The building of ESA's science programmeThe building of ESA's science programme ELSA school on the...

The building of ESA's science

programme

Catherine TuronObservatoire de Paris, GEPI

Chair of the ESA Astronomy Working Group 2003-2006

The building of ESA's science programme ELSA school on the Science of Gaia , 27 Nov. 2007 2

Outline of the talk

• The Science Programme within ESA

• Some orders of magnitude

• The long term planning of the Science

Programme

• Cosmic Vision 2015-2025

• Gaia in the ESA Science Programme


The European Space Agency

ESA was formed in 1975, replacing the

satellite and launcher organisations

ESRO and ELDO.

It has 17 Member StatesAustria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland,

Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden,

Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

Canada takes part in some projects under a cooperation agreement.

Greece and Luxembourg

from 9 Dec. 2005


The European Space Agency

The purpose of ESA

An inter-governmental organisation with a mission to provide and

promote - for exclusively peaceful purposes - space activities:

• space science, research & technology

• space applications

ESA achieves this through:

• Long term space policy

• Several space programmes

• A specific industrial policy

• Coordinating European with National space programmes


ESA programmes

One mandatory programme: the Science Programme

All Member States contribute to this programme,in proportion of their GNP.

Several optional programmes:

• Launcher development

• Earth observation

• Telecommunications

• Satellite navigation

• Microgravity research

• Human space flight

Each Member State choose its level of participation in

each of the optional programme


ESA budget spending for 2006.

Total ‘mandatory’ + ‘optional’ � 3000 M�

Science Programme Level of Resources � 400 M� � 13 %


ESA staffing and sites

Staff: ~ 1900 specialists of the various disciplines

Sites:

• Paris: Headquarters

• Noordwijk: Space Research and Technology CentreTechnical preparation and management of ESA spaceprojects

• Darmstadt: Space Operations CentreControl of spacecraft in orbit

• Madrid: scientific operations centres for ESA’s astronomyand planetary missions, along with their scientificarchives

• Frascati: Centre for Earth observation

• Cologne: Astronaut Centre


Science and Related Programmes

Astrobiology

NEO’s

‘Spaceguard’

Space

Weather

Exploration

Initiative

Other ESA

Programmes

ESA

Science

Programme

European Science

Community

National

Programmes


The ESA Science Programme

ESA does what individual European nations cannot do on

their own: for over 30 years ESA's space science projects

have shown the scientific benefits of multi-nation

cooperation.

About 400 M� per year, ~ 13 % of the ESA total budget

Funds satellites, some (part of) payloads, satellite operation,

data scientific validation and access to the data

Programme chosen by the community, with long-term

planning renewed every ~ 10 years.

Multiple cooperations with other space agencies: European

National Programmes, NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia),

JAXA (Japan), ISRO (India), CNSA (China), …


Science Programme organisation

European Science

Community

ESA Executive

DG, D/Sci

Solar System

Working

Group

Fundamental

Physics

Advisory Group

Astronomy

Working

Group

Science

Programme

Committee

Rec

om

men

dat

ions

Advic

e

ESF

Space Science

CommitteeSpace Science

AdvisoryCommittee

Member

States

Membership of

advisory bodies is

determined by individual

scientific standing

Chair

(implementation) (resource)


Les étapes de la sélection d’une mission


Le calendrier pour l’industrie


Time scales

Hipparcos

– First ideas and proposal to CNES: 1965-1966

– Proposal to ESA: 1973

– Inclusion in the ESA Science Programme: 1980

– Launch: 1989

– Publication of the Catalogue: 1997, revision 2007 > 30 years !

Gaia

– First ideas: early 1990’s

– Proposal to ESA: 1993

– Inclusion in the ESA Science Programme: 2000

– Launch: 2011

– Publication of the Catalogue: 2020 ~ 30 years !

Venus Express

– Inclusion in the ESA Science Programme: March 2001

– Launch: Nov 2005 5 years …


Costs

ESA Science Programme “Level of Resources” � 400 M� /yr

Gaia 557 M� = ESA cost in euros 2006

Hipparcos 293 M� in euros 1982= 762 M� in euros 2006

… 30 Km of highway

XMM 920 M� = ESA cost in euros 2006

Mars Express / Venus Express 200 M� in euros 2006

New missions

“Medium” missions 300M� = ESA cost in euros 2006

= 0.75 year budget“Large” missions 650 M� = ESA cost in euros 2006

= 1.6 year budget


Long term plans (1)

1983-1984: Horizon 2000

Conceived when the Science Programme budget was

increasing by 5 % per year !

• 4 cornerstones (2 years budget):

- Solar/Plasma Heliospheric Missions

- Planetary mission to Primordial Bodies, including return

of pristine material

- High Throughput X-Ray Spectroscopy mission

- High Throughput heterodyne Spectroscopy mission

• 4 medium missions (1 year budget)

• x small missions


Horizon 2000

1984Cornerstones

Soho-Cluster

Rosetta

XMM

Herschel

Medium missions

Huygens

Integral

Planck

Cluster II


Long term plans (2)

1994-1995: Horizon 2000 Plus

• 3 cornerstones:

• Mission to Mercury (planetary + magnetospheric

aspects)

• Interferometry Observatory (astrometric observations

at 10 microarcsec level; detection of planets around

other stars)

• Gravitational waves Observatory

• 4 medium missions

• x small missions

• 2 “green dreams”: X-Ray Observatory and IR

Observatory


Horizon 2000 Plus

Gaia

LISA

Bepi-Colombo

Planck

Cluster II

Mars Express

Herschel


Long term plans (3)

Oct 1999: budget decreasing from 1995 (up to

2005 included), then

• cornerstones = 1.5 year budget

• flexi-missions = 0.5 year budget

• Smart missions = 0.2 year budget


1999 - 2004

Venus Express

Solar Orbiter

Lisa Pathfinder

JWST

Smart 1

SOHO

CLUSTER

XMM

NEWTON

HERSCHEL

INTEGRAL

HUYGENS

MARS

EXPRESS

SMART

1

GAIA

LISA

JWST

VENUS

EXPRESS

BEPI

COLOMBO

ROSETTA

ILW

S

Time�

ISO HSTULYSSES

CLUSTER

II

Solar BCOROT

μμSCOPE

Double Star

LPF

Akari

Aurora

SOLAR

ORBITER

PLANCK

Cosmic Vision 2015

Chandrayaan


Ulysses

ESA-NASAOct. 1990

The ESA context: in orbit in 2007

XMM-Newton10 Dec. 1999

Integral

ESA-Russia14 Oct. 2002

Smart 1

Sept 2003

- Sept 2006

1995 2000 20051990

Venus

ExpressOct. 2005

Soho

ESA-NASADec. 1995

Cassini-Huygens

NASA-ESAOct. 1997

ClusterJuly 2000

Mars Express

June 2003

Rosetta

March 2004

Double Star

(Chine-ESA)Dec 2003

Hubble

(NASA-ESA)

April 1990

Akari(JAXA-ESA)

Feb 2006

-Jul 2007


The ESA context: missions in preparation

Herschel-

Planck

2008

Lisa-Pathfinder

(ESA-NASA)

2009

Corot(CNES-ESA)

2006 JWST

(NASA-ESA)

2013

BepiColombo

(ESA-JAXA)

2013

Lisa(ESA-NASA)

2018

Solar

Orbiter

2015

2007 2008 2010 20122006 20132009 2011 2014 2015 2016 2017

Chandrayan

(ISRO-ESA)

2008Microscope

(CNES-ESA)

2010

Gaia2011

Solar B (JAXA-

ESA-NASA-

PPARC)

2006


Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 process: 2 steps

o 2004-2005: selection of Science themes

� April 2004: call for Science Themes

� October 2005: publication of Cosmic Vision document, BR-247

o Dec 2005: Ministerial Conference

� Science programme Level of Resources for 2006-2010

o 2007: cycle 1 of the selection of mission proposals

� March 2007: call for mission proposals

� October 2007: selection

� Launches: 2017 & 2018


Cosmic Vision 2015-2025: themes

o 2004-2005: selection of Science themes

� April - June 2004: call for Science Themes, > 150 responses

� 15-16 Sept. 2004: Workshop in Paris (~400 participants)

� 19-21 April 2005: presentation of Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 to

community (ESLAB Symposium, ESTEC)

� October 2005: publication of Cosmic Vision document, BR-247

o Dec 2005: Ministerial Conference

� Science programme Level of Resources for 2006-2010 � 400 M�

� Next Ministerial Conference: 2008


Response to Cosmic Vision call

In excess of 150 responses received !

1983: Horizon 2000 70 proposals

Astronomy 29

1993: Horizon 2000+ 100 proposals

Astronomy 28

2004: Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 151 proposals

Astronomy 47

Reveals today’s strong expectations of the

community from the ESA Science Programme


Cosmic Vision proposal evaluation

Proposals evaluated for prime scientific objectives by ESA’s

working groups (AWG, FPAG, SSWG)

• What is new ?

• What is the likely impact in the domain ?

• What is the likely impact on science ?

• What is the expected range of application ?

• What is the added value of space ?

• Short (around 2015), medium (2020), long (2025)

or very long (> 2025) term ?

Space Science Advisory Committee (SSAC) merged working

group objectives into 4 grand themes

• Capitalizing on synergies across disciplines

• Building on scientific heritage from H2000 missions

• Propose implementation strategy


Cosmic Vision 2015-2025

Space S

cie

nce for

Euro

pe 2

015-2

025

BR-247

Oct 2005


Grand themes

1. What are the conditions for

planetary formation and

the emergence of life ?

2. How does the Solar

System work?

3. What are the physical

fundamental laws of the

Universe?

4. How did the Universe

originate and what is it

made of?

1. What are the conditions for planetary

formation and the emergence of life?

Place the Solar System into the overall context of planetary

formation, aiming at comparative planetology

1.1 From gas and dust to stars and planets.

Map the birth of stars and planets by peering into the highly

obscured cocoons where they form.

1.2 From exo-planets to bio-markers.

Search for and image planets around stars other than the Sun,

looking for biomarkers in their atmospheres

1.3 Life and habitability in the Solar System.

Explore ‘in situ’ the surface and subsurface of the solid bodies

in the Solar System more likely to host –or have hosted- life.

Catherine Turon SF2A, Strasbourg, 28 juin 2005 30


1.1 From gas and dust to stars and planets

Map the birth of stars and planets bypeering into the highly obscuredcocoons where they form.

Investigate star formation areas, protostars andprotoplanetary disks

Investigate the conditions for star and planetformation and evolution

Investigate which properties of the host stars andwhich location in the Galaxy are morefavourable to the formation of planets

Tool:

Far Infrared observatory with high spatial andlow to high spectral resolution.


1.2 From exo-planets to bio-markers

Search for and image planets around stars

other than the Sun, looking for biomarkers in

their atmospheres

Direct detection of Earth-like planets. Physical and

chemical characterization of their atmospheres for

identification of unique biomarkers.

Systematic census of terrestrial planets

Ultimate goal: image terrestrial planets

Tools:

• Near Infrared nulling interferometer with low

resolution spectroscopy capability.

• Terrestrial astrometric surveyor.

• High resolution spectro from UV-optical.

• Large optical interferometer.

1- What are the conditions for life and planetary formation?Possible strategies


2. How does the Solar System work ?

Study the plasma and magnetic field environment around the Earth,

the Jovian system –as a mini Solar System-, the Solar poles and

the heliopause where the Solar influence area meets the

interstellar medium.

2.2 Gaseous Giants and their Moons

Study Jupiter In-situ, its atmosphere and internal structure.

2.3 The Building Blocks of the Solar System: Asteroids

and Small Bodies

Obtain direct laboratory information of the building blocks of the

Solar System by analysing samples from a Near-Earth Object

(NEO).

2.1 From the Sun to the edge of the Solar System

2 - How does the Solar System work?Possible strategies


3. What are the fundamental laws of the Universe?

3.1 Explore the limits of contemporary physics

• Probe the limits of General Relativity and of

Quantum Physics

• Look for clues to Unified Theories.

3.2 The gravitational wave Universe

• Detect and study the gravitational radiation

background generated just after the Big Bang.

• Explore the dark universe.

3.3 Matter under extreme conditions

• Probe General Relativity in the environment of Black

Holes and compact objects.

3 - What are the fundamental physical laws of the Universe?Possible strategies


4. How did the Universe originate and what is it made of?

4.1 The early Universe• Investigate the physical processes that lead to the inflationary

phase in the early Universe during which a drastic expansion took

place.

• Investigate the nature and origin of the Dark Energy that currently

drives our Universe apart.

4.2 The Universe taking shape

• Find the very first gravitationally bound structures assembled in the

Universe (precursors to today’s galaxies and clusters of galaxies)

and trace their evolution to today.

4.3 The evolving violent Universe

• Formation and evolution of the super-massive black holes at

galaxy centres –in relation to galaxy and star formation.

• Life cycle of matter in the Universe along its cosmic history.


4.1 The early Universe

Investigate the physical processes that lead to the inflationary

phase in the early Universe during which a drastic expansion took

place.

Imprints of inflation are related to the polarization parameters of anisotropiesof the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) due to primordial gravitationalwaves from Big Bang.

Tools: All-sky CMB polarisation mapper

Gravitational Wave Cosmic Surveyor.

Investigate the nature and origin of the Dark

Energy that currently drives our Universe apart.

Dark energy can be studied in the gravitational lensingfrom cosmic large scale structures and themeasurement of the luminosity-redshift relation ofdistant Super Novae (SN) Ia.

Tool: Wide-field optical-near IR imager.


4.2 The Universe taking shape

Find the very first gravitationally bound structures assembled in

the Universe (precursors to today’s galaxies and clusters of

galaxies) and trace their evolution to today.

The very first clusters of galaxies back to their formation epoch are keys to

study their relation to AGN activity and the chemical enrichment of the Inter

Galactic Medium.

Also important are the studies of the joint galaxy and super-massive BH

evolution, the resolution of the far IR background into discrete sources and

the star-formation activity hidden by dust absorption.

Look for missing baryons in the warm-hot intergalactic medium

Tools

Large aperture X-ray observatory

Far-infrared imaging observatory

UV observatory with high resolution spectroscopy


4.3 The evolving violent Universe

Formation and evolution of the super-massive black

holes at galaxy centres – in relation to galaxy and

star formation.

Life cycle of matter in the Universe along its cosmic

history.

Observing Black Holes in the centre of most galaxies allows the

study of the interplay between their formation and evolution

and that of their host galaxies.

Matter falling onto Black Holes produces X and � �rays. Their

spectral and time variability trace the accretion process, and

are clues to understand the processes at work in SN and

Hypernova explosions connected to Gamma Ray Bursts

Tools: Large aperture X-ray observatory

Gamma-ray observatory.

4 - How did the Universe originate and what is it made of?Possible strategies


Implementation strategy: Programme Slices

• To implement the major objectives of Cosmic Vision 2015-

2025 while keeping flexibility of planning, 3 successive slices

of ~ 1 B� each

• The first Call for Mission Proposals would cover the first

slice (launches 2017 – 2018). Next slices to be implemented

through subsequent Calls at 3-4 year intervals.

• Aim: continuity and overall balance of disciplines + flexibility

to adjust the pace of implementation to the financial situation

of the programme.

• Flexibility within each slice will depend on size and number of

missions, and inclusion of international cooperation.


Call for CV cycle 1 Mission Proposals

Current Call

• 5 March 2007: release

• 29 June 2007: deadline

• 2007 - 2009: assessment phases (competitive)

• 2010 - 2011: definition phases (competitive)

• 2011: final selection

• 2017 & 2018: launches

Final selection

• 1 “medium M” mission, cost to ESA < 300 M�

• 1 “large L” mission, cost to ESA < 650 M�

Available budget: ~ 950 M�.


Proposals Overview

50 proposals

Astrophysics: 19 proposals

– 4 ‘L’ and 15 ‘M’ class.

Fundamental Physics: 12 proposals


Solar System: 19 proposals


About half include potential collaboration with NASA, JAXA,

CNSA, and Roscomos.


Selection criteria

From the ESA advisory structure

• Scientific excellence and scientific return

• Compatibility with Cosmic Vision scientific priorities

• Timeliness of the mission

• Need to go to space

From ESA

• Technology maturity and technical feasibility

• Cost estimate versus M or L mission envelopes

• Cost to Member States (payload, etc.)

• Overall project risk

• Status of international cooperation

Communication potential


Astero-

seismology/

Exoplantets

(PLATO)

IR astronomy

(SPICA)

X-ray astronomy

(XEUS)

Dark Energy

(DUNE/SPACE)Astrophysics

Neo sample

return

(MARCO POLO)

Giant planets

(TANDEM – Saturn)/

LAPLACE – Jupiter)

Space Plasmas

(CROSS-

SCALE)

Solar System

Mission of

OpportunityL ClassM ClassFields

Cosmic Vision first selection


Solar System M Class missions

Cross-Scale (JAXA partnership)Measurements of the near earth plasma

12 spacecraft, simultaneous observations of the

gas of charged particles surrounding Earth,

at different scales

Marco Polo (JAXA partnership)Visit to a primitive Near Earth Object

Satellite + lander: in-situ observations + sample

return

Origin and evolution of the Solar System, role of

minor bodies in the process


Solar System L class missions

Laplace (+ JAXA and NASA )Mission to Jupiter and its moons: 3 satellites orbiting

Jupiter, Europa and the other Jovian satellites

Formation of the Jovian system

Europa: an ocean between its icy crust and its

silicate mantle ?

Tandem (+ NASA)Mission to Saturn, Titan and Enceladus: an orbiter +

a satellite with a balloon and 3 probes onto Titan

In-situ and from orbit exploration of the Titan

Enceladus systems

Selection between Jupiter and Saturn after assessment phase,in consultation with JAXA and NASA


Astronomy M class missions (1)

Dark energy missions (+ NASA)

DUNE: the Dark Universe Explorer

Wide-field, visible and NIR space imager: study of dark energy

and dark matter by using weak gravitational lensing

SPACE: the SPectrosocopic All-sky Cosmic Explorer

NIR all-sky spectroscopic survey: observation of a large

number of galaxies, aiming to obtain information on the

evolution of galaxies in the Universe

By spring 2008: trade-off and definition of

a European-led mission

+ contacts with international partners


Astronomy M class missions (2)

PLATO, PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars

Ultra-high precision visible and NIR photometry

Detection and characterisation of transiting

exo-planets + measurement of seismic

oscillations of parent stars.

Spica (JAXA mission)European participation in medium and far IR

Japanese space observatory

Wide field, photometry a high spatial resolution,

spectroscopy and coronography of planets

and planetary disks

Origins of galaxies. Planetary formation.

The entire sky

in the infrared


XEUS (+JAXA + CNSA + ?)

New generation X-ray space observatory

2 spacecraft: one mirror satellite, one detector satellite

Evolution of the hot, million-degree, universe

Physics of extreme gravity and matter under extreme

conditions

Growth of supermassive black holes, evolutionof central black hole and host galaxy,evolution of large-scale structures,dynamical evolution of cosmicplasmas and cosmic chemistry.

Astronomy L Class mission

The fossil galaxy

cluster in X-rays


Schedule

2007 - 2009: assessment phases

2009: selection of two M missions and two L missions

2010 - 2011: definition phases

2011: final selection of one M mission and one L mission

2017 and 2018: launches


Overall ESA Science Programme


Web sites

ESA general portal

http://www.esa.int

Also include resources for education and a section devoted to

Careers at ESA

ESA Science Programme

http://sci.esa.int/

News and announcements about ESA science missions

Research and scientific support department

http://www.rssd.esa.int/

Details on the missions

For example, a lot of information about Gaia

http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=GAIA


Space astrometry in the ESA Context

ESA, and European scientists and industry, pioneer in space

astrometry with HIPPARCOS

Launch in 1989, and still unique

120 000 stars, accuracy 0.1 to 1 milliarcsec

5100 papers using Hipparcos data (24 November 2007)

1900 in refereed papers

GAIA, to be launched end 2011, much more ambitious

109 stars + non-stellar objects, 20 microarcsec at V = 15

+ spectroscopy and photometry for radial velocity and

physical characterisation of observed objects

Included in the Science Programme in 2000, Ariane launch

Re-configured in 2002 for Soyouz launch, and again in 2005,

to make the cost smaller


Gaia, in 2011, will arrive in time …

For providing

�A template galaxy model for the interpretation of external

galaxies observed by JWST, VLT, XEUS, etc.

�Discovery of transient or extreme objects for JWST, VLTI, SIM,

etc.

�High-resolution extinction maps for comparison with Planck

�Maps of star-forming regions for comparison with Herschel and

ALMA

�Discovery of planetary systems for follow up observations by

further space observatories (SIM, Darwin, TPF) and ground-

based extremely large telescopes

�Precise dynamic parameters of solar system objects

�Overlap with LISA accuracy on � parameter: ~ 10-6 to 5 x 10-7


ESA and space astrometry

Europe (ESA, scientists and Industry): a pioneer in spaceastrometry with HIPPARCOSa major success !

Many attempts of other agencies to perform follow-up missionsafter Hipparcos: unsuccessful …

No other fully funded space astrometry missions

Projects:

SIM (NASA): a few marcec accuracy, ~ 10 000 stars

Jasmine (JAXA): galactic center, IR observations

Europe (ESA, scientists and Industry) has a very specialresponsibility in achieving the next generation astrometricsatellite, Gaia, with the required accuracies andcapabilities


Merci de votre attention

The building of ESA's science programmeThe building of ESA's science programme ELSA school on the...

Documents

Transcript of The building of ESA's science programmeThe building of ESA's science programme ELSA school on the...