The Cold War

The Cold WarThe Cold War

Mrs. CarterMrs. Carter

United NationsUnited Nations

A system of collective securityA system of collective security Allied leadersAllied leaders Limited ability to carry out missionLimited ability to carry out mission General AssemblyGeneral Assembly Security CouncilSecurity Council

Maintain international peace and Maintain international peace and securitysecurity

Perm. Members: US, GB, SU, FrancePerm. Members: US, GB, SU, France 6 temp. members- elected for 2 yr terms6 temp. members- elected for 2 yr terms

United NationsUnited Nations

Each perm member had absolute Each perm member had absolute vetoveto power power

Western nations dominated and Western nations dominated and blocked communist nationsblocked communist nations

Humanitarian programs were Humanitarian programs were successfulsuccessful Universal Doctrine of Human RightsUniversal Doctrine of Human Rights

Inalienable rights of all people to religious Inalienable rights of all people to religious and civil libertyand civil liberty

Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials

Trial of war crimes for the holocaustTrial of war crimes for the holocaust GUIILTY- GUIILTY- “war crimes and atrocities”“war crimes and atrocities”

Nuremberg PrincipleNuremberg Principle

No soldier or civilian could be No soldier or civilian could be required, or should obey, an required, or should obey, an order that conflicted with basic order that conflicted with basic humanitarian tenets.humanitarian tenets.

France and the Soviet Union opposed France and the Soviet Union opposed the reunification of Germanythe reunification of Germany

US and GB wanted to rebuild US and GB wanted to rebuild Germany Germany as a counterforce to the Soviet Unionas a counterforce to the Soviet Union as a strong market of American and as a strong market of American and

British goodsBritish goods

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

Iron Curtain speech at Westminister Iron Curtain speech at Westminister College in MissouriCollege in Missouri

http://www.authentichistory.com/1950s/speeches/19460305_Winston_Churchill_Iron_Curtain_Speech.html

Iron CurtainIron Curtain

ContainmentContainment

To To containcontain Communism; to Communism; to prevent the spread of prevent the spread of CommunismCommunism

A doctrine uniting military, economic A doctrine uniting military, economic and diplomatic strategies to turn and diplomatic strategies to turn back communism and to secure for back communism and to secure for the United States the leading role in the United States the leading role in world affairsworld affairs

NSC-68NSC-68

George KennanGeorge Kennan

““Long Telegram”Long Telegram” Feared expansion of Soviet control in Feared expansion of Soviet control in

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Stalin’s speech- inevitability of war with Stalin’s speech- inevitability of war with

capitalist powerscapitalist powers US objective must be “a long-term, US objective must be “a long-term,

patient, but firm and vigilant patient, but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive containment of Russian expansive tendencies.”tendencies.”

Urged Truman to deploy it’s economic Urged Truman to deploy it’s economic and military resources to prevent the and military resources to prevent the Soviets from expanding beyond their Soviets from expanding beyond their sphere of influencesphere of influence

REGRETS- looking back Kennan REGRETS- looking back Kennan regretted not including the following regretted not including the following info in his reports:info in his reports: Failure to emphasize the difficulties that Failure to emphasize the difficulties that

Moscow would face in trying to rule Moscow would face in trying to rule East. And Central EuropeEast. And Central Europe

Failure to recognize that his essay would Failure to recognize that his essay would add to the fear of Communismadd to the fear of Communism

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

Military and economic aid to Turkey Military and economic aid to Turkey and Greeceand Greece

Congress agreed to $400 million in Congress agreed to $400 million in aidaid

2 “alternative ways of life”- Truman2 “alternative ways of life”- Truman Democracy & freedom OR totalitarianism, Democracy & freedom OR totalitarianism,

terror & oppressionterror & oppression Aid program was successful at Aid program was successful at

resisting Moscowresisting Moscow

Goal was to prevent the Soviet Union Goal was to prevent the Soviet Union from gaining a stronghold in either from gaining a stronghold in either Greece of TurkeyGreece of Turkey Prevent SV from gaining the Strait of Prevent SV from gaining the Strait of

Dardanelles (access to the Med. Sea)Dardanelles (access to the Med. Sea) Opposition:Opposition:

Henry Wallace- unfounded fear of Soviet Henry Wallace- unfounded fear of Soviet UnionUnion

Fiscal conservative- concerned about the Fiscal conservative- concerned about the costcost

Feared deeper, longer lasting foreign Feared deeper, longer lasting foreign “entanglements”“entanglements”

Support:Support: Dean Acheson- “Not since Rome and Dean Acheson- “Not since Rome and

Carthage….. [ has there been ] such a Carthage….. [ has there been ] such a polarization of power on this earth”polarization of power on this earth”

Must help those that wish to be Must help those that wish to be democraciesdemocracies

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

Background- Europe- post WWIIBackground- Europe- post WWII InflationInflation StarvationStarvation Crippled industry & infrastructureCrippled industry & infrastructure Battered & shaken are the strongholds Battered & shaken are the strongholds

of democracyof democracy Offered a program of massive US Offered a program of massive US

economic assistance to Western economic assistance to Western EuropeEurope


George C. MarshallGeorge C. Marshall US humanitarian reliefUS humanitarian relief Aid return of economic health and Aid return of economic health and

political stablilitypolitical stablility Claimed “not against any country or Claimed “not against any country or

doctrine but against hunger, poverty, doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos.”desperation and chaos.”


Further GoalsFurther Goals To promote European unity and to end To promote European unity and to end

national rivalriesnational rivalries Only a united Europe could present a Only a united Europe could present a

strong front against Soviet expansionismstrong front against Soviet expansionism Draft a unified recovery program- leading Draft a unified recovery program- leading

to an American-style of capitalismto an American-style of capitalism Opposition- Andrei VyshinskiOpposition- Andrei Vyshinski

““split Europe into two camps” , denied split Europe into two camps” , denied European nations their “inalienable European nations their “inalienable rights”rights”


US benefit- $$$$$$$US benefit- $$$$$$$ Increased US export to EuropeIncreased US export to Europe Decreased European exportsDecreased European exports US sent exports on CREDIT b/c Europe US sent exports on CREDIT b/c Europe

lacked creditlacked credit Europe ordered farm equipment, Europe ordered farm equipment,

industrial machinery, and other goods = industrial machinery, and other goods = $ to help American business$ to help American business

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan Europe’s benefitsEurope’s benefits

rebuild Europe’s economyrebuild Europe’s economy Create jobsCreate jobs Better living conditionsBetter living conditions Revival of world tradeRevival of world trade Emergence of multinationalsEmergence of multinationals

Another front against CommunismAnother front against Communism

EventsEvents June 1948- Western allies allow W. June 1948- Western allies allow W.

Germany to become developed. 1 Germany to become developed. 1 nation instead of divided zones of nation instead of divided zones of occupationoccupation

Stalin felt Soviet security was threatened Stalin felt Soviet security was threatened and stopped all traffic to West Berlinand stopped all traffic to West Berlin

US & GB respond with US & GB respond with Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift- food - food and supplies to W. Berlinand supplies to W. Berlin

May 1949- Soviet Union lifted blockadeMay 1949- Soviet Union lifted blockade East & West Berlin established as East & West Berlin established as

separate statesseparate states

NATO & Warsaw PactNATO & Warsaw Pact

North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization An attack against one shall be An attack against one shall be

considered an attack against them allconsidered an attack against them all Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

Soviet response to NATOSoviet response to NATO Wartime alliance Wartime alliance

Bretton WoodsBretton Woods New Hampshire in July 1944New Hampshire in July 1944 Allied nationsAllied nations Began planning to rebuild a world Began planning to rebuild a world

financial structurefinancial structure World Bank- help poor countries to World Bank- help poor countries to

develop transportation, health and develop transportation, health and EducationEducation

International Monetary Fund (IMF)- International Monetary Fund (IMF)- promote trade, monetary cooperation, promote trade, monetary cooperation, and exchange rate stability among non-and exchange rate stability among non-Communist industrial nationsCommunist industrial nations

Seen by Soviet Union as a strategy to Seen by Soviet Union as a strategy to end Communismend Communism

JapanJapan

In return for sovereignty they agreed In return for sovereignty they agreed to house US military bases and to house US military bases and troopstroops Strategic move for the USStrategic move for the US

ChinaChina

ChinaChina Communist Red Army- Mao Zedong- Communist Red Army- Mao Zedong-

mainland Chinamainland China Nationalists- Chiang Kai-Shek- TaiwanNationalists- Chiang Kai-Shek- Taiwan

Americans- Truman “lost China”Americans- Truman “lost China” Stalin signed a formal alliance with Stalin signed a formal alliance with

Mao Zedong ***threat of Mao Zedong ***threat of international communism***international communism***

US/Soviet Arms RaceUS/Soviet Arms Race

US expands # of US expands # of atomic bombsatomic bombs Testing in Bikini AtollTesting in Bikini Atoll

Soviets began Soviets began testing A-bomb in testing A-bomb in 19491949

Both began testing Both began testing hydrogen bombs hydrogen bombs (more powerful (more powerful than atomic)than atomic)

On the Homefront: TrumanOn the Homefront: Truman

TrumanTruman

Disliked by many AmericansDisliked by many Americans Bring the Boys Home Movement- rapid Bring the Boys Home Movement- rapid

demobilizationdemobilization Taft- Hartley Act (veto)Taft- Hartley Act (veto) Won 1948 election- Americans feared a Won 1948 election- Americans feared a

reversal of the New Dealreversal of the New Deal Desegregated armed forces and Desegregated armed forces and

banned discrimination in federal civil banned discrimination in federal civil serviceservice

Fair DealFair Deal

Truman VS. CongressTruman VS. Congress

Little headway was madeLittle headway was made Disputes over Fair Deal programsDisputes over Fair Deal programs Disputes over Taft-Hartley ActDisputes over Taft-Hartley Act Variety of bills were defeatedVariety of bills were defeated

Taft-Hartley ActTaft-Hartley Act ““slave labor bill”slave labor bill” Reversed much of the Wagner ActReversed much of the Wagner Act Required union officials to swear they Required union officials to swear they

weren’t Communistsweren’t Communists Made it more difficult for workers to Made it more difficult for workers to

establish unionsestablish unions Truman vetoed itTruman vetoed it Congress overrode the vetoCongress overrode the veto

Dem. Party wanted Truman to resign, to Dem. Party wanted Truman to resign, to be replaced by Eisenhowerbe replaced by Eisenhower

Fair DealFair Deal

Truman’s reform program included:Truman’s reform program included: National health careNational health care Federal aid to educationFederal aid to education Civil rights legislationCivil rights legislation Funds for public housingFunds for public housing New farm programNew farm program Increasing minimum wage and social Increasing minimum wage and social

securitysecurity Conservatives blocked most programsConservatives blocked most programs

Min. wage and ss were the exceptionsMin. wage and ss were the exceptions

Fair DealFair Deal

Most reforms were defeated for 2 Most reforms were defeated for 2 reason:reason: Conflict between Truman and CongressConflict between Truman and Congress Foreign policy concerns of the Cold WarForeign policy concerns of the Cold War

On the Homefront: SubterfugeOn the Homefront: Subterfuge

National Security Act (1947)National Security Act (1947) Established Department of Defense, Established Department of Defense,

National Security CouncilNational Security Council Administer and coordinate defense Administer and coordinate defense

policies and to advice the presidentpolicies and to advice the president Established Central Intelligence Established Central Intelligence

Agency (CIA)Agency (CIA) Obtain political, military and economic Obtain political, military and economic

information from around the worldinformation from around the world Classified- secret from Congress and publicClassified- secret from Congress and public

Fear of Communist conspiracy and Fear of Communist conspiracy and subversionsubversion

Executive Order 9835- barred Executive Order 9835- barred members of the Communist Party & members of the Communist Party & sympathizers from the federal sympathizers from the federal governmentgovernment

Published alist of possibly subversive Published alist of possibly subversive organizationsorganizations

On the Homefront: 2On the Homefront: 2ndnd Red Scare Red Scare

HUACHUAC

House Un-American Activities CommitteeHouse Un-American Activities Committee ““friendly witnesses”friendly witnesses” ““unfriendly witnesses”- stood behind 1unfriendly witnesses”- stood behind 1stst

amendment freedom of speechamendment freedom of speech Advertisers pulled funding during particular Advertisers pulled funding during particular

moviesmovies Looked for Communists in government, Looked for Communists in government,

Hollywood and organizations (Boy Hollywood and organizations (Boy Scouts)Scouts)

BlacklistsBlacklists

Espionage Cases:Espionage Cases:Alger HissAlger Hiss

Official with the Official with the State DepartmentState Department

Accused of being a Accused of being a CommunistCommunist

Accused of giving Accused of giving secret documents secret documents to a Communistto a Communist

Found guiltyFound guilty JailedJailed

Espionage Cases:Espionage Cases:Julius & Ethel RosenbergJulius & Ethel Rosenberg

Accused of stealing & plotting to Accused of stealing & plotting to convey atomic secrets to Soviets convey atomic secrets to Soviets during WWIIduring WWII

Guilty of treason & executed in 1953Guilty of treason & executed in 1953 Executed in 1953Executed in 1953

McCarthyismMcCarthyism

Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy Believed Communist Believed Communist

conspiracy reached conspiracy reached into the governmentinto the government

Wild accusationsWild accusations Claimed Democrats Claimed Democrats

were “soft on were “soft on Communism” b/c Communism” b/c they had “lost” Chinathey had “lost” China

Silence critics of the Cold WarSilence critics of the Cold War Went after Jews, African Americans, Went after Jews, African Americans,

immigrants, homosexuals, women’s immigrants, homosexuals, women’s groups- those that were too weak to groups- those that were too weak to fight backfight back

McCarthy’s popularity grew because McCarthy’s popularity grew because of the American fear of Communismof the American fear of Communism

People were afraid to go against him People were afraid to go against him because he became so powerfulbecause he became so powerful

Finally seen as a bully during the Finally seen as a bully during the televised Army-McCarthy hearings- televised Army-McCarthy hearings- end of careerend of career

““witch hunt” lasted for 3 yearswitch hunt” lasted for 3 years

On the Homefront: DomesticOn the Homefront: Domestic

Baby Boom- 1950s- 1960s Baby Boom- 1950s- 1960s Couples married earlier, had children Couples married earlier, had children

earlier, had more childrenearlier, had more children Dr. Spock “Baby and Child Care”Dr. Spock “Baby and Child Care”

Consumer SpendingConsumer Spending

2 income families = middle class= 2 income families = middle class= higher standard of living= more higher standard of living= more consumer spendingconsumer spending

ReligionReligion

Billy Graham- Billy Graham- evangelical evangelical minister- 1minister- 1stst televised crusades televised crusades for religious revivalfor religious revival

““God Centered God Centered homes” and warned homes” and warned against women who against women who tried to “wear the tried to “wear the trousers”trousers”

MoviesMovies

Warned against Warned against apathy toward the apathy toward the threat of threat of CommunismCommunism

KoreaKorea

1945- Korea divided at 381945- Korea divided at 38thth parallel parallel North= Soviets South= USNorth= Soviets South= US

1949- USSR & US pulled out of Korea 1949- USSR & US pulled out of Korea 1950 North invaded the South1950 North invaded the South

Civil war?Civil war? Test by the Soviets?Test by the Soviets?

Truman got approval from UN Security Truman got approval from UN Security Council to send troops. MacArthur was Council to send troops. MacArthur was sent to stop the Communist drivesent to stop the Communist drive

KoreaKorea

Truman expanded war goalsTruman expanded war goals Push Communists back to ChinaPush Communists back to China Reunite Korea as a democratic societyReunite Korea as a democratic society

China’s responseChina’s response Crossing the 38Crossing the 38thth parallel would be seen parallel would be seen

as a security threatas a security threat MacArthur- promised a speedy MacArthur- promised a speedy

victory and the boys would be “home victory and the boys would be “home for Christmas”for Christmas”

China entered the conflict and China entered the conflict and pushed the US back across the 38pushed the US back across the 38thth

Stalemate at the 38Stalemate at the 38thth

18 mo of negotiations and fighting18 mo of negotiations and fighting ““There is no substitute for victory!”- There is no substitute for victory!”-

MacArthurMacArthur MacArthur was dismissed for MacArthur was dismissed for

insubordination- nearly caused a insubordination- nearly caused a Chinese-American WarChinese-American War

Summer 1953- North and South Summer 1953- North and South Korea occupied nearly identical Korea occupied nearly identical territory as at the beginningterritory as at the beginning

Election of 1952Election of 1952

Rep. Dwight D. Eisenhower “Ike”Rep. Dwight D. Eisenhower “Ike” VP Richard NixonVP Richard Nixon

Checkers SpeechCheckers Speech Scandal accepting personal gifts Scandal accepting personal gifts

Voters wanted peace and Voters wanted peace and government assisted prosperitygovernment assisted prosperity

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/images/http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/images/richardnixoncheckers.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/richardnixoncheckers.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/richardnixoncheckers.html&h=343&w=464&sz=22&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=IxKo5wwlrichardnixoncheckers.html&h=343&w=464&sz=22&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=IxKo5wwljaELcM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCheckers%2Bspeech%26gbvjaELcM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=128&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCheckers%2Bspeech%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%3D2%26hl%3Den

The Cold War

Documents

Transcript of The Cold War