Blood

Chapter

Hematology

The Study of Blood and Blood-Forming Organs Includes study of blood disorders:

Red blood cell disorders White blood cell disorders Platelet disorders Coagulation problems

Components of Blood

RBCs, WBCs, Platelets and Plasma

Plasma

Plasma

Plasma Water

90–92% by volume

Proteins Albumins: thicken

the blood Globulins: antibodies Fibrinogen: clotting

factors

Serum – plasma minus its clotting factors, RBC’s, and WBC’s

Plasma

What does plasma do? Acts as the primary

means of transport Plays a role in clotting Acts a buffer Provides a source of

energy

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

Red Blood Cells

Hemoglobin Oxygen affinity Circular shape with an

indention – helps make more surface area

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Hemoglobin (red pigment oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen

out to the cells of the body also carries a small portion of

carbon dioxide

White blood cells(leukocytes)

White Blood Cells

Provide defense-

White Blood Cells

White Blood Cell Catagories:

1. Granulocytes Basophil Neutrophil Eosinophil

2. Lymphocytes

3. Monocytes

White Blood Cells

Immunity Subpopulation of lymphocytes known as T cells

and B cells T cells develop cellular immunity. B cells produce humoral immunity.

Immune Response

Platelets(thrombocyte)

Damaged cells release certain clotting factors into the plasma – forming prothrombin activator

Platelets become sticky at the point of injury and soon accumulate near the opening in the broken blood vessel, forming a soft, temporary platelet plug

Prothrombin converts to thrombin which reacts with fibrinogen to form a fibrous gel called fibrin – looks like a tangle of fine threads that catch RBC’s

Hemostasis

The combined 3 mechanisms that work to prevent or control blood loss.

Hemostasis

Controlling Blood Loss Vascular spasms Platelet plugs Stable fibrin blood clots

Hemostasis

Hemostasis

Fibrinolysis Thrombosis

Fibrinolytics

In your squads, discuss how medications affect clot formation.

Lab Work

Blood Collection and Values

Lab Work

Purple Top

Used for Hematology: RBC: 3.8-5.6 M/uL WBC: 3.8-11 K/mm3

Neutrophils: 50-81% Bands: 1-5% Lymphocytes: 14-

44% Monocytes: 2-6% Eosinophils: 1-5% Basophils: 0-1%

CBC- Complete Blood Count

Purple Top

Hbg (hemaglobin): 11-18 g/dL Hct (hematocrit): 34-54% Platelets: 150-450x10-3/dL

CBC- Complete Blood Count

CBCs

In your squad, discuss what you have learned about CBCs.

Blood Typing

Blood Products and Blood Typing

Blood Types Antigens

A, B, AB, O Universal donors Universal recipients Rh factor

Diseases of the Red Blood Cells Anemias Sickle Cell Disease Polycythemia

Diseases of the Red Blood Cells Anemias

Anemia is a sign, not a separate disease process.

Signs and symptoms may not be present until the body is stressed.

Differentiate chronic anemia from acute episode.

Diseases of the Red Blood Cells Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle cell crises

Diseases of the Red Blood Cells Polycythemia

Overproduction of erythrocytes

Occurs in patients >50 years old or with secondary dehydration.

Results in bleeding abnormalities

Diseases of the White Blood Cells Leukopenia/Neutropenia Leukocytosis Leukemia Lymphomas

Diseases of the White Blood Cells Leukopenia/Neutropenia

Too few white blood cells or neutrophils. Leukocytosis

An increase in the number of circulating white blood cells, often due to infection.

Diseases of the White Blood Cells Leukemia

Cancer of hematopoietic cells Initial presentation

Acutely ill, fatigued, febrile and weak, anemic Often have a secondary infection

Diseases of the White Blood Cells Lymphomas

Cancers of the lymphatic system Presentation

Swelling of the lymph nodes Fever, night sweats, anorexia, weight loss,

fatigue, and pururitis

Diseases of the Platelets

Thrombocytosis An abnormal increase

in the number of platelets

Thrombocytopenia An abnormal

decrease in the number of platelets

Blood Clotting Abnormalities

Hemophilia