The CNGS Facility: Performance and Operational...
Transcript of The CNGS Facility: Performance and Operational...
The CNGS Facility Performance and Operational Experience
E Gschwendtner CERN
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
bull Introductionbull Layout and Main Parametersbull Performancebull Summary
Outline
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
3
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle PhysicsIf flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different
neutrino oscillation
Δm221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 Δm21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
Δm232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 Δm32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin22θ23 gt 093 θ23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing θ=45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles θ
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
4
Neutrino IntroductionΔm2
32hellip governs the νμ to ντ oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino oscillation
CERN
Gran Sassoντ interaction in the target produces a τ lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink
2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
p + C rarr (interactions) rarr π+ K+ rarr (decay in flight) rarr μ+ + νμ
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday~1017 νμ day~1011 νμ day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 νμ interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)2-3 ντ interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 1831019 pot
~1ντ observed interaction with 21019 pot
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
hor 005 vert 003Beam divergence [mrad]
05 mm Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm]
hor 10 vert 20Beta at focus [m]
5Bunch spacing [ns]
2Bunch length [ns] (4σ)
24Intensity per extraction [1013 p]
2100 of bunches per pulse
105Batch length [μs]
2 separated by 50 ms extractions per cycle
007 +- 20Momentum spread Δpp
H=0028 V= 0016Emittance [μm]
H=12 V=7Normalized emittance [μm]
400Nominal energy [GeV]
Nominal CNGS beamBeam parameters
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 μs extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towardsGran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 μm carbon or 12 μm titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
bull Introductionbull Layout and Main Parametersbull Performancebull Summary
Outline
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
3
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle PhysicsIf flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different
neutrino oscillation
Δm221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 Δm21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
Δm232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 Δm32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin22θ23 gt 093 θ23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing θ=45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles θ
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
4
Neutrino IntroductionΔm2
32hellip governs the νμ to ντ oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino oscillation
CERN
Gran Sassoντ interaction in the target produces a τ lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink
2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
p + C rarr (interactions) rarr π+ K+ rarr (decay in flight) rarr μ+ + νμ
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday~1017 νμ day~1011 νμ day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 νμ interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)2-3 ντ interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 1831019 pot
~1ντ observed interaction with 21019 pot
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
hor 005 vert 003Beam divergence [mrad]
05 mm Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm]
hor 10 vert 20Beta at focus [m]
5Bunch spacing [ns]
2Bunch length [ns] (4σ)
24Intensity per extraction [1013 p]
2100 of bunches per pulse
105Batch length [μs]
2 separated by 50 ms extractions per cycle
007 +- 20Momentum spread Δpp
H=0028 V= 0016Emittance [μm]
H=12 V=7Normalized emittance [μm]
400Nominal energy [GeV]
Nominal CNGS beamBeam parameters
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 μs extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towardsGran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 μm carbon or 12 μm titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
3
Neutrino Parameter Status July 2008 Review of Particle PhysicsIf flavor eigenstates and mass eigenstates are different (mixing) and if masses are different
neutrino oscillation
Δm221 = 8 plusmn 03 x 10-5 eV2 Δm21 = 9 plusmn 017 meV solar and reactor Neutrinos
Δm232 = 25 plusmn 05 x 10-3 eV2 Δm32 = 50 plusmn 5 meV Atmospheric and long Baseline
sin22θ23 gt 093 θ23=353 degrees compatible with max mixing θ=45 degrees
Mixing of the three neutrinos unitary 3x3 matrix 4 parameters like the CKM matrix for Quarks CP violating phase not yet accessible currently 3 mixing angles θ
Mass states Flavor states
~
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
4
Neutrino IntroductionΔm2
32hellip governs the νμ to ντ oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino oscillation
CERN
Gran Sassoντ interaction in the target produces a τ lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink
2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
p + C rarr (interactions) rarr π+ K+ rarr (decay in flight) rarr μ+ + νμ
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday~1017 νμ day~1011 νμ day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 νμ interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)2-3 ντ interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 1831019 pot
~1ντ observed interaction with 21019 pot
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
hor 005 vert 003Beam divergence [mrad]
05 mm Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm]
hor 10 vert 20Beta at focus [m]
5Bunch spacing [ns]
2Bunch length [ns] (4σ)
24Intensity per extraction [1013 p]
2100 of bunches per pulse
105Batch length [μs]
2 separated by 50 ms extractions per cycle
007 +- 20Momentum spread Δpp
H=0028 V= 0016Emittance [μm]
H=12 V=7Normalized emittance [μm]
400Nominal energy [GeV]
Nominal CNGS beamBeam parameters
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 μs extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towardsGran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 μm carbon or 12 μm titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
4
Neutrino IntroductionΔm2
32hellip governs the νμ to ντ oscillation
Up to now only measured by disappearance of muon neutrinosbull Produce muon neutrino beam measure muon neutrino flux at near detectorbull Extrapolate muon neutrino flux to a far detectorbull Measure muon neutrino flux at far detectorbull Difference is interpreted as oscillation from muon neutrinos to undetected tau neutrinos
K2K NuMI
CNGS (CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso) long base-line appearance experiment
bull Produce muon neutrino beam at CERNbull Measure tau neutrinos in Gran Sasso Italy
(732km) Very convincing verification of the neutrino oscillation
CERN
Gran Sassoντ interaction in the target produces a τ lepton Identification of tau lepton by characteristic kink
2 detectors in Gran Sassobull OPERA (12kton) emulsion target detector
~146000 lead-emulsion bricksbull ICARUS (600ton) liquid argon TPC
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
p + C rarr (interactions) rarr π+ K+ rarr (decay in flight) rarr μ+ + νμ
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday~1017 νμ day~1011 νμ day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 νμ interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)2-3 ντ interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 1831019 pot
~1ντ observed interaction with 21019 pot
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
hor 005 vert 003Beam divergence [mrad]
05 mm Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm]
hor 10 vert 20Beta at focus [m]
5Bunch spacing [ns]
2Bunch length [ns] (4σ)
24Intensity per extraction [1013 p]
2100 of bunches per pulse
105Batch length [μs]
2 separated by 50 ms extractions per cycle
007 +- 20Momentum spread Δpp
H=0028 V= 0016Emittance [μm]
H=12 V=7Normalized emittance [μm]
400Nominal energy [GeV]
Nominal CNGS beamBeam parameters
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 μs extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towardsGran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 μm carbon or 12 μm titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
5
CNGS Conventional Neutrino Beams
p + C rarr (interactions) rarr π+ K+ rarr (decay in flight) rarr μ+ + νμ
Produce pions and Kaons to make neutrinos
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday~1017 νμ day~1011 νμ day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 νμ interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)2-3 ντ interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 1831019 pot
~1ντ observed interaction with 21019 pot
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
hor 005 vert 003Beam divergence [mrad]
05 mm Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm]
hor 10 vert 20Beta at focus [m]
5Bunch spacing [ns]
2Bunch length [ns] (4σ)
24Intensity per extraction [1013 p]
2100 of bunches per pulse
105Batch length [μs]
2 separated by 50 ms extractions per cycle
007 +- 20Momentum spread Δpp
H=0028 V= 0016Emittance [μm]
H=12 V=7Normalized emittance [μm]
400Nominal energy [GeV]
Nominal CNGS beamBeam parameters
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 μs extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towardsGran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 μm carbon or 12 μm titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
6
targetmagnetichorns
decay tunnel
hadron absorber
muon detector 1
muon detector 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday~1017 νμ day~1011 νμ day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 νμ interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)2-3 ντ interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 1831019 pot
~1ντ observed interaction with 21019 pot
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
hor 005 vert 003Beam divergence [mrad]
05 mm Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm]
hor 10 vert 20Beta at focus [m]
5Bunch spacing [ns]
2Bunch length [ns] (4σ)
24Intensity per extraction [1013 p]
2100 of bunches per pulse
105Batch length [μs]
2 separated by 50 ms extractions per cycle
007 +- 20Momentum spread Δpp
H=0028 V= 0016Emittance [μm]
H=12 V=7Normalized emittance [μm]
400Nominal energy [GeV]
Nominal CNGS beamBeam parameters
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 μs extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towardsGran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 μm carbon or 12 μm titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
7
CERN Neutrinos to Gran SassoIntroduction
Approved for 225 1019 protons on targetie 5 years with 451019 pot year
(200 days nominal intensity)
221017 potday~1017 νμ day~1011 νμ day at detector in Gran Sasso
3600 νμ interactionsyear in OPERA(charged current interactions)2-3 ντ interactions detectedyear in OPERA
CNGS Run 2008 1781019 pot
Typical size of a detector at Gran Sasso
500m
1000m 3000m
Run 2009 today 1831019 pot
~1ντ observed interaction with 21019 pot
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
hor 005 vert 003Beam divergence [mrad]
05 mm Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm]
hor 10 vert 20Beta at focus [m]
5Bunch spacing [ns]
2Bunch length [ns] (4σ)
24Intensity per extraction [1013 p]
2100 of bunches per pulse
105Batch length [μs]
2 separated by 50 ms extractions per cycle
007 +- 20Momentum spread Δpp
H=0028 V= 0016Emittance [μm]
H=12 V=7Normalized emittance [μm]
400Nominal energy [GeV]
Nominal CNGS beamBeam parameters
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 μs extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towardsGran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 μm carbon or 12 μm titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
8
hor 005 vert 003Beam divergence [mrad]
05 mm Beam sizes at 400 GeV [mm]
hor 10 vert 20Beta at focus [m]
5Bunch spacing [ns]
2Bunch length [ns] (4σ)
24Intensity per extraction [1013 p]
2100 of bunches per pulse
105Batch length [μs]
2 separated by 50 ms extractions per cycle
007 +- 20Momentum spread Δpp
H=0028 V= 0016Emittance [μm]
H=12 V=7Normalized emittance [μm]
400Nominal energy [GeV]
Nominal CNGS beamBeam parameters
CNGS Proton Beam Parameters
Expected beam performance 45 x 1019 protonsyear on target
500kW beam power
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 μs extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towardsGran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 μm carbon or 12 μm titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
9
most challenging zone Target Chamber (targetndashhornndashreflector)
CNGS Challengesbull High Intensity High Energy Proton Beam
(500kW 400GeVc)ndash Induced radioactivity
bull In components shielding fluids etchellipndash Intervention on equipment lsquoimpossiblersquo
bull Remote handling by overhead cranebull Replace broken equipment no repairbull Human intervention only after long lsquocooling timersquo
ndash Design of equipment compromisebull Eg horn inner conductor for neutrino yield thin tube for reliability thick tube
bull Intense Short Beam Pulses Small Beam Spot(up to 35x1013 per 105 μs extraction lt 1 mm spot)ndash Thermo mechanical shocks by energy deposition (designing target rods
thin windows etchellip)
Proton beam Tuning Interlocks
Introduction
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towardsGran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 μm carbon or 12 μm titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
10
CNGS Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towardsGran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 μm carbon or 12 μm titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
11
CNGS Primary Beam Line100m extraction together with LHC 620m long arc to bend towardsGran Sasso 120m long focusing section
Magnet Systembull 73 MBG Dipoles
ndash 17 T nominal field at 400 GeVcbull 20 Quadrupole Magnets
ndash Nominal gradient 40 Tmbull 12 Corrector Magnets
Beam Instrumentationbull 23 Beam Position Monitors (Button Electrode BPMs)
ndash recuperated from LEPndash Last one is strip-line coupler pick-up operated in airndash mechanically coupled to target
bull 8 Beam profile monitorsndash Optical transition radiation monitors 75 μm carbon or 12 μm titanium screens
bull 2 Beam current transformersbull 18 Beam Loss monitors
ndash SPS type N2 filled ionization chambers
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
12
Primary Beam Line
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
13
434m100m
1095m 18m 5m 5m67m
27m
TBID
Air cooled graphite targetndash Target table movable horizontallyvertically for alignment
bull Multiplicity detector TBID ionization chambers
bull 2 horns (horn and reflector)ndash Water cooled pulsed with 10ms half-sine wave pulse of up to 150180kA remote polarity change
possible
bull Decay pipe ndash 1000m diameter 245m 1mbar vacuum 3mm Ti entrance window 50mm carbon steel water cooled
exit window
bull Hadron absorber ndash Absorbs 100kW of protons and other hadrons
bull 2 muon monitor stations muon fluxes and profiles
CNGS Secondary Beam LineCNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
14
CNGS Target13 graphite rods each 10cm long
Oslash = 5mm andor 4mm
27mm interaction length
Ten targets (+1 prototype) have been built Assembled in two magazines
Target magazine 1 unit used 4 in-situ spares CNGS Facility ndash Layout
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
15
CNGS Horn and Reflector
bull 150kA180kA pulsedbull 7m long inner conductor 18mm thickbull Designed for 2107 pulsesbull Water cooling to evacuate 26kWbull 1 spare horn (no reflector yet)
Design featuresbull Water cooling circuit
ndash In situ spare easy switchbull ltlt1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1w stop
ndash Remote water connectionbull Remote handling amp electrical connections
ndash ltlt 1mSv total dose after 1y beam 1m stopbull Remote and quick polarity change
035 m
inner conductor
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
16
Decay Tube
ndash steel pipendash 1mbarndash 994m longndash 245m diameter t=18mm
surrounded by 50cm concrete ndash entrance window 3mm Tindash exit window 50mm carbon steel
water cooled
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
17
60cm270cm
1125cm
bull 2 x 41 fixed monitors (Ionization Chambers)
bull 2 x 1 movable monitor
LHC type Beam Loss Monitorsbull Stainless steel cylinder bull Al electrodes 05cm separationbull N2 gas filling
CNGS
bull Muon Intensityndash Up to 8 107 cm2105μs
CNGS Facility ndash Layout and Main Parameters
Muon Monitors
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
18
CNGS Performance2008 18 June ndash 3 November 2008bull Excellent performance of the CNGS Facilitybull CNGS modifications finished successfullybull Beam line equipment working well and stable
178middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 10100 on-time eventsbull 1700 candidate interaction in bricks
2009 28 May - 31 August 2009 18middot1019 protons on target
OPERA experimentbull 11186 on-time eventsbull 1929 candidate interaction in bricks
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
19
2009 Protons on Target
02E+184E+186E+188E+181E+19
12E+1914E+1916E+1918E+19
2E+1922E+1924E+1926E+1928E+19
3E+1932E+1934E+1936E+19
22-M
ay
29-M
ay
5-Ju
n
12-J
un
19-J
un
26-J
un
3-Ju
l
10-J
ul
17-J
ul
24-J
ul
31-J
ul
7-A
ug
14-A
ug
21-A
ug
28-A
ug
4-Se
p
11-S
ep
18-S
ep
25-S
ep
2-O
ct
9-O
ct
16-O
ct
23-O
ct
30-O
ct
6-N
ov
13-N
ov
20-N
ov
27-N
ov
inte
grat
ed p
roto
ns o
n ta
rget
Expected potAchieved pot
Current expected pot 168E19Current achieved pot 18E19
Total POT expected 2009 322E19
Total POT 2008 178E19
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
20
Beam Intensity
Error rms spread
Protons on targetextraction
x 1010
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
21
ABMB 14 Oct 2008E Gschwendtner ABATB
21
target
muon detectors pit 1
muon detectors pit 2
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
22
CNGS Polarity Puzzle
bull Observation of asymmetry in horizontal direction between
ndash Neutrino (focusing of mesons with positive charge)ndash Anti-neutrino (focusing of mesons with negative
charge)
270cm
1125cm
Muon Detector Sensitive to any beam change (eg offset of beam vs target at 50μm level)Online feedback on quality of neutrino beam
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
23
CNGS Polarity PuzzleExplanation Earth magnetic field in 1km long decay tube
ndash calculate B components in CNGS reference systemndash Partially shielding of magnetic field due to decay tube steel
Results in shifts of the observed magnitudeMeasurements and simulations agree very well (absolute comparison within 5 in first muon pit)
Lines simulated μ fluxPoints measurementsNormalized to max=1
NeutrinoFocusing on
positive charge
Anti-neutrinoFocusing on
negative charge
FLU
KA
sim
ulat
ions
P S
ala
et a
l 200
8
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
24
Muon Monitors Measurements vs Simulations
Excellent agreement
pit 1 Horizontal
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575
cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 1
pit 1 Vertical
0
005
01
015
02
025
03
035
04
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 1 pit 2 Vertical
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Vertical Profile Pit 2
pit 2 Horizontal
0
0002
0004
0006
0008
001
0012
0014
-1575 -135 -1125 -90 -675 -45 -225 0 225 45 675 90 1125 135 1575cm
chp
ot
measurementsimulation
Horizontal Profile Pit 2
MeasurementsSimulations
P S
ala
et a
l FL
UK
A s
imul
atio
ns 2
008
CNGS Performance
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
25
Summarybull CNGS commissioned in 2006bull Modifications in CNGS facility and Completion of OPERA
Detectorbull Physics run since 2008
ndash 2008 bull 178 1019 protons on target total
ndash 2009 bull Expect 32 1019 protons on target totalbull Today (31 August 2009) 183 1019 protons on target
Waiting for tau neutrino results
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
26
bull Additional Slides
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
27
NeutrinosWeakly interacting leptons νe νμ ντ no charge
bull Solar Neutrinosndash 61014 neutrinossm2
Every 100 years 1 neutrino interacts in human body1016 meter lead to stop half of these neutrinos
bull Natural radioactivity from earthndash 6106 neutrinosscm2
bull 40K in our bodyndash 34108 neutrinosday
bull Cosmic neutrinosndash 330 neutrinoscm3
Introduction
bull CNGSndash Send ~1017 neutrinosday to Gran Sasso
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008
SPGOePG 2009Edda Gschwendtner CERN
28
CNGS Performance - Reminder
Examples effect on ντ cc events
horn off axis by 6mm lt 3reflector off axis by 30mm lt 3proton beam on target lt 3off axis by 1mmCNGS facility misaligned lt 3by 05mrad (beam 360m off)
CNGS Facility ndash Performance Results 2008