INDEX 359

foreign policy, 23-24. See also Haus­hafer, Karl; Japan.

German-J apanese relations, first rumors of rapprochement, 34-35; relations before 1933, 35-37; initial J apanese attempts to foster friendship, 37-38; American foreign service reports con­cerning, 38; Nazisupport and Foreign Office opposition, 38-39; German opinions about, 39-43; German moves in favor of, 43-44, 45; German pro­paganda to improve, 45; J apanese reactions, 45-46; Hitler's personal in­fluence, 47-48; Russia as a cause for, 48; Gaimushö views concerning, 50-51 ; the recognition of Manchukuo, 51-52; Russia' s reaction to, 52-53; Nazi party and Manchukuo, 60-61; Ostasiatische Rundschau, 61-62; new indications of stronger ties, 62; Ger­man-Polish treaty (1934), 63-64; factors strengthening friendship, 64-67; commercial competition, 67-68; shipping treaty, 70; J apanese news­paper support for, 73; rumors of secret treaty, 74; naval cooperation, 76-77; American intelligence con­cerning, 77-78; public evidence of friendship, 78-79; economic basis, 79; resolutions of the seventh World Con­gress of the Communist International, 81 ; and Toshio Shiratori, 81-82; first contacts between Ribbentrop and Oshima, 83-85; intelligence concern­ing, 89; German-Manchurian trade agreemen t, 90-92; J apanese military support for, 96; negotiations for the Anti-Comintern Pact, 96-98, 99, 100; drafting the text, 101-103; treaty initialed, 104; Anti-Comintern Pact signed, I 09-110; secret letters to the pact, II 0-111 ; reactions to the pact, 111-118; significance ofthe pact, 119-123; Sino-Japanese war, 127 ff; Ger­man views on the war, 127-129; Ja­panese protests, 129-130, 130-131; Brussels Conference, 132-133; Ger­man mediation in the war, 134-142; failure of mediation, 143; German re­cognition of Manchukuo, 144, 146-14 7; economic basis summarized, 150-153; arms shipments and the Sino­Japanse war, 154-156; commercial negotiations, 157-160; former Ger­man colonies, 160-161 ; effects of the Sino-Japanese war, 161-163; and Italy, 164, 166-167, 168-169; and the Italian-J apanese negotiations, 173-179; Rossbach memorandum, 180; Triangle Pact, 181-183, 185-

188; arguments for an alliance, 189-191; first alliance offer, 191-192; alliance negotiations, 193-195; Munich crisis, 195-196; cultural agreement, 198, factors against an alliance, 198-199; alliance delayed, 200-201, 202-203; the alliance and J apanese opposition, 203-204; allian­ce negotiations continued, 204-207, 208-217; Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 217-218, 223-225; importance of alliance negotiations, 218-222; trade treaty, 227; renewed friend­ship, 229-231 ; and Russia, 232-233; Y onai Cabinet, 233-235; J apanese aloofness, 236; Dutch East lndies, 237-239; French defeat and Indo­China, 240-241 ; German victories and Japanese desires, 241-246; Japanese expansion plans, 246-247; explanation of crisis, 247-249; Konoye Cabinet, 250-251; Japan's new policies, 251-252; efforts for an alliance, 252-256; United States defense policies, 256-257; motivations for an alliance, 253-254, 256-259; negotiations for the Tripartite Pact, 259-263; secret ad­ditions, 263-264; Tripartite Pact signed, 265-266; reactions to the pact, 266-269; disappointing results of the pact, 270-276; Tripartite Pact com­missions, 276; Matsuoka's European trip, 277-278; continuing difficulties in, 281-283; Far Eastern strategic plans, 283-284, 285-286; and Amer­ica, 286-287; French Indo-China 287-288; Matsuoka in Europe, 288-293; and the Russo-J apanese agree­ment, 293-294; Japanese-American negotiations, 294-299; German-Rus­sian war, 299-308; third Konoye Cabinet, 308-309; disputes about America and Russia, 309-312; Tojo becomes premier, 312-313; failure of the J apanese-American negotiations, 311-315; no-separate-peace agree­ment, 315-317; warwiththeU.S.,317-318; general conclusions, 321-326.

German-Russian treaty (1926), and the Anti-Comintern Pact, 97

Germany, 2; racial condition, 3, 6, 7; projected geopolitical role, 16-19; geopolitics and foreign policy, 23-24; foreign problems in 1933, 33-34; different opinions about Japan, 39-43; first moves for J apanese contacts, 43-44, 45; propaganda for better J apanese relations, 45; leaves Disar­mament Conference and League of Nations, 46-47; pro-Chinese outlook

360 INDEX

of Foreign Office, 52, 57; Hitler's do­mination of foreign affairs, 55-60; re­fusal to recognize Manchukuo (1934), 60--61 ; visit of J apanese naval squa­dron, 62; increasing isolation in Euro­pe, 63-64; pro-J apanese statements, 66-67; military attacMs, 68-70; textile association and Japanese com­petition, 70--71; rearmament and Japan, 74; the Reichswehr and the Far East, 75-76; Anglo-German naval agreement, 76; commercial interests in Manchuria, 79; suspected of aggres­ive intentions, 79-80; first efforts for a treaty with Japan, 83-85; favorable international scene, 87-89; trade agreement with Manchukuo, 90-92; harter agreement with China, 92-93; Foreign Office and the Anti-Comin­tem Pact, 85, 97-99; drafting of the text, 101-103; treaty initialed, 104; propaganda preparations for the pact, I 06-107, I 08; October Protocols with Italy, 107; official statements after the pact, 110, III ; press reaction to the pact, 114-115; Far Eastem pros­pects, 124; Sino-Japanese war, 127 ff; disunity of official views, 128-129; Japanese protests, 129-130; future of position in Far East, 130-131; Brussels Conference, 132-133; at­tempts to mediate the war, 134-142; failure of mediation, 143; recognition of Manchukuo, 144; changes in the government, 144-145; abandons in­terests in China, 145-146; friendship treaty with Manchukuo, 146-147; economic relations with China, 147-150, 153-154; with Japan, 150-151; withManchukuo, 151-153; armsship­ments to China, 154-156; commercial negotiations with Jap'\n, 157-160; former Far Eastern colonies, 160-161; Italian-J apanese negotiations, 173-179; Rossbach memorandum, 180; Italian recognition of Manchukuo, 184-185; importance of the Triangle Pact, 185-188; Ribbentrop on foreign policy, 189-190, 192; Austria annexed, 191; alliance project with Italy, 192-193, 196-197; negotiations with Japan 193-195, cultural agreement, 198, alliance delayed, 200-20 I, 202-203; alliance negotiations continued, 204-207, 208-217; changes in foreign poli­cy, 210--211, 213-215; Pact of Steel, 215-216; agreement with Russia, 217-218; importance of alliance negoti­ations, 218-222; Japanese protests, 223-225; trade treaty with Japan,

227; and Japanese friendship, 229-231; Russia and Japan, 232-233; complaints against Japan, 235; efforts to enlist Japan and Italy, 236-237; Dutch East Indies, 238-239; Japan and the French defeat, 240-241 ; German victories and J apanese de­sires, 241-246; Japanese expansion plans, 246-247; dominates Europe, 250; Japan's new policies, 251-252; J apanese efforts for an alliance, 252-256; U.S. defense policies, 256-257; motivations for an alliance, 253-254, 256-257; negotiations for the Tripar­tite Pact, 259-263, 263-264; Tripar­tite Pact concluded, 265-266; re­actions to the pact, 267-269; disap­pointing results of the pact, 270-276; supports Matsuoka's trip, 277-278; Far Eastem strategic plans, 283-284, 285-286; and America, 286-287; Matsuoka in Europe, 288-293; Russo­J apanese agreement, 293-294; J apa­nese-American negotiations, 294-299; war with Russia, 299-308; Matsuoka's resignation, 308-309; disputes with Japan, 309-312; Tojo Cabinet, 312-313; failure of the J apanese-American negotiations, 311-315; no-separate­peace agreement, 315-317; declares war on U.S., 317

Goebbels, Dr. Joseph, 65, 106 Goering, Hermann, testifies to Hitler's

authority, 49; his part in the Reichs­tag fire, 55; attempts to trade with Manchukuo, 60-61, 65; and Japan, 99; arms shipments to China, 146, 155-156; and Poland, 214

Great Britain, and German geopolitical calculations 16-17; Anglo-J apanese alliance, 25, 28-29; naval agreement with Germany, 76; Anti-Comintern Pact, 108-109, 113, 116-117; Triangle Pact, 182, 183, 186 n; approaches Russia, 210--211 ; Tripartite Pact, 270; and Singapore, 277-278, 281-282,283-286,290--293,299,304

Grew, Joseph C., American diplomat, German recognition of Manchukuo, 62; character of Japan's German poli­cy, 73; Japan and German rearma­ment, 74-75; rumors of German- Ja­panese alliance, 77-78, 99; Anti-Com­intem Pact, 112, 113-114; Japanese­Russian relations, 122; Triangle Pact, 182; wams against a German alliance, 201, 203, 207; lacks information, 257; Tripartite Pact, 266, 277; and Singa­pore, 284; German-Russian war, 300, 302; 309 n, 312; Tojo Cabinet, 313

INDEX 361

Griswold, A. Whitney, and the Tri­partite Pact, 269

Gross, Walter, director of the racial bureau of the Nazi party, modifies racial attitudes, 11-12

Hack, Friedrich, arranges meeting be­tween Oshima and Ribbentrop, 83-84

Harada, Baron Kumao, 82; Anti-Com­intern Pact, 103-104, 114; Sino-Ja­panese war, 137; negotiations with Italy, 173; German alliance, 203

Hashimoto, Colonel Kingoro, and the German alliance, 208

Hassell, Ulrich von, German diplomat, and the Anti-Comintern Pact, 111 ; the Italian-J apanese negotiations, 174-179

Hata, General Shunroku, 226; and German victories, 243; resigns from Yonai Cabinet, 247

Haushofer, Karl, 14; geopolitical ori­gins, 14-16; geopolitics and German­J apanese relations, 16-19; and Adolf Hitler, 20; favors Nazi rise to power, 20; comments on world events, 20-22; personal and ideological contribu­tions, 23-24, 326

Hayashi, General Senjuro, becomes pre­mier, 125

Helfferich, Emil, German official, eco­nomic mission, 235

Henderson, Arthur, President of the Disarmament Conference, visits Hitler, 46

Hesse, Prince Philip of, and Italy, 173, 179, 192-193

Heye, Ferdinand H., attempts to recog­nize Manchukuo (1934), 60-61

Hindenburg, President Paul von, 47 Hiranuma, Baron Kiichiro, J apanese

premier, 200; and the German allian­ce, 200, 204; sends letters to Hitler and Mussolini, 206, 210, 216-217; re­signs, 217-218

Hirohito, J apanese Emperor, opposes withdrawal from the League, 48; Hi­rota Cabinet, 94; doubtful about Ger­man alliance, 203 204, 206; Abe Cabi­net, 226; Tripartite Pact, 266; relations with America, 296; German-Russian war, 301, 303, 306; no-separate-peace agreement with Germany, 314

Hiroshi, Colonel, J apanese officer, and the Anti-Comintern Pact, 97

Hirota, Koki, J apanese diplomat, in­vites German Ambassador to Man­chukuo, 52; denies Japan's isolation, 71-72; Japan and German rearma­ment, 74; becomes premier, 93-94;

explains Anti-Comintern Pact to Privy Council, 104-106, 113-114; re­signs, 118-119; becomes foreign mi­nister, 127; German mediation, 134-142; announces end to mediation, 142-143; Germanarms shipments to China, 155; German interests in China, 158; writes Ciano, 170, 171 ; negotiates with Italy, 172-173; Ital­ian recognition of Manchukuo, 184-185; congratulates Germany, 191, 225; criticizes Matsuoka, 277

Hitler, Adolf, opinions in Mein Kampf about Japanese, 3-4; Jewish con­spiracy against Japan, 4-5; racial phi­losophy and foreign affairs, 5; World War II statements about Japan, 5-6; ambivalent attitude,6; and geopolitics, 20, 24; retains von N eurath as foreign minister, 33; considers German fo­reign service incompetent, 39; asks Ribbentrop to contact J apanese, 43; appeals to J apanese people for closer relations, 43-44, 45; decides to leave Disarmament Conference and League of Nations, 46-47; personal influence in foreign affairs, 47-48, 55-60; judge­ment of Neurath, 56; impressed by Ribbentrop, 58-59; desires treaty with Poland, 63; meets Mussolini, 64; friendly to J apanese Ambassador, 65; interested in Japan's influence on Russia, 68-69; von Seeckt and China, 75-76; new Japanese Ambassador, 78; utilizes international events, 87-89; racial speech and J apanese re­action, 90; receives von Dirksen, 99; approves Anti-Comintern Pact, 106; explains treaty to Ciano, 107; defends Anti-Comintern Pact, 117-118; re­ceives Chinese Ambassador, 124; Sino-Japanese war, 130, 132;Brussels Conference, 132-133; German medi­ation, 135, 137; recognizes Manchu­kuo, 144; changes in the government, 144-145; recalls German officers from China, 145; abandons German inte­rests in China, 145-146; stops arms shipments, 155; and Far Eastern poli­cy, 162-163; sponsors the Triangle Pact, 175-179; strategy conference of 1937, 180; Triangle Pact, 182; snubs Ribbentrop, 184; agrees to Italian re­cognition of Manchukuo, 185; alliance against England, 190, 192; visits Italy, 192; considers time ripe for alliances, 196-197, 199-200; Japa­nese alliance, 202, 204-207, 208; changes foreign policy, 210-211, 213; prepares war on Poland, 214-215;

362 INDEX

Pact of Steel, 215-216, 217; Nazi­Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 218; fo­reign policy summarized,218-222,224; defends his policies, 226-227; receives General Terauchi, 227-228; cautious about Japan, 233, 234, 236-237, 241, 246; triumphant in Europe, 250; scorns J apanese offers, 253, 255-256; needs J apanese alliance, 254, 256-257; Tripartite Pact, 260, 261-262, 264, 268; disappointing results of the Tripartite Pact, 270-274; uncertain about Japan, 277-278, 281, 282; Far Eastern strategic plans, 283-284, 285-286; and America, 286-287; Matsuo­ka's visit, 288-293; Russo-J apanese agreement, 293-294; Japanese-Ame­rican negotiations, 295-299; German­Russian war, 300-301, 303-306, 309; disputes with Japan, 310-312; Tojo Cabinet, 313; no-separate-peace agree­ment, 315-317; declares war on the U.S., 317, 318-320

Hoare, Sir Samuel, 87 Holldack, Heinz, German historian,

306n Horinouchi, Kensuke, J apanese diplo­

mat, 109; Sino-Japanese war, 134 Hossbach, Colonel Friedrich, his memo­

randum, 180 Hotta, Masaaki, J apanese diplomat,

opens negotiations with Ciano, 170-173, 176; Triangle Pact, 180-181; signs the Triangle Pact, 181-182

Hull, Cordell, and the Tripartite Pact, 269

Ikeda, N ariakira, J apanese Finance Minister, and German alliance, 198

Imperial Conference, operations des­cribed, 49; approves Tripartite Pact, 264-265

Ishii, Itaro, J apanese diplomat, 236 Ishii, Kikujiro, member of the Privy

Council, 265 Isogai, Rensuke, J apanese officer, and

the Anti-Comintern Pact, 97 Itagaki, General Seishiro, Japanese War

Minister, and German alliance, 198, 200, 216, 217 n

Italian-J apanese relations, II! ; Sino­Japanese war, 132-133; development since 1930, 165-166; friendly progress in, 166-168; and a political treaty, 168-170, negotiations for a treaty, 171-173; German interference, 173-179; and the press, 179-180; friendly feeling, 180-181 ; Italian recognition of Manchukuo, 184-185; commercial agreements, 185; Nazi-Soviet Non-

aggression Pact, 226; no-separate­peace agreement, 315-317

Italy, coolness towards Nazi-Germany, 64; Anti-Comintern Pact, 106-107, 164; October Protocols, 107; attends Brussels Conference, 132-133; inter­ests in China, 148, 164-165; and Japan, 165-168; desires political treaty with Japan, 168-170; negotiates with Japan, 171-173; German inter­ference, 173-179; the press and Ja­pan, 179-180; leaves the League of Nations, 181; joins the Anti-Comin­tern Pact, 181-182; Russia protests, 183-184; recognizes Manchukuo, 184-185; alliance with Germany, 192-193, 196-197, 199-200; Pact of Steel, 215-216; N azi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 226-227; recognizes Wang Ching-wei, 237; Tripartite Pact, 260, 261-262, 266; Matsuoka's visit, 292; Japanese­American negotiations, 298-299; no­separate-peace agreement, 315-317

Ito, Prince Hirobumi, German influen­ces on the J apanese constitution of 1889,35-36

Ito, Nobumi, Japanese diplomat, heads mission to Germany, 200-201, 202, 203,205

Japan, and Nazi racial philosophy, 1-2; Hitler's racial opinions about, 3-4; Alfred Rosenberg's racial opinions about, 6-7; racial modification ta­ward, 7-13; visited byKarl Haushofer, 15; proposed geopolitical role, 16-19, 23; withdraws from the League of Nations, 25, 32; causesofherisolation, 25 II; Shidehara period, 29-30; aban­dons the gold standard, 30-31; in­vades Manchuria, 31-32; German opinion about, 39-43; reactions to German overtures, 45-46; problems of government, 48-50; relations with Germany and Russia, 50-51 ; pro­vokes Russia, 52-53; and Poland, 63-64; reaction to Nazi purge, 65; and Russia, 68; virulent nationalism, 71, 72-73; military influence, 73; re­action to German rearmament, 7 4, 76; foreign policy memorandum by Shi­ratori, 81-82; General Staff begins discussions with Germany, 84-85; protests racial speech by Hitler, 90; Germau-Manchurian trade agreement 90-92; and China, 93; crisis of Febru­ary, 1936, 93; Hirota Cabinet and the military, 93-95; military support for a German agreement, 96; Foreign Office and the Anti-Comintem

INDEX 363

Pact, 85, 97-98, 100-101; drafting the text, 10 1-103; domestic opposition to the treaty, 103-104; Anti-Comintern Pact approved by Privy Council, 104-106; official statement on the Anti­Comintern Pact, 110, 111; reactions to the pact, 113-114, 115-116; fall of Hirota Cabinet, 118-119; relations with Russia, 122; Hayashi Cabinet, 125-126; first Konoye Cabinet, 127; war with China, 127; protestsGerman aid to China, 129-130; Brussels Con­ference, 132-133; German mediation, 134-142; German economic relations with, 150-151; German arms ship­ments to China, 152-156; commercial discussions with Germany, 157-160; former German colonies, 160-161 ; and Italy, 165-168; decides against political treaty with Italy, 168-170; negotiates with Italy, 171-173; Ger­man interference in the Italian-Japan­ese negotiations, 173-179; agrees to a Triangle Pact, 180-181 ; reactions to the Triangle Pact, 182-183 ; Italian recognition of Manchukuo, 184; ob­tains commercial concessions, 185; importance of Triangle Pact, 185-188; alliance with Germany, 189, 190-191, 193; negotiations with Germany, 193-195; Muni eh crisis, 195-196; cultural agreement with Germany, 198; opposition to an alliance, 198-199; alliance delayed, 200-201, 202-203; the alliance and domestic opposition, 203-204; alliance negotiations con­tinued, 204-207, 208-217; German­Russianrapprochement, 213-215; Pact of Steel, 215-216; Nazi-Soviet Non­aggression Pact, 217-218, 223-225; importance of alliance negotiations, 218-222; new government formed, 225-226; trade treaty with Germany, 227; outbreak of war in Europe, 228-229; German propaganda in, 229; German pressure on, 229-231 ; Abe Cabinet, 231-232; and Russia, 232; Y onai Cabinet, 233-235; domestic in­decision, 236; establishes WangChing­wei, 237; Dutch East Indies, 237-239; the French defeat and Indo-China, 240-241 ; German victories and J apa­nese desires, 241-246; expansion plans, 246-247; Konoye Cabinet formed, 250-251; a new national policy, 251-252; efforts for an alliance, 252-256; U.S. defense policies, 256-257; mo­tivations for an alliance, 257-259; negotiations for the Tripartite Pact, 259-263, 263-264; alliance approved,

264-265, 266; reactions to the pact, 266-267; disappointing results of the pact, 270-276; criticism in the Diet, 277; and foreign policy, 277-278; and Singapore, 283-285, 285-286; Hitler's American policy, 286-287; French Indo-China, 287-288; Mat­suoka's European trip, 288-293; agreement with Russia, 293; negoti­ations with America, 294-299; the German-Russian war, 299-308; third Konoye Cabinet, 308-309; disputes with Germany, 309-312; Tojo be­comes premier, 312-313; failure of negotiations with America, 311-315; no-separate-peace agreement, 315-317; attacks the U.S., 316-317

Japanese-Russian Neutrality Agree­ment, 22, 293-294, 301, 303

Kan-in, Prince Kotohito, J apanese field marshal, 230; and fall of Yonai Cabi­net, 247

Kasahara, Yukio, Japanese officer, and alliance negotiations, 193, 194

Kase, Toshikazu, J apanese diplomat, on the Japanese government, 49-50

Kaya, Prince Tsunenori, visits Ger­many and Poland, 63-64

Keitel, General Wilhelm, 155; confers with Hitler on Poland, 214

Kido, Marquis Koichi, formation of the Hirota Cabinet, 93-94; relations with Russia, 126; mediation of the Sino-Japanese war, 141; and German alliance, 198, 207, 217; Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 217-218; Abe Cabinet, 225-226; Y onai Cabinet, 246; national policies, 252; Tripartite Pact, 260-261, 266, 267; Matsuoka's Euro­pean trip, 288; relations with Ameri­ca, 296; German-Russian war, 301-302, 306; fall of the Konoye Cabinet, 312; no-separate-peace agreement, 314

Kiep, Otto Carl, German diplomat, and Germau-Manchurian trade agree­ment, 79

Kjellen, Rudolf, 14 Knoll, Dr. Josef, German diplomat,

visits Manchukuo, 61 ; and Japan, 232 n; discussions with Kurusu, 244

Koda, Jotaro, Japanese diplomat, 131 Koiso, Kuniaki, J apanese official, and

European colonies, 244 Konoye, Prince Fumimaro, on the

Anti-Comintern Pact, 114; becomes premier, 127; Triangle Pact, 183; alliance with Germany, 191, 198; re­signs, 200; Abe Cabinet, 225-226,

364 INDEX

236; resigns from Privy Council, 244; again premier, 246, 247, 250-251; ob­jectives of an alliance, 257-259; Tri­partite Pact, 260; alliance approved, 264---265, 266; and Russia, 272, 277; negotiations with America, 295-299; German-Russian war, 301-303; re­forms Cabinet, 308-309; and Presi­dent Roosevelt, 310-311; resigns as premier, 312

Koo, Wellington, 62 Kordt, Erich, German diplomat, cites

Hitler's Japanese interests, 3 n, 47; and the Foreign Office, 57, 58; on General Oshima, 69; and Ribbentrop, 82-83; Anti-Comintern Pact, 97; Tri­angle Pact, 175-176, 180, 184; Hitler and Japan, 256; secret Tripartite Pact provisions, 263 n

Krivitsky, Walter, Russian spy, on German-J apanese cooperation, 80

Kung Hsiang-hsi, Chinese Minister, visits Berlin, 124; and German medi­ation, 139

Kurusu, Saburo, J apanese diplomat, 201; Ambassador to Germany, 231; recognition of Wang Ching-wei, 237; Dutch East Indies, 239; Indo-China, 241 ; discussions for a German agree­ment, 244, 245-246; efforts for an alliance, 254---255; Tripartite Pact, 268; replaced by Oshima, 276; sent to America, 313,314---315

Lansing·IshiiAccord (1917), 26 League of Nations, Japan's withdrawal,

25, 28, 32; Lytton Commission, 31-32

Leers, Johann von, Nazi writer, opposes racial foreign policy, 9-1 0; pro-Ja­panese opinions, 40; anti-racial state­ments, 66

Liaison Conference, operations describ­ed, 49; meeting of J uly 27, 1940, 251-252

Litvinov, Maxim, ridicules German­J apanese friendship, 53; against Anti­Comintern Pact, 112; relations with Japan, 122n

Lochner, Louis, 77 n London Naval Treaty (1930), 29 Lordi, General, Italian air mission in

China, 164 Low, David, 87

MacDonald, James Ramsay, British prime minister, 34

Machijiri, General Kazumoto, and Ger­man alliance, 217

Mackensen, Hans-Georg von, Ger-

man diplomat, and the Sino-J apa­nese war, 128; German mediation, 140

MacKinder, Sir Halford, 14---15 Magistrati, Count Massimo, Italian

diplomat, 225 Makino, Count Nobuaki, opposes treaty

with Germany, 103, 104, 113 Manchukuo. See Manchuria. Manchuria, Japan's invasion, 21; assas­

sination of Chang Tso-Iin, 29; German economic interests in, 79, 90-91; German trade agreement, 91-92; German political recognition of, 144; German friendship treaty with, 146-147; German economic relations with, 151-153, 159; recognized by Italy, 184---185

Matsudaira, Tsuneo, Imperial Hause­hold Minister, and the Anti-Comin­tern Pact, 104, 113

Matsuoka, Y osuke, walks out of the League, 25, 32; visits Germany (1933), 32-33; becomes foreign minister, 250-251 ; discussions with Ott, 252-253; reorganizes foreign service, 255-256; objectives of an alliance, 257-259; negotiates Tripartite Pact, 259-263, 263-264; alliance approved, 264---265, 266; disappointing results of the Tri­partite Pact, 270-271, 275, 276; plans European trip, 277-278; and Singa­pore, 284, 286; travels to Europe,288-293; agreement with Russia, 293, 294; negotiates with America, 295-299; German-Russian war, 299-308; forced to resign, 308-309, 311

Matsushita, Admiral Hajime, gives pro­German speech, 62

Meckel, General Jakob, 69 Messersmith, George S., American

diplomat, and German-J apanese cooperation, 38, 77

Molotov, Vyacheslav, German-Japan­ese entente, 89; N azi-Soviet N onaggres­sion Pact, 223-224; visits Berlin, 271-275; Matsuoka's visit, 289

Mushakoji, Viscount Kintomo, Japa­nese diplomat, and the Germany navy, 76; friendly reception by Hitler, 78; absent from Berlin, 85; Anti-Comin­tern Pact, 98, 102, 105; signs Anti­Comintern Pact, 109-110; Sino-Japa­nese war, 128-129; German mediation, 131; Italian-J apanese negotiations, 174

Mussolini, Benito, first meeting with Hitler, 64; Ethiopian war, 87; Italian interests in China, 164-165; relations with Japan, 165-166, 168; negotiates

INDEX 365

with Japan, 172-173; visits Germany, 173-174; favors a Triangle Pact, 178-179; and Japan, 179-180; withdraws from the League, 181 ; Triangle Pact, 181-182, 186; distrusts Ribbentrop, 192; declines German alliance, 193, 196-197; approves German alliance, 199-200, 207; Pact of Steel, 215-216, 217; and Japan, 226-227; and Ger­many, 236-237; Tripartite Pact, 261-262; Matsuoka's visit, 292; Japanese­American negotiations, 298-299; German-Russian war, 303; third Konoye Cabinet, 308-309, 310; no­separate-peace agreement, 315,316

Muto, General Akira, seeks German mediation, 244

Nagai, Dr. Matsuzo, Japanese diplomat, gives pro-German speeches, 45-46, 70, 78

Nazi party, use of racial philosophy, 1-3; special consideration for J apanese, 2; modifies racial opinion about J apa­nese, 7-13; sponsors better relations with Japan, 39; scarcity of foreign experts in, 57 ff; and Manchukuo, 60-61 ; J apanese reaction to 1934 purge, 65; and the Sino-Japanese war, 128, 129, 131

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 22; origins, 211, 213-215; effect in Tokyo, 217-218; and German-Japanese re­lations, 227, 229, 247-249

Neurath, Constantin von, remains Ger­man Foreign Minister (1933), 33; character and influence, 56-57, 75; and Japan, 76, 79; German-J apanese entente, 89; opposes Anti-Comintern Pact, 99; and Ciano, 107, 114; Sino­J apanese war, 127; Brussels Confer­ence, 132-133; German mediation, 138-139, 140, 142; retires as foreign minister, 144-145; former German colonies, 160-161 ; Italian-J apanese negotiations, 174-179, 180; Triangle Pact, 184; Italian recognition of Man­chukuo, 185

Nine-Power Treaty, 27 Nomura, Admiral Kichisaburo, 231,

276 n; negotiations with America, 296, 297, 309

Obata, Yukichi, Japanese diplomat, 73 Ohashi, Chuichi, J apanese diplomat, 295 Okada, Admiral Keisuke, 93 Okamoto, General, 314-315 Oshima, General Hiroshi, appointed

military attacM in Berlin, 69-70; un­certain about German policy, 82; meets Ribbentrop, 83; offer of an

alliance, 83-85, 89; negotiations for the Anti-Comintern Pact, 97, 98; German mediation, 135; Germanarms shipments to China, 156; German­Japanese commercial problems, 157, 159-160; Triangle Pact, 175-176; alliance with Germany, 191-192, 193; negotiations with Germany, 193-195; becomes Ambassador, 197; further alliance discussions, 198-199; alliance delayed, 200-201; exceeds his au­thority, 199, 201, 202-203; alliance negotiations continued, 204-207, 208; German-Russian rapprochement, 214-215, 217 n, 223-225; and Germany, 229-231; recalled, 231, 232, 236; re­appointed Ambassador, 276; confers with Ribbentrop, 285-286; Russo­J apanese agreement, 294; J apanese­American negotiations, 297-299; German-Russian war, 300-301, 303, 304, 308; German-J apanese disputes, 312, 313; no-separate-peace agree­ment, 315-317

Ostasiatische Rundschau, on German policy in the Far East, 61-62

Ott, General Eugen, appointed military attacM in Tokyo, 68-69; entertains J apanese officers, 78; interview with Hitler, 99-100; Sino-J apanese war, 129-130; German mediation, 134-135, 139, 140; becomes Ambassador, 145; German-J apanese commercial ne­gotiations, 160; alliance with Japan, 192; signs cultural pact, 198; alliance negotiations, 209-210,211; Japan and the Pact of Steel, 215-216; renewed negotiations, 216-217; Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 217-218, 224; trade treaty cancelled, 227; General Oshima, 230; on Japanese instability, 231-232, 235-236; Dutch East Indies, 238 n, 239-240; Japan and Indo­China, 241 ; J apanese territorial de­sires, 244, 245; new Konoye Cabinet, 250-251; and Matsuoka, 252-253, 255 negotiates Tripartite Pact, 259-263, 263-264; Russian-J apanese negoti­ations, 271; Matsuoka's trip, 277, 281, 282; and Singapore, 284, 286; Matsuoka's European visit, 288-293; J apanese-American negotiations, 296-297, 299; German-Russian war, 300-301, 303, 304-305, 308; disputes about America and Russia, 309-312; Tojo Cabinet, 313; no-separate-peace agreement, 314,316,317

Pabst, General J ean Charles, Dutch diplomat, 238

366 INDEX

Papen, Franz von, 64 Petain, Marshai Henri, 240 Pilsudski, J osef, 63 Poland, and relations with Germany,

63-64 Preussische Jahrbücher, pro-J apanese

article ( 1933), 39-40 Privy Council, operations described, 49;

approves Anti-Comintern Pact, 104-106; approves Tripartite Pact, 265

Racial philosophy, Naziparty use of, 1-3; special consideration for J apanese, 2, 7-13; and foreign affairs, 66. See also Hitler, Adolf; Rosenberg, Alfred.

Raeder, Admiral Erich, 214; seeks Ja­panese assistance, 233; uncertain about Japan, 277-278; Far Eastern strategic plans, 283-284, 292; Russo­J apanese. agreement, 294; J apanese­American negotiations, 298, 320 n

Rasse, Nazi periodical, racial statements, 11

Ratzel, Friedrich, 14 Raumer, Dr. Hans von, 60; and the

Anti-Comintern Pact, 97, 102-103; German-J apanese commercial ne­gotiations, 158; Triangle Pact, 175-179

Reichenau, General Walter von, barter agreement with China, 92-93, 149

Revue du Pacilique, on Japanese fascism, 65

Ribbentrop, J oachim von, 23; Hitler and the J apanese, 43, 47, 49; Hitler's authority, 55; character and influence 57 II; organizes his Büro, 59-60; con­tribution to Anglo-German naval agreement, 76; contacts with Japa­nese, 82-83; offer of alliance, 83-85, 89; negotiates Anti-Comintern Pact, 97, 102; pact approved by Hitler, 106; signs Anti-Comintern Pact, 109-110, 114,119, 164;Sino-Japanesewar, 129, 131; becomes foreign minister, 144-145; Iiquidation of German interests in China, 145-146; arms shipments to China, 156; German-Japanese com­mercial negotiations, 157-160; former German colonies, 160-161; Italian­Japanese negotiations, 173, 174-179; signs the Triangle Pact, 181-182; snubbed by Hitler, 184; on German foreign policy, 189-190, 192; alliance offer to Oshima, 191-192; Italy and his alliance projects, 192-193, 196-197; negotiates with Japan, 193-195; alliance with Italy, 199-200; alliance delayed, 200--201, 202-203; alliance negotiations continued, 204-207,

208-211; German-Russian rapproche­ment, 215; Pact of Steel, 215-216; Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 218, 223-225; receives General Terauchi, 227-228; Russian-J apanese truce, 228-229; and Japan, 229-231 ; Russia and Japan, 232, 236; visits Rome, 236-237; Dutch East Indies, 239; German colonial policy, 242; dis­cussion with Ambassador Sato, 244-246; usefulness of J apanese alliance, 254, 256; Stahmer's mission, 257; Tripartite Pact negotiated, 260-263, 263-264; alliance concluded, 265--266, 267-268; Tripartite Pact and Russia, 269; disappointing results from the Tripartite Pact, 271-275; Matsuoka's trip, 277, 281; and Singapore, 284; confers with Oshima, 285-286, 288; Masuoka's visit, 288-293; Russo­J apanese agreement, 294; J apanese­American negotiations, 297-299; German-Russian war, 300--301, 304-306, 308; disputes with Japan, 309-312; no-separate-peace agreement, 314-317

Roosevelt, Franklin, 133, 270, 309; and Prince Konoye, 310, 311 n

Rosenberg, Alfred, views on Japan, 7; modifies racial philosophy, 7-9; praise for Japan, 42-43; friendly feeling for Japan, 73

Russia, fundamental in Haushofer's calculations, 16-17, 20-22; cause for improvement in German-J apanese relations, 48; Gaimushö views on Russia, 51; reaction to German-Ja­panese entente, 52-53; suspicious of German-Polish relations, 63-64; in­telligence concerning German-Ja­panese cooperation, 79-80; JOms League and French alliance, 80; 7th World Congress of the Comintern, 80-81 ; foreign policy and German­J apanese relations, 85-86; reaction to German-Japanese entente, 89; op­poses Japan in Central Asia, 94; Anti­Comintern Pact, 108-109, 112; re­lationswithJapan, 122; Triangle Pact, 183-184; British and German over­tures, 210--211; Non<:~ggression Pact with Germany, 217-218, 223-224; truce with Japan, 228-229, 232; Tri­partite Pact, 260, 261-262, 263-264, 269; invited to join Tripartite Pact, 271-275; and new Japanese appro­aches, 277, 282, 284, 285, 287; Mat­suoka in Europe, 288-293; agreement with Japan, 293; war with Germany, 299-308

INDEX 367

Saionji, Prince Kimmochi, opposes treaty with Germany, 104, 113, 114; Triangle Pact, 183; against German alliance, 207; and Matsuoka, 251 ; Tripartite Pact, 267

Saito, Viscount Makoto, 93 Saito, Y oshie, and the Tripartite Pact,

260 Sato, Naotake, J apanese diplomat,

Anti-Comintem Pact, 125; friction with the German Ambassador, 125-126, 171; visits Germany, 244-246

Schacht, Hjalmar, 55, 75 Schleicher, General Kurt von, 68 Schmidt, Paul, German interpreter, 289;

Russo-J apanese agreement, 294 Seeckt, General Hans von, wamsagairrst

pro-J apanese policy, 41-42, 63; visits China (1934), 75; received by Hitler, 75-76

Shigemitsu, Mamoru, Japanese diplo­mat, 201

Shiratori, Toshio, J apanese diplomat, friendly to military and pro-German, 73; memorandum on Japan's foreign policy, 81-82; Ambassador to Italy, 199; confers with Oshima, 201, 202-203; alliance negotiations, 204, 206, 208; German-Russian rapprochement, 215, 217 n; recalled, 226; pro-German propaganda, 229, 232, 236, 250

Shirer, William L., American joumalist, 109, 232; Tripartite Pact, 266, 278

Singapore, British naval base, advant­ages of attacking, 277-278, 281-282; German Far Eastem strategy, 283-285, 285-286; and Matsuoka, 290--293, 299, 304

Sino-J apanese war, outbreak, 127; first German reaction, 127-129; Japanese protests about German aid to China, 129-130; origins of German medi­ation, 130-131; Brussels Conference, 132-133; German mediation, 134-142; failure of mediation, 143; German arms shipments, 151, 153-156; Ger­man-J apanese commercial negotia­tions, 156-160; effects on German­Japanese relations, 161-163; medi­ation suggested by Mussolini, 181-182

Sino-Russian Nonaggression Pact ( 1937), 128n

Smetanin, Constantin, Russian diplo­mat, 303

Sorge, Richard, Russian spy, suspects German-J apanese alliance, 80; Anti­Comintem Pact, 112; German-Russi­an war, 307

Stahmer, Heinrich, German diplomat, visits Japan, 235-236; J apanese

alliance, 255; sent to Tokyo, 256, 257, 259; negotiates Tripartite Pact, 259-263, 263-264, 278 n

Stalin, Joseph, wams the Japanese, 94, 211; agreement with Germany, 218, 219, 221, 224; and Japan, 232, 246; Tripartite Pact, 262; Molotov invited to Berlin, 272, 274; Matsuoka's visit, 289, 292-293; agreement with Japan, 293

Sugimura, Y otaro, J apanese diplomat, and the Sino-Japanese war, 128; re­lations with Italy, 165-168; against Italian-Japanese treaty, 168-170, 171

Sugiyama, General Gen, 127 Suma, Yakichiro, Japanese diplomat,

229

Takahashi, Viscount Korekiyo, 93 Takeuchi, Ryuji, J apanese diplomat,

206 Tatekawa, General Yoshitsugu, 271 Terauchi, General Seiki, 93; Anti-Com­

intern Pact, 100; resigns from Hirota Cabinet 118; visits Germany, 227-228,236

Three-Power Treaty, 28 Togliatti, Palmiro, 81 Togo, Shigenori, J apanese diplomat, 50;

Anti-Comintern Pact, 104; German mediation, 140, 141 n, 142; German arms shipments to China, 156; Ger­man-J apanese commercial negoti­ations, 157-160; opposes alliance with Germany, 191-192, 193-194, 201; arranges truce with Russia, 228-229; becomes Foreign Minister, 313-314, no-separate-peace agreement, 315

Tojo, General Hedeki, War Minister, 251 ; Cabinet divisions, 258; Tripar­tite Pact, 261, 265 ; German-Russian war, 299-300, 301, 306; becomes pre­mier, 312-313

Tokugawa, Prince Iyesato, visits Ger­many, 46

Toyoda, Admiral Sadajiro, Japanese Foreign Minister, 309; J apanese fo­reign policy, 309-312

Trautmann, Dr. Oskar, German diplo­mat, Anti-Comintern Pact, 111, 123; pro-Chinese speeches, 129; German mediation in the Sino-Japanese war, 135-142, 143; German position in China, 145-146; recalled, 146

Triangle Pact, basis for, 173; origins of, 17 4-179; final agreement, 180; pact signed, 181-182; reactions and com­ments, 182-184; importance of, 185-188

368 INDEX

Tripartite Pact, 22, 23, 24; basis for, 246-247; origins, 256-257; German motivations for, 253-254, 256-257; J apanese motivations for, 257-259; the pact negotiated, 259-263; secret additions, 263-264; approved by Japan, 264-265; signature of, 265-266; reactions to the pact, 266-269; disappointing results, 270-276; joint commissions established, 276; value considered, 278-280; and J apanese­American negotiations, 295-299; Russo-German war, 299-308,311-312; failure of the Japanese-American negotiations, 314-315; no-separate­peace agreement, 315-317; its useful­ness considered, 318-320

Uchida, Count Yasuya, Japanese Fo­reign Minister, 50

Ueda, General Kenkichi, and General Oshima, 69-70

Ugaki, Kazushige, Japanese Foreign Minister, 194, 197

Umezu, General Yoshijiro, 226 United States, balance of power in the

Pacific, 19, 24; relations with Japan, 25/f; Stimson doctrine, 31-32; foreign service information about German­Japanese relations, 77-78; Anti­Comintern Pact, 108-109, 117; de­fense policies and the German-J apa­nese entente, 256-257; Tripartite Pact, 260,261-262,263-264,265,269,270-271, 272; and Singapore, 283-284; and German policy, 286-287; negoti­ations with Japan, 294-299, 303, 304; occupies Iceland, 309; failure of the Japanese negotiations, 311-315

Usami, Uzuhiko, Japanese diplomat, 206

Utley, Freda, and the Anti-Comintern Pact, 117, 121

Versailles Peace Conference, J apanese demands at, 2, 26-27

Wakamatsu, Tadaichi, Japanese officer, visits Germany, 84-85

Walsh, Edmund, 23 Wang Ching-wei, 136; puppet regime,

237, 275-276; recognized by Germany 306

Washington Conference (1921), 7, 18; reasons held, 27; results, 27-28

Weizsäcker, Ernst von, German diplo­mat, 69; Sino-J apanese war, 128, 129; German mediation, 137; German in­terests in China, 146; Italian re­cognition of Manchukuo, 184-185; alliance with Japan, 192, 200, 209; and Russia, 211, 215 n; J apanese pro­tests, 223-225,230; Dutch Eastindies, 239; discussions with Kurusu, 254-255; Tripartite Pact and Russia, 269; and J apanese policy, 285; Matsuoka's visit, 289-290; J apanese-American negotiations, 298; Russo-German war 300-30 I, 306 n, 308; disputes with Japan, 309, 312; Tojo Cabinet, 313

Wiehl, Emil, German official, complaints against Japan, 235, 241

Woermann, Ernst, German diplomat, 215 n

World Congress of the Communist Inter­national ( 1935), resolutions against Germany and Japan, 80-81

Yamagata, Aritomo, 64 Yamaji, Akira, Japanese official, Anti­

Comintern Pact, 101-102 Yamamoto, Admiral Isoroku, meets

Ribbentrop, 82 Yanai, Hisao, Japanese diplomat, and

German aid to China, 129, 130 Yonai, Admiral Mitsumasa, against

German alliance, 203, 207; becomes premier, 233-234; Dutch East Indies, 237-239; French defeat and lndo­China, 240-241 ; German victories and J apanese desires, 241-246; resigns, 247

Y oshida, Admiral Zengo, Na vy Minister, 251; resigns, 257-258

Y oshitomi, Masaomi, J apanese diplo­mat, and racial philosophy, 72

Yüan Shih-k'ai, 26 Yurenev, Constantin, Russian diplomat,

108

Zeitschrift für Politik, on Germany and the Far East, 67