The Byzantine Empire: The The Byzantine Empire: The New RomeNew Rome

DefinitionsDefinitions

1.1. Rule of lawRule of law Government by law. The rule of law Government by law. The rule of law

implies that government authority implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were with written laws, which were adopted through an established adopted through an established procedure.procedure.

2.2. AutocratAutocrat Ruler who has complete authorityRuler who has complete authority

Constantinople

From From World History: World History: Connections to Today Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003

The Fall of the Western The Fall of the Western Roman EmpireRoman Empire

From From World History: World History: Connections to Today Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003

The Byzantine Empire Under The Byzantine Empire Under JustinianJustinian

This map depicts the This map depicts the Empire at the death Empire at the death of Justinian I, who of Justinian I, who had reigned from had reigned from 527 to 565 as sole 527 to 565 as sole Emperor, Emperor, sometimes in sometimes in concert, and concert, and sometimes in sometimes in conflict, with his conflict, with his powerful wife powerful wife Theodora. Theodora.

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire At first, this Empire At first, this Empire

controlled only a controlled only a small area around small area around the eastern the eastern Mediterranean, but Mediterranean, but during the reign of during the reign of Justinian (527-565), it started to recover much of the territory of the old Roman empire..

The New RomeThe New Rome The The Byzantine Empire

was wealthy and produced: gold, silk, grain, olives and wine. It traded these for spices, ivory and precious stones from countries as far away as China and India along the Silk Road trade routes.

The Silk RoadThe Silk Road

Justinian and TheodoraJustinian and TheodoraJustinian ruled as Justinian ruled as

an an autocrat autocrat with the with the help of Theodora. help of Theodora. Created a huge Created a huge Christian empireChristian empire

Empire reached its Empire reached its greatest sizegreatest size

Built Hagia SophiaBuilt Hagia SophiaRebuilt the Rebuilt the

Hippodrome

The Justinian Code The Justinian Code Created Justinian’s Code

– which organized all the laws of ancient Rome.

Why can this be seen Why can this be seen as his greatest as his greatest achievement?achievement?

AssignmentAssignment

Working in Working in groups and groups and using your notes using your notes as a reference- as a reference- answer the answer the following following questions about questions about the Justinian the Justinian Code examplesCode examples

1. 1. Give specific Give specific examples of how examples of how these Codes resemble these Codes resemble modern day laws.modern day laws.

2. Have we seen this 2. Have we seen this kind of justice before?kind of justice before?

3. Is the Justinian 3. Is the Justinian Code fair by today’s Code fair by today’s standards? Cite standards? Cite examples.examples.

The Legal Code of the Emperor Justinian, 529 ADThe Legal Code of the Emperor Justinian, 529 AD 1. Any privilege or right that is not given to the defendant should 1. Any privilege or right that is not given to the defendant should

not be given to the plaintiff...not be given to the plaintiff... 2. No one may be forcibly removed from his own house...2. No one may be forcibly removed from his own house... 3. In cases where the claims of the two parties appear to be equal 3. In cases where the claims of the two parties appear to be equal

in merit, the person who has possession of the object in dispute in merit, the person who has possession of the object in dispute has the stronger claim...has the stronger claim...

4. No one must suffer a penalty because of what he thinks.4. No one must suffer a penalty because of what he thinks. 5. It is better for the crime of a guilty person to go unpunished 5. It is better for the crime of a guilty person to go unpunished

than for an innocent person to be condemned...than for an innocent person to be condemned... 6. In the case of a major offense, it makes a difference whether 6. In the case of a major offense, it makes a difference whether

the crime was committed accidentally or on purpose...the crime was committed accidentally or on purpose... 7. The guilt or punishment of a father should not be carried over 7. The guilt or punishment of a father should not be carried over

to his son...to his son... 8. The person who accuses someone must prove that his charge is 8. The person who accuses someone must prove that his charge is

true. This is not the obligation of the person denying the charge.true. This is not the obligation of the person denying the charge.   

Justinian’s Code of LawsJustinian’s Code of Laws Laws were fairer to women. They could own Laws were fairer to women. They could own

property and raise their own children after property and raise their own children after their husbands died.their husbands died.

Children allowed to choose their own Children allowed to choose their own marriage partners.marriage partners.

Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their masters.masters.

Punishments were detailed and fit the crimePunishments were detailed and fit the crime His work inspired the modern concept and, His work inspired the modern concept and,

indeed, the very spelling of "justice".indeed, the very spelling of "justice".

The End of the Byzantine The End of the Byzantine EmpireEmpire

The The Byzantine empire drew to a close in 1453 when forces from the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople.

The ancient Christian The ancient Christian city was renamed city was renamed Istanbul and became Istanbul and became the capital of the the capital of the Ottoman Empire.Ottoman Empire.

Kievan RusKievan Rus Textbook - page 242Textbook - page 242 Begun by invasion of Begun by invasion of

Viking tribes – also Viking tribes – also known as Slavs – known as Slavs – from north of the from north of the Baltic.Baltic.

Both trade partner Both trade partner and sometime enemy and sometime enemy of the Byzantine of the Byzantine Empire.Empire.

Kievan Rus

Kievan RusFrom Prentice Hall World History: Connections to Today page 240:

During Roman times, the Slavs expanded into southern Russia. Like the Germanic peoples who pushed into western Europe, the Slavs had a simple political organization divided into clans. They lived in small villages, farmed, and traded along the rivers that ran between the Baltic and the Black seas.

In the 700s and 800s, the Vikings steered their long ships out of Scandinavia. These expert sailors were as much at home on Russian rivers as on the stormy Atlantic. The Vikings, called Varangians by later Russians, worked their way south along the rivers, trading with and collecting tribute from the Slavs. They also conducted a thriving trade with Constantinople.

Located at the heart of this vital trade network was the city of Kiev. In time, it would become the center of the first Russian state.

Rulers of the Kievan Rus Rulers of the Kievan Rus Vladimir I (980)Vladimir I (980)

(980) Vladimir I – Extremely war like ruler of Kiev. Invited missionaries from Judaism, Islam and Christianity to offer reasons for conversion.Married the Byzantine Married the Byzantine emperor’s sister.emperor’s sister.Brought Christianity and Brought Christianity and Greco-Roman civilization Greco-Roman civilization to Russia.to Russia.

Rulers of the Kievan RusRulers of the Kievan RusYaroslav I (1010 – 1054)Yaroslav I (1010 – 1054)

(1010 – 1054) Yaroslav I – – Created a Russian law code based Created a Russian law code based on Justinian’s Code.on Justinian’s Code.

Instituted a Golden Age of Instituted a Golden Age of Kievan Russia. Built churches and Kievan Russia. Built churches and a new capital city.a new capital city.

Allied Russia with the restAllied Russia with the rest of Europe by marrying his of Europe by marrying his children to European rulers.children to European rulers.

Rulers of the Kievan RusRulers of the Kievan RusIvan the Great (1462-1505)Ivan the Great (1462-1505)

(1462-1505) Ivan III or Ivan the Great – absolute ruler. Took the title of czarczarCzar – Absolute ruler Czar – Absolute ruler of Russia: from of Russia: from Roman word – CaesarRoman word – CaesarDefeated the Mongols, Defeated the Mongols, who had gained who had gained control of Russiacontrol of RussiaExtended Russian Extended Russian territoryterritory

Ivan the TerribleIvan the Terrible Textbook – page 243Textbook – page 243 (1530-1584) Ivan the Terrible -

Centralized royal power Introduced new laws that tied Introduced new laws that tied

Russian serfs to the landRussian serfs to the land Used agents of terror to Used agents of terror to

consolidate his powerconsolidate his power Had thousands of people Had thousands of people

killed because he suspected killed because he suspected a plot.a plot.

Mongol EmpireMongol Empire Genghiz Khan – –

Conquered China in early Conquered China in early 1200s1200s

Kublai Khan – Extended – Extended Mongol control over most Mongol control over most of Asia, Russia and of Asia, Russia and eastern Europe in eastern Europe in Hungary. Traded Hungary. Traded extensively with the West. extensively with the West. Entertained Marco Polo. Entertained Marco Polo.

Pax Mongolia – largest – largest empire in the world.empire in the world. Click Genghiz Khan and his

picture for wonderful sites full of music and artifacts from the time period.

Mongol EmpireMongol EmpireTextbook – page 309Textbook – page 309

From From World History: World History: Connections to Today Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003

IslamIslam In the 600s, a new religion began in In the 600s, a new religion began in

Arabia, Islam – meaning “submission Arabia, Islam – meaning “submission the will of Allah.” Within 100 years the will of Allah.” Within 100 years more than half the total population of more than half the total population of Europe and Asia was Muslim. After the Europe and Asia was Muslim. After the death of Muhammad, the founder of death of Muhammad, the founder of Islam in 632, Muslim armies and Islam in 632, Muslim armies and merchants spread the Islamic religion merchants spread the Islamic religion eastward to India and westward across eastward to India and westward across northern Africa into Spain.northern Africa into Spain.

IslamIslam

Contributions of the Muslim Contributions of the Muslim WorldWorld

Because of the arid nature of much of the Muslim world, Arab engineers were skilled in methods of raising water from the ground and piping it into their homes.

Contributions of the Muslim Contributions of the Muslim WorldWorld

Arab medicine and pharmacology were very advanced. Ibn Sina (Avicinna) wrote the definitive medical encyclopedia of the time.

Contributions of the Muslim WorldContributions of the Muslim World

In 1154, Arab scientist Al Idrisi drew this early map of the world, showing the basic outlines of Asia, northern Africa and Europe. Can you locate the Nile River?

Muslim contributions to art and science were numerous.

Muslim Leaders and EmpiresMuslim Leaders and Empires Al-Mansur (762) – Leader of the Islamic world.

Built a new capital city at Baghdad in what is now Iraq. He made it a center of learning and culture.

Muhammad II (1453) – Captured the Christian city of Constantinople for the Ottoman Empire and Islam.

Suleiman (1520-1566) – Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in its Golden Age.

The Ottoman Empire was the largest, most powerful empire in both Europe and the Middle East for centuries.

Safavid Empire (1453-1629) – Called Iran (Persia) today.

From From World History: World History: Connections to Today Connections to Today Prentice Hall, 2003Prentice Hall, 2003