The body of the speech

The body of the speechTopical organizationThe most widely used organizational pattern is one that classifies major points into topics or subdivisions, each of which is part of the whole. Example:There are four important things to remember when communicating with children.Communicate by having fun.Communicate by nurturing self-esteemCommunicate by your actions.Use of music to communicate.Chronological organization-time patternLike biographical speechExamples:Mahatma Gandhi was a hero in the nonviolence movement.His early life in South Africa.His public career teaching nonviolence.His subsequent assassination.

This skeleton outline shows the chronological organization of a natural process.

The death of a starThe stars early yearsOne thousand years before its deathThe final yearThe stars collapseOne year later.Many social, psychological, or personal processes also occur in patterned sequences or cycles.There are five stages in the grief process.First is a period of denial.Anger follows.This is replaced by bargaining.Depression followsFinally, there is acceptance.The key to chronological speeches is that events must occur in a sequence and there is a clear first, next, finally pattern.Spatial organizationBy place of locationThis is less commonly used but is good for speeches about places or about objects that are made up of several parts.Example:

Major global earthquake areasA. Eastern European fault linesB. The Pacific ring of FireC. The Rift Valley in Africa.Causal organization-common when a problem can be discussed by examining the reasons for it (the causes) and the implications it has for individuals or for society at large (the effects).Two basic causal organizational patterns:Cause to effectEffect to causeCause-to-effect outline:Example:Amusement park tragedies injure thousands of people annually.CausesEquipment failureOperator failureRider behaviorB. Effects 1. Personal risks 2. Needless tragediesEffects-to-cause organizational patternExample: The lack of available organs for donation affects many people in our society , and there are many reasons for this shortage.A. Effects 1. Scarcity of organs 2. Length of waiting lists 3. Deaths due to scarcityB. Causes 1. Potential donors fears 2. The family fears 3. Health care providers fears.Pro-con organizationIt is common to debate controversial issues, looking at both the arguments for and those against a question or issue. If you give a speech that summarizes both sides of an issue, you may find the pro-con organizational pattern to be useful. Classify the arguments in favor of the issue under the pro label, then list the arguments against it under the con label.For example:Fetal cell transpantation is a controversial medical procedure with both proponents and opponents.Arguments in favor of fetal cell transplantation 1. Research is promising. 2. A fetus is like a cadaver. 3. This is a choice issue.B. Arguments against fetal cell transplantation 1. It will lead to an industry of profit 2. A fetus is a victim. 3. More abortions will occur.

This is best for informative speeches when the speaker is attempting to enlighten people on the nature of an issue. Problem-solution organizationSpeaker first look at the problem, sometimes examining its causes and effects, then they propose solutions.Example:Elder abuse is an increasing problem in our society. A. Causes of the problem B. Effects of the problemSeveral solutions have been proposed. a. Day care for adults b. Support groups c. Senior advocates

Some speakers choose to present problem-solution approaches to personal as well as national or international topics.Example:Many women, as well as men, experience hair loss. A. Causes of the problem B. Effects of the problemThere are several solutions on the market. A. MedicationsC. Bonding Techniques B. HairpiecesD. TransplantsOther patternsThe star pattern

POINTPOINTPOINTPOINTPOINTThematic circleSpeakers present the speech to a number of audience.Speakers have flexibility of choosing where to start and what to emphasize, depending on what is relevant for a specific audience.Speaker may begin with a point the audience understands or agrees with then progressively moves to point that challenge their understanding and agreement.Inattentive audience- begin with their most dramatic points

TWO WAYS TO DEVELOP THE POINTS OF THE SPEECH:1. State the point, support or develop it, then provide a transition to the next point, or they can develop each point fully before they state it. These decisions depend on the type of audience and the nature of the various points.2. Thematic circle that binds all the points together. Although the points of the speech are connected individually, each point rests comfortably within the overall theme. By the close of the speech, listeners should feel that the circle is completed and the theme fulfilled.

The wave patternBest example is Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have a Dream. He ended with a peak conclusion. Frist point 2nd point 3rd point conclusion Repetition of form Introduction material Repetition Build of material Transition Transition Transition or conclusion Two types of conclusions:1.winds down and leads the audience gradually from the topic2. Make transition to a conclusion and builds so that the conclusion is a dramatic peakThe spiral pattern

Introduction

Development DevelopmentMajor point

Development Major point

Development Major point

IntroductionOne way is to repeat a narrative with several variations. Lets say a speaker chooses the subject of selecting a college. She establishes a hypothetical student, Todd, who appears in three scenarios. First, she narrates his experiences if he decides to go to a local community college. In a second instance, Todd goes out of town but says within the state. In the final scene, he attends a school that is Across the continent from where he lives.

_ this pattern is useful for speeches on controversial topics, such as EUTHANASIA.Activity1) Look for a sample speech. Print it out. (No duplication. Post the title in the group fb.)2) Classify on how it is developed.3) Label which part can you find that by using an arrow.4) Can you make an outline out of it? Put your answer at the back of the bondper.