The Blood
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Transcript of The Blood
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THE BLOODChapter 13
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Introduction
• Specialized connective tissue– Plasma: fluid part (55%)– Formed blood cells (45%)
• Erythrocytes• Leukocytes• Thrombocytes
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FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
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Functions of the Blood (cont’d.)
• Transports: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones
• Regulates: body pH, body temperature• Clotting mechanism• Protection against foreign microbes and
toxins• Osmosis
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THE CLASSIFICATION OF BLOOD CELLS AND THE COMPOSITION OF PLASMA
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The Classification of Blood Cells
• Erythrocytes (RBCs)– 95% of the volume of blood cells
• Leukocytes (WBCs)– Granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils– Agranular: monocytes, lymphocytes
• Thrombocytes: platelets
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The Composition of Plasma
• Fluid portion of blood is 91% water• Plasma proteins: 7%
– Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen• Plasma solutes: 2%
– Ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, enzymes, hormones
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FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS: HEMATOPOIESIS
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Formation of Blood Cells: Hematopoiesis (cont’d.)
• Produced in red bone marrow• Lymphocytes and monocytes produced by
– Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils• Stem cells: undifferentiated mesenchymal
cells
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BLOOD CELL ANATOMY AND FUNCTIONS
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Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.)
• Erythrocytes– Biconcave disks– No nucleus– Contain hemoglobin
• Heme: binds O2
• Globin: binds CO2
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Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.)
• Granular leukocytes– Neutrophils
• Phagocytize foreign substances– Eosinophils
• Produce antihistamines– Basophils
• Produce heparin, histamine, serotonin
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Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.)
• Agranular leukocytes– Monocytes
• Phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris• Macrophages: in tissues
– Lymphocytes• T lymphocytes• B lymphocytes
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Blood Cell Anatomy and Functions (cont’d.)
• Thrombocytes or platelets– Disk-shaped cellular fragments with a nucleus– Prevent fluid loss when blood vessels
damaged– Produced from large megakaryocytes
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THE CLOTTING MECHANISM
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The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
Ruptured blood vessel attracts Thrombocytes
Damaged tissue releases Thromboplastin
Thromboplastin + Ca+, ions, and proteins
Prothrombin activator + Ca+ Prothrombin
Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin
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The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
• Clot– Fibrin forms long threads acting like a net– Platelets get enmeshed
• Syneresis: clot retraction• Fibrinolysis: dissolution of blood clot
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The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
• Thrombosis: unwanted clotting• Embolus: circulating blood clot• Infarction
– Tissues killed as a result of loss of blood supply
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The Clotting Mechanism (cont’d.)
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Animation – Blood
Click Here to Play Blood Animation
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THE BLOOD GROUPS
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Introduction
• Human blood is of different types– Only certain combinations are compatible
• Agglutination: clumping of RBCs– Occurs when blood groups mismatched– Transfusion reaction
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The ABO Blood Group
• Type A– Anti-B antibodies
• Type B– Anti-A antibodies
• Type AB– No antibodies
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The ABO Blood Group (cont’d.)
• Type O– Anti-A and anti-B antibodies
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The Rh Blood Group
• Eight Rh antigens• Antigen D: most important• Anti-Rh antibodies develop after exposure
– Rh-negative mother carrying Rh-positive baby• Erythroblastosis fetalis• RhoGAM - protects Rh-positive fetus
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Summary
• Described the functions of blood• Classified blood cells into different groups
based on anatomy and function• Discussed how and where blood cells are
formed• Explained the clotting mechanism• Named the different blood groups