WWI : “The Great War” 1914-1918 APUSH Chapter 30: The War to End the War.
The Cold War APUSH: Chapter 36: The Cold War Begins.
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Transcript of The Cold War APUSH: Chapter 36: The Cold War Begins.
The Cold WarAPUSH:
Chapter 36: The Cold War Begins
What Is The Cold War? Intense rivalry between the U.S. & Soviet
Union
Essential Question 1. What were the origins and developments
of the cold war?
Origins of The Cold War: 1. Ideological Differences: Communism vs.
Capitalism (economic, political, philosophical disputes) 2. Competition for global power & Influence 3. Mutual Distrust 4. Atomic Weapons – “Arms Race”
American Presidents – Cold War 1. Harry Truman 1948-1952 2. Dwight D. Eisenhower 1952-1960 3. John F. Kennedy 1960-
Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)_
United Nations Charter of United
Nations (1945) 1. “maintenance of
international peace and security”
2. 5 permanent members
U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China
3. 15 members in total
Origins of Cold War (after WWII) 1. Joseph Stalin
(Soviet Union) Established Spheres
of Influence In Eastern Europe
Origins of Cold War 2. Eastern European
nations Became Soviet “satellites” (1946-1948)
3. Soviets refused to
sign plan eliminating atomic weapons
Origins of Cold War 4. Soviets refused to
allow free elections in Eastern Europe
5. Stalin hoped to establish “communist block”
clear violation of war conference agreements
Winston Churchill : “An iron curtain has descended across
Europe” - 1946
Policy of Containment President Truman interested in “containing
communism from spreading” Possible Soviet domination a threat to U.S. Truman Doctrine (1947): funding to assist
countries in repelling a possible communist take over
Marshall Plan A Plan to re-build war
torn Western Europe $3 billion over 4 yr
period Proposed by: George
Marshall, U.S. Secretary of State
Berlin Airlift, 1948 Joseph Stalin Cut off city of Berlin
from Western contact Blocked all routes into
Berlin with Soviet troops Why? tired of U.S. intrusion in
European affairs
Berlin Blockade, 1948
Berlin Airlift, 1948 American planes
delivered supplies to city
For 11 months
Berlin Airlift- American “Candy Bombers”
American servicemen Flew over Berlin and
dropped candy for city’s children
Alliances… President Truman joined
alliance with W. European countries, Canada, Iceland
NATO –North Atlantic treaty organization
Alliances… Stalin’s response: Warsaw Pact –
1955 Communist Eastern
European military alliance
Once a member, a nation can NEVER leave!
The Atomic Race Begins Superior large scale
weapons Soviet Union exploded
first A- Bomb 1949 1952 U.S. developed
Hydrogen bomb 1,000 X’s stronger
than A-bomb
U.S. Domestic Policy 1. National Security Act (1947)- created
the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
2. NSC-68- secret document discussed Soviet plans for world domination, encouraged U.S. to build up military
Containment in Asia China “fell” to
communism 1949 1950 Mao Tse- Tung
and Joseph Stalin signed pact
2 large nations = “communist block”
Korean War 1945 Allies divided Korea Border between North &
South 38th Parallel
North Korea = communist China and Soviet Union
supplied weapons
Korean War N. Korea invaded
South Korea, June 1950
U.S. authorized “police action” of military force to liberate South Korea
Conflict ended in “stalemate”
Dwight D. Eisenhower Became President,
1952 American foreign
policy : He would support nations who sought liberation from communism
Eisenhower’s Policies 1. “brinkmanship” – U.S. would push
aggressor nation to the “brink “of nuclear war, forcing them to back down
2. “massive retaliation” – U.S. would release arsenal of nuclear weapons on any threat
Geneva Convention, 1954 French lost colonies in
Indochina Geneva Convention
agreed to split up territory:
Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
Divided Vietnam into communist north, anti-communist south
Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957 Policy designed to counter Soviet influence
in the Middle East by offering military aid to those countries seeking help from resisting Communist aggression
Joseph Stalin died, 1953 Nikita Krushchev took
over Soviet Union 1958 demanded
removal of westerners from Berlin
Eisenhower called meeting…
Tense Times… Soviets discovered American U-2 spy
plane And it was shot down 2 weeks before
meeting…
John F. Kennedy Elected President
1960 Defeated Richard
Nixon
Berlin Wall Soviets began
construction, 1961 To prevent East
Berliners from escaping to West
President Kennedy Traveled to Berlin,
1963 Did not stop
construction Proclaimed support for
people in Berlin"Ich bin ein Berliner."
Castro Communizes Cuba Dictator Batista
overthrown by Fidel Castro 1959
Established communist state
Asked Soviets for Help U.S. cut off diplomatic
relations w/ Castro
Bay of Pigs April 1961 U.S. planned Invasion
of Cuba Attempt to overthrow
Castro Failure Embarrassment to
President Kennedy
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 Fidel Castro &
Khrushchev joined forces
U.S. spy plane discovered
Building of nuclear missile sites in Cuba
Kennedy Ordered … Removal of missiles U.S. enacted naval blockade against Cuba Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles if… U.S. agreed never to invade Cuba again ,
and remove their missiles from Turkey
American Espionage “ Red Scare” Fear of spies in the
U.S. Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg – accused of delivering atomic secrets to Soviets
Convicted of treason & espionage 1951
Sentenced to death
Senator Joseph McCarthy1. Wanted to uncover &
prosecute American Communists
2. Used media to his advantage
3. His accusations mostly false
4. Hearings televised
5. Modern day “witch hunt”
.
Living in Fear… Threat of nuclear war Bomb shelters People purchased
canned goods/water “duck and cover” drills
in schools
Living In Fear… The National Highway
Act 1956 Created interstate
freeway system 42,000 miles of road
Interstate Highways… Meant to provide :
quick evacuation , emergency landing of planes, transport of missiles
Space Race 1. Russian Space Satellite Sputnik
launched 1957 2. U.S. created National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) 1958 Congress allocated millions to better
prepare students in math, science, foreign languages
Cause of Cold WAR? View #1: Stalin wanted world domination,
U.S. had no choice but to defend democratic, capitalist values.
View #2: Truman adopted an aggressive foreign policy, and sought to create American spheres of influence throughout world
Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era
1952-1960Popular Culture & American Society
in the 1950’s
1950’s Popular Culture
Servicemen’s Re-adjustment Act, 1944
Also known as the “G.I.” Bill
Huge impact on American society & economy in the 1950’s
Opportunities for WWII Veterans
G.I. Bill Offered… 1. University
education 2. Vocational
Training 3. Small business
loans 3. Home loans
Universities Award 2x’s as
many degrees in 1950 as opposed to 1940
8 million vets used G.I. funds to attend Colleges &Universities
1950’s Prosperity Credit Cards:
Diner’s Club, American Express, 1958
Low interest home loans
Who is the 1950’s The Middle Class?
1. At least some college education
2. Men work – white collar jobs, or blue collar management
3. Own 2 cars 4. Own suburban home 5. Stay at home wife, 2
kids 6. mostly white
“Auto Mania” Cars Facilitate
movement 85% of homes built
in 1950’s built in the suburbs.
Growth of Suburbs Tract homes built
en masse in the 1950’s
“Levittowns”- emerged (planned communities in suburbs)
Levitt Construction company- east coast
Growth of Suburbs Average home
price 1950’s: $11,500 - $14,500
Lakewood, Ca- 1st Planned Community in L.A.
STEP 1 STEP 2
Lakewood, Ca- 1st Planned Community in L.A.
STEP 3 STEP 4
“White Flight” White, middle
class Moved to suburbs
Loans denied to minorities
60% of Americans owned homes by end of 50’s
National Highway Act 1956 “Interstate”
Highways unified nation
$40 billion 41,000 mile
construction project
Popular Culture Along Highways The emergence of
fast food chains, motels, shopping malls
Baby Boom 50-75 million
babies born between 1946-1964
“at home” mothers depicted in popular culture
Women in the 1950’s 1950’s Middle
Class ideal: stay at home mom
Husband earns enough money so wife does not have to work
Television Culture 9 in 10 homes had
T.V. sets by 1960 Facilitated the
spread of “fads”
1950’s Fads Hula Hoops!
Records! Barbie! Telephone booth
stuffing!
Rock N’ Roll Term coined by DJ
Alan Freed 1951 Controversial Society concerned
about teenagers
Rebellious Youth in Film James Dean -
“Rebel Without a Cause” (1955)
Marlon Brando –
“ The Wild One” (1954)
Disneyland Opened in
Anaheim, CA 1955 Price of admission:
$1
The Construction of Disneyland… Does Disneyland represent the social
idealism of the 1950’s??
Poverty and Urban Blight By 1960, 35 million
people lived below poverty line
Inner city deteriorated into slums
Reality of the ignored
1950’s Reality: 1. Racism, discrimination, segregation 2. Popular Culture depicts white middle
class experience 3. Poverty, urban blight, inequality