The Characteristic of Li Fi Technology Comparing with Wi Fi · PDF fileInternational Journal...

International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-450

51

Abstract— The operation of widespread is currently wireless

transmission methods, such as Wi-Fi, WiMAX, LTE, etc., based

on the use of radio frequency channels. This mechanism has

several disadvantages. In particular, band limitation, several

interference sources in the same frequency band, data rate

dependent on the number of users and others. These technologies

have less widespread nowadays, but a promising alternative Li-

Fi, which is based on the energy of light.

Index Terms— Optical communication equipment, Optical

transmitters, Optical receivers, Wi-Fi, Light Fidelity (Li-Fi),

transceiver module, modulation, Visible light communication,

OFDM.

I. INTRODUCTION

ireless technologies are relevant in various active at the

present time. It is interesting to compare the wireless

Wi-Fi technology and Li-Fi to expand the areas of their

application.

Use of wireless data transfer increases in geometrical

progression every year, but the range of available frequencies

not fixable and becomes less. Li-Fi is a wireless

communication system which used a light to bring a signal

instead of customary radio frequencies in Wi-Fi Technology.

Li-Fi is a technology which used light of LEDs for wireless

data transfer. Visible Light Communication (VLC) uses

superfast pulses of light for transfer information which remain

imperceptible for human eyes.

Most of us are familiar with the Wi-Fi, which operates at a

frequency of 2.4 - 5 GHz, implementing wireless access to the

Internet at home, schools, offices and in other public places.

The Wi-Fi technology became are very dependent on this

ubiquitous technology. But, as well as the majority of

technologies, it has restrictions.

Wi-Fi can cover the whole house, otherwise its speed of

connection is restricted 50-100 MB a second, using

IEEE802.11n. It is a good index for many modern services,

but there isn't enough for trensfer a huge data packets as HD

movies, qualitative music and video games. What to become

more dependent on "cloud" or "media services" for storage a

personal files, including movies, music, photos and games,

required high data transfer rate. Therefore, the technology

based on radio frequency, such as, Wi-Fi - is not the best

solution. Moreover, Wi-Fi may not be the most efficient

solution to provide advanced features, such as Indoor

positioning system and Gesture recognition.

Wi-Fi - a wireless data transmission technology over the air.

The principles of Wi-Fi is closed as the following, Wi-Fi

adapter converts flow data into an electric signal and transmits

it through an antenna [1]. The router of Wi-Fi receives the

radio signal and decodes it, sends the data via the physical,

wired connection. And the signal conversion may also occur

in the backwards direction. The router receives the

information from the Internet and translates it into a radio

signal, which is then transmitted to a wireless computer

adapter. To use Wi-Fi must be the appropriate equipment

wirelessly. All equipment is divided into two groups: Access

point and a wireless router.

In our University (University of Technology, Iraq) our

researchers try hard to investigate in most/all branches of

science [12-38]

Optical wireless communications (OWC), and recently – Li-

Fi, offer absolutely new approach to wireless technologies

from the point of view of data transmission rate, flexibility and

comfort of operation.

II. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LI-FI AND WI-FI

TECHNOLOGY

Li-Fi - is a developed wireless data transmission technology

using light. Li-Fi consists of four main components: an LED

lamp, a radio frequency power amplifier, the printed circuit

board and Cases [2]. The printed circuit board controls the

electrical inputs and outputs of the microcontroller and the

lamp is used for controlling a variety of lamp functions. The

RF signal generated in the RF power amplifier and sent to the

electric field of the lamp. The high concentration of energy in

an electric field vaporizes the contents of the flask into a

plasma state in the center of the lamp; the plasma generates an

intense light source. All of them are contained in an aluminum

casing.

The principle of Li-Fi is to change the settings of the LED

lamps with a very high speed, which is not visible to the

human eye. The process controls the special microchip that

encodes information. A particular photo-detector detects light

beams and performs inverse data conversion.

The Li-Fi technology used transceiver instead modems in Wi-

Fi, it's equipped with LED lamps that can transmit and receive

information, and at the same time be used for room lighting.

LED lamps are the access point to any number of users.

Currently, the transmission rate of this technology is 10Gbit/s;

in laboratory conditions have reached 15Gbit/s [3]. But the

data stream can be interrupted by any obstacle. This

The Characteristic of Li-Fi Technology

Comparing with Wi-Fi

Dr. Hussam Dheaa Kamel, Hadi Jameel Hadi

W


52

disadvantage can be an advantage if you do not want the data

network used by outsiders.

While the operating range of frequencies of networks on the

basis of Wi-fi and WiMax technologies is loaded by users, and

congestion of any transmission channel leads to a natural

speed reduction of data transfer on this channel, because of

need of serial use of this channel, the Li-Fi networks can

transmit a signal to unlimited number of users in a cover zone

without negative interference at each other of the signals

accepted by users.

Clients of radio-frequency data communication networks can

create noises in the network to other its users or create noises

to other networks which are crossed on operating range of

frequencies. Collisions of signals from different networks can

result from such intersections. If signals of one network

interfere with different productions of the enterprises or will

put in data communication networks of medical institutions,

transport and scientific organizations and on a network of

mass media, then it can lead to serious negative consequences.

that is quite possible because for example, the Wi-fi networks

on the basis of standards 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n of 2,4

GHz which are on operating frequency can be crossed with the

LTE networks which operating range of frequencies is defined

in an interval from 0,7 GHz to 2,7 GHz in the Russian

Federation today. The operating range of the Li-Fi networks is

far beyond these limits therefore the VLC networks on the

basis of LEDs of visible radiation are suitable for use in zones

sensitive to radio waves. On the radio-frequency data

communication networks there is a need of paid extension of

admissible frequency band which is restricted, and for the Li-

Fi networks separation of an additional band is free and

doesn't require the procedure of licensing that simplifies use of

Li-Fi technology. Besides, radio-frequency technologies of

data transfer can exert a negative impact on a human body

[11] and though influence of the Li-Fi networks isn't studied,

there are researches showing that LED light is the most

comfortable for human eyes. Radius of action of networks on

Li-Fi technology allows covering completely with a signal the

closed target location (an office, audience, the hall) and won't

begin to quit out of its limits, unlike radio-frequency

technologies that speaks about higher level of confidentiality

of data, about easier way of their protection against illegal

access. Engineers of institute of telecommunications of

Fraunhofer are capable to transfer data with speed

800mbit/sec. in a sq. m zone 10 on this technology. It does Li-

Fi technology by the excellent decision for deployment of

wireless network in house conditions.

Influence of the noise created by environmental light restricts

use of technology in the locations which are well lit by a

sunlight, on open spaces and creates need of observance of

conditions for good transparency between a LED radiator and

the photodiode, so, for example if in between there is a hand,

then transmission will be interrupted.

It is much simpler to Li-Fi network to build in the existing

infrastructure, than the majority of data communication

networks on the basis of other technologies. Exponentiation of

base stations isn't required, and lighting engineering is present

everywhere and creation of the Li-Fi networks will require

only use for lighting of LED lamps with coders (with

modulators). At the same time there is need for big additional

power expenses that also considerably reduces the price of its

operation.

The comparative characteristics of the considered technologies

(Tab. I, II).

According to the creator Harald Haas Li-Fi technology in a

short time reach data transfer speeds of over 100 Gb/s, and

completely replace Wi-Fi technology [4].

III. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS STANDARD IEEE 802.15.7

Li-Fi and Wi-Fi Technologies based on similar protocols

IEEE 802.11.However, Li-Fi uses electromagnetic waves of

visible light, while Wi-Fi - the radio waves.

Due to this, the first technology gains an advantage in terms

of higher bandwidth.

IEEE 802.15.7 standard defines for Li-Fi physical layer

network model OSI PHY (Physical layer), and a MAC address

(Media Access Control). Working version of the IEEE

802.15.7 identifies three the PHY with different bandwidth,

which are presented in Table 3.

TABLE I COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS

Technologies Operating Modes

(frequency) Data Rate

Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz 11-300Mbit / s

Li-Fi 100 MHz,

10 Gbit / s

TABLE II

ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE OF LI-FI

Technologies Advantages disadvantages Common

signs

Wi-Fi without paving the

cable network

operation

with 2.4 GHz

remote

access

networks access to any

network devices

small

electromagnet

ic capacity

component

the free movement

of consumers, the

creation of groups

of users

low reliability

Li-Fi cheap components data transfer

can be carried

out only

within the

line of sight

transceive

r module radio access

underwater and in

the air

safety effects on

human health

Provide

information

Security


53

Light Fidelity has a significantly higher data rate compared

with Wi-Fi,. However, Li-Fi technology is able to distribute

the signal a smaller range than radio waves.

Most likely, complete extrusion of Wi-Fi Light Fidelity

technology won't happen. Li-Fi developers assume that the

product will come to the mass market not earlier, than in 3-4

years. LED routers will be used in a combination with Wi-Fi.

It is caused by presence at luminous technology of data

transfer of unresolved problems.

In particular, it is difficult to Li-Fi to apply on the street

therefore this section can be serviced by Wi-fi. If Harald

Haas's vision also is realized and any bulb will be able to

distribute a signal, then you shouldn't expect it in the near

future. The most probable scenario is complex use of Li-Fi

and Wi-Fi.

In the licensed and unlicensed frequency ranges (the

technology HetNet, LWA, LAA, eLAA, Multefire and others)

can get acquainted with technical features of functioning of

networks of mobile communication in the book of "Mobile

Communication on the Way to 6G".

IV. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF LI-FI

The heart of Li-fi technology is high brightness LED’s.

These Light Emitting Diodes can be switched on and off very

quickly which gives you the opportunities for transmitting

data since operating speed of an LED is less than

1μs.Iimperceptible for a human eye therefore for the person

will seem as if light works permanently. This invisible on/off

switching allows transferring data with use of the binary code.

Switching on – logical "1", switching off – logical "0". Such

principle allows encoding data in light by change of speed of

flicker of a LED. Modulation happens so quickly that a human

eye doesn't manage to note it. The photo-sensor element

receives a signal and will transform it back to basic data. This

method is the use of fast light pulses to transmit information

via wireless technology refers to the OWC, its high capacity

allows to compete with Wi-Fi technology. Li-Fi is faster and

cheaper version of Wi-Fi, which operates in the visible

wavelength range. The Visible light communication is a data

communications medium using visible light between 400 THz

(780 nm) and 800 THz (375 nm) at the same time as the

optical medium of data and lighting of location [2].

Visible light is not harmful to vision. A typical example of use

visible light communications is shown in Fig.2.

Using a microlED lamp, it was succeeded to reach data

transmission rate of 3, 5 Gbit/sec. through each of three

flowers - red, green and blue, - which together make up the

white light [9]. This means that the folding of the spectral

channels can transfer data at a total rate of 10 Gbit / s. Reset

signal from the LEDs and photodiodes used fast enough in

order not to pause as for its reliable attenuation.

For the organization of fedback data network based on Li-Fi

technology requires the combined use with other transmission

technologies such as PowerLAN(direct Lan, or PLC - Power

Line Communication), the essence of which lies in the

transmission of data on the power lines or high-speed infrared

data transmission Very Fast Infrared (VFIR) or Ultra-Fast

Infrared (UFIR).

Fig. 2 shows schematically shown local data network based

on a combination of technology Li-Fi technology and VFIR

feedback where Li¬Fi-transmitter contains a photodiode

Fig. 2. Schematical representation of a local area network of Li-Fi

Fig.1 Working of Li-Fi

Server

Internet

Streaming

content

Lamp

Driver

Power

Lamp

Led

Receiving

App Data PC

Amplification

& Processing

Photo

Detector

Receiver

Dongle

TABLE III

PHYSICAL LAYER CHARACTERISTICS STANDARD IEEE 802.15.7

PHY I PHY II PHY III

Application

area

External

application.

Applications

with a small

amount of data

indoors Multiple sources

and

receiversRGB

Speed,

Mbit / s

≈ 0,012 – 0,268 1,25 - 96 12 - 96

Error

correction

algorithm

Convolutional.

Reed Solomen

Reed

Solomen

Reed Solomen

modulatio

n Types

OOK (On-off

keying).

VPPM

(Variable pulse

position

modulation)

OOK (On-off

keying).

VPPM

(Variable

pulse position

modulation)

CSK (Colour

shift keying)


54

receiver, decoder, infrared emitter, as well as USB-interface.”

V. REVOLUTION OF LI-FI TECHNOLOGY IN WIRELESS DATA

TRANSMISSION

The ancestor of luminous technology Haas believes that the

advantages of Li-Fi will make a luminous network demanded

in the digital world. According to him, Wi-Fi won't be able to

conform to requirements of mobile data transfer which are

imposed by the concept of the Internet of things. By 2020,

each user will account for approximately three network

devices. In real indices – about 20,8 billion connections. If all

devices begin to use the same frequencies of Wi-Fi, then on a

network there will be noises that negatively will affect data

transmission rates. For the second half of the third decade the

situation will only become aggravated. An effective solution

would be, according to Haas, Light Fidelity technology by

which to distribute the signal to be adapted to any given

function lamps.

VI. TERMS OF REALIZATION OF LI-FI TECHNOLOGY

Today the speech about commercial start of Li-Fi doesn't

go. However the higher the frequency of use of LED lamps,

the great opportunities open for distribution of luminous data

transfer. Any LED can light at the same time location and

broadcast arrays of binary data. According to the researches

Grand View Research, by 2024 the market of luminous

technology of data transfer will grow to 100 bln. dollars.

PureLiF founded by Harald Haas is considered the main

company which is engaged in a research, development and

advance of Li-Fi. However interest in technology is shown by

other commercial structures. For example, tests of Li-Fi

carried out by Beam caster, having reached 1,25 Gbit\s, and

the Sisoft company which transferred data with speed of 10

Gbit\s.

In the fall of 2016 there was information that the Lucibel

company specializing in LED lighting with which PureLiF

cooperates is ready to realize the project on equipment of the

first-ever office double-side data transfer on Li-Fi technology.

It is planned to implement the decision in Paris.

Other French company, Oledcomm, according to the

received tender, shall equip over 60 stations of the Parisian

subway of 250 thousand LED light sources. In this project the

Li-Fi technology will use one-sided communication. For

example, to transfer information on layout of objects.

Also information on testing of data transfer by means of the

luminous radiation of Li-Fi is found in a code of the iOS

operating system of the Apple Company.

VII. OFDM IN VISIBLE LIGHT SYSTEM MODEL

The main building blocks of an OFDM-based transmitter and

receiver systems are illustrated in Fig. 3. Since OFDM is

based on IFFT and FFT algorithms, the implementation on the

DSP is straightforward. On the OFDM Tx board, FEC coding

is implemented. This is based on a rate 1/2 convolution

encoder. A time interleave is applied. At the receiver, Viterbi

decoding with hard decision output is used.

In general a time varying, flat fading channel is assumed. It is

further assumed that the channel remains constant within one

OFDM frame. Since, however, no well established models for

this particular propagation system exist, some

overprovisioning in the system design is accepted. With this

approach the above made assumptions are to be confirmed.

For the purpose of channel estimation and synchronisation,

training sequences and pilots are used [6].

Concretely, the OFDM frame as implemented in the

experimental system is formed by a time synchronization

signal (sinusoidal signal), four OFDM symbols for the training

sequence, and 20 OFDM symbols with data sub-channels

carrying the modulated information (see Fig. 4). The channel

transfer factors are obtained using the training sequence and

averaging over the four training sequence periods for every

subcarrier [7, 8].

In the Fig. 4, OFDM frame structure: Four OFDM symbols

carrying a training sequence are used for channel estimation.

The data symbols are transmitted in the consecutive 20 OFDM

symbols. Each of these symbols uses four subcarriers for pilot

transmission.

Maximum speed of switching of LEDs is restricted to a

method of their production which defines their resistance to

burnout; the same stability doesn't allow using luminescent

lamps and glow lamps for data transfer on VLC technology.

QPSK modulation on the luminous flux radiated by white

LEDs superimposing of data by means of modulations

happens by method of optical multiplexing to orthogonal

frequency de-multiplication of channels Optical orthogonal

frequency-division multiplexing (O-OFDM) with the

quadrature phase manipulation. In practice the O-OFDM

method is implemented by means of an algorithm of FFT, that

is the discrete transform of Fourier.

VIII. CONCLUSION

The Li-Fi technology uses the visible light instead of radio

waves, it has a high data transmission rate. If to take as a basis

224 GB/S, then Li-Fi exceeds the speed limit of the IEEE

802.11ax Wi-Fi-standard by 22,4 times, and IEEE 802.11ac –

by 30 times.

The Li-Fi technology is its rather high security from hacker

penetration. The matter is that light which is been the basis for

transmission doesn't pass through walls. Therefore for

Fig. 4. OFDM frame structure

synchronizatio

n

Channel

Estimation

Training

Sequence

Data and Pilots

OFDM Frame (90ms)

4 Symbol

OFDM

4 Symbol OFDM


55

cracking of the Li-Fi network the malefactor shall be in close

proximity to a signal source, thereby losing the anonymity.

Promotes optimization of energy consumption integrating

system of lighting and hot spots.Li-Fi-devices do not create

interference to each other on the network.

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Fig. 3 Visible light OFDM transmission model

Binary rate

data source

D/A

Converter

OFDM

Modulator

Training Channel

Encoder

Assemble

OFDM

Symbol

QAM

Modulator

Pilots

interleaving

Transmitter

Optical Channel

A/D converter Binary Data

OFDM

Demodulator

De-

Interleaving Channel

Decoder

Frequency

Domain

Equalisation

Training Pilots

Synchronisation

Receiver


56

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Hussain, "Novel design of solar receiver in concentrated power system",

International J. of Multidispl. Research & Advcs. in Eng. (IJMRAE),

vol. 5, No. 1, pp: 211-226, 2013.

[38] A. H. A. Al-Waeli, A. S. A. Al-Mamari, A. H. K. Al-Kabi, M. T.

Chaichan, H. A. Kazem, "Evaluation of the economic and environmental aspects of using photovoltaic water pumping system," 9th

International Conference on Robotic, Vision, Signal Processing &

Power Applications, Malaysia, 2016.

Dr. Hussam Dheaa Kamel was born in

Baghdad, Iraq, in 1986. He received the B.S. degree in Computer communications Engineering form Al-

Rafidain University College, in 2008, MSc degree in

Telecommunication and Network Engineering from Kharkiv National University of radio electronics

(KNURE), in 2010 and the Ph.D. degree in

Telecommunication and Network Engineering, from Kharkiv National University of Radio electronics (KNURE), in 2013. His research interests are

Wireless Communications, MIMO, WiMAX, LTE, Visible Light

Communication, Control System, and Wireless sensor networks

Hadi Jameel was born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1988. He

received BSc degree from electrical engineering

department, Al Mustansiriya University, Iraq in 2010. Received MSc degree from Electronic and

communication engineering in Al Mustansiriya

University, Iraq in 2013. His research interests are

Antenna, Wireless Communications, and Radar, Control System, and Wireless

sensor networks.

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