The Birth of Islam
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Transcript of The Birth of Islam
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The Birth of Islam
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The Arabian Peninsula Mostly desert Towns/cities/trade routes on outside
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Bedouins
Nomadic Arabs Lived in the desert
A desert-dwelling Arabian ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes, or clans, known in Arabic as ʿašāʾir (ر% (عََشاِئ
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Pre-Mohammed Kaaba – Sacred Allah – Supreme God
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Muhammad Born about 570 C.E. Successful Merchant Married Khadijah (former
boss) Traveled and interacted
with Jews + Christians Prayed in caves a lot
610 C.E. Angel appears to him
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Revelations… or messages from the Angel
Angel Gabriel gives Muhammad messages for humans from god
Allah – only true/all powerful god
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Spreading the Revelations
Begins to preach in public
Many in Mecca fearful of him
Flees Mecca 619 C.E.
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A Growing Following Settles in Medina 622 C.E. Mecca and Medina fight, by 630
Mohammad controls Mecca
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The Qur’an (or Koran) Mohammad couldn’t read or write Teachings were written down, became the
Qur’an
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The 5 Pillars1.Profess faith – “There is no god but
Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of god”
2.5 daily prayers facing Mecca3.Charity (Alms) to the poor4.Fasting during Ramadan5.Hajj – if physically/financially able,
must travel to Mecca
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632 C.E. Muhammad Died
Abu Bakr – becomes first caliph (or successor)
Keeps strong military Expands Muslim rule to the North
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Caliphate – area ruled by caliph
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DivisionAli
Cousin of Muhammad
Uthman From Umayyad
converted clan Umayyads only
went to Islam when they had no choice
Muhammad’s enemies
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ConflictUthman made caliph
Killed
Ali becomes caliph
civil war – Ali killed
Umayyad Dynasty
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Two Groups of Muslims
Sunnis way of the
prophet Majority of
Muslims accepted the Umayyad
Shia Party of Ali
Refused to accept Umayyads
Believed Allah had blessed Ali’s family
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Umayyads Unpopular
Shia continue to Oppose
Abbasid family lead revolts – 740s C.E.
Abbasid Dynasty
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The Abbasids Made Islam more universal Spread Islam from Southeast Asia to West Africa “Golden Age of Islam”
“The Translation” – gathering of as much knowledge as possible, and preservation of ancient writings
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The Abbasids spread Islam to Western Africa
ii
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And to India and Southeast Asia
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By the 800s Abbasids begin losing control
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The Abbasids lost their empire bit by bit:
Poor management of empire led to revolts
Constant struggle of succession Over-use of resources By ~950 C.E. Egypt + Syria broke
away …and invaders sack Baghdad
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The 1st Crusade 1096-1099
Christians from Europe invade and Capture Jerusalem
Islamic Armies retake all lost territory by 1291
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So, massive mounted armies could not overthrow Muslim rule.
Unless they were…
Wait for it…
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…The Mongols! uuu
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Baghdad is sacked in 1258 This marks the end of
the Abbasid Golden Age period
The end of a single Islamic Empire
Egypt and other small parts of the empire survive
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;ll