Islamic WorldIslamic World

Islamic Era - ChronologyIslamic Era - Chronology 570 CE – Birth of Muhammed, founder of Islam570 CE – Birth of Muhammed, founder of Islam 610 CE – Muhammed’s vision that creates Islam 610 CE – Muhammed’s vision that creates Islam

(Archangel Gabriel comes to him)(Archangel Gabriel comes to him) 622 CE – Muhammed leaves Mecca for Medina and 622 CE – Muhammed leaves Mecca for Medina and

begins gaining converts – this event is known as the begins gaining converts – this event is known as the Hegira (Hajj)Hegira (Hajj)

630 CE – Muhammed and followers return to Mecca and 630 CE – Muhammed and followers return to Mecca and overtake the city – the overtake the city – the KabahKabah is set up as major Islamic is set up as major Islamic shrineshrine

632 CE – Death of Muhammed, his father-in-law Abu – 632 CE – Death of Muhammed, his father-in-law Abu – Bakhr takes over and creates the title Bakhr takes over and creates the title caliphcaliph; begins the ; begins the creation of an empire of Islam by conquering neighboring creation of an empire of Islam by conquering neighboring lands. At Abu-Bakhr’s death Umar takes over as caliph. lands. At Abu-Bakhr’s death Umar takes over as caliph. Muslims divide into many subgroups.Muslims divide into many subgroups.

Islamic Era - ChronologyIslamic Era - Chronology 718 CE – Spain is under Muslim control718 CE – Spain is under Muslim control 734 CE – Battle of Poitiers – Muslim spread is stopped 734 CE – Battle of Poitiers – Muslim spread is stopped

by Charles Martel of Franceby Charles Martel of France 762 – 766 CE – The Abbasid Dynasty takes over from 762 – 766 CE – The Abbasid Dynasty takes over from

Umayyads (except in Spain) and move capital from Umayyads (except in Spain) and move capital from Damascus to BaghdadDamascus to Baghdad

788 – 879 CE – Several countries break free from 788 – 879 CE – Several countries break free from caliphate and set up individual kingdoms and dynastiescaliphate and set up individual kingdoms and dynasties

879 CE – Seljuk Turks begin conquest of Mesopotamia 879 CE – Seljuk Turks begin conquest of Mesopotamia and Persiaand Persia

900 CE – Fatimids take over in Egypt and conquer all of 900 CE – Fatimids take over in Egypt and conquer all of North AfricaNorth Africa

Islamic Era - ChronologyIslamic Era - Chronology

945 CE – Abbasid power falls to the Shiites945 CE – Abbasid power falls to the Shiites 969 – 1171 CE – Fatimid Dynasty recreates a 969 – 1171 CE – Fatimid Dynasty recreates a

smaller version of the Caliphate in Egyptsmaller version of the Caliphate in Egypt 1037 – 1194 CE – Seljuk Turk Dynasty1037 – 1194 CE – Seljuk Turk Dynasty 1077 CE – Seljuk Turks conquer most of Arabia, 1077 CE – Seljuk Turks conquer most of Arabia,

Palestine, Syria, LebanonPalestine, Syria, Lebanon 1099 CE – Crusades begun against Muslims in 1099 CE – Crusades begun against Muslims in

the Holy Land by Pope Urbanthe Holy Land by Pope Urban 1187 CE – Saladin ends Western control of Holy 1187 CE – Saladin ends Western control of Holy

Land (Outremer) after Battle of HattinLand (Outremer) after Battle of Hattin

Islamic Era - ChronologyIslamic Era - Chronology 1248 CE – Muslims lose control of most of Spain except 1248 CE – Muslims lose control of most of Spain except

area around Granadaarea around Granada 1251 CE – Malmuk Dynasty takes over caliphate in 1251 CE – Malmuk Dynasty takes over caliphate in

EgyptEgypt 1258 CE – Abbasid Dynasty is completely wiped out by 1258 CE – Abbasid Dynasty is completely wiped out by

Mongol invasionMongol invasion 1327 CE – Seljuk Empire collapses; Arab world splits 1327 CE – Seljuk Empire collapses; Arab world splits

into several kingdomsinto several kingdoms 1453 CE – Ottoman Empire defeats the Byzantine 1453 CE – Ottoman Empire defeats the Byzantine

Empire; move capital to Istanbul (Constantinople)Empire; move capital to Istanbul (Constantinople) 1492 CE – Muslims completely expelled from Spain1492 CE – Muslims completely expelled from Spain

5 Pillars of Faith – (Sunni)5 Pillars of Faith – (Sunni) 1) Shahadah – profession of faith – “There is no God but Allah, and 1) Shahadah – profession of faith – “There is no God but Allah, and

Muhammad is his messenger”Muhammad is his messenger” 2) Salah – ritual prayer done 5x a day at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon, 2) Salah – ritual prayer done 5x a day at dawn, noon, mid-afternoon,

sunset and eveningsunset and evening 3) Zakat – giving to the poor – everyone must give something 3) Zakat – giving to the poor – everyone must give something

depending on what they earndepending on what they earn 4) Sawm – fasting during month of Ramadan – refraining from food, 4) Sawm – fasting during month of Ramadan – refraining from food,

drink and sexual intercourse from dawn to dusk each day of the drink and sexual intercourse from dawn to dusk each day of the month – also supposed to get along with others better and get month – also supposed to get along with others better and get closer to Allah during this time (there are exceptions for health, etc.)closer to Allah during this time (there are exceptions for health, etc.)

5) Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca – every able bodied Muslim must 5) Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca – every able bodied Muslim must make the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime – must walk make the pilgrimage at least once in their lifetime – must walk around the Kaaba 7 times, touch the stone and symbolically throw around the Kaaba 7 times, touch the stone and symbolically throw rocks at the devilrocks at the devil

In Shiite Islam there are the additional pillars of Jihad (personal In Shiite Islam there are the additional pillars of Jihad (personal struggle against Islam’s enemies) and Khum (giving a tithe to the struggle against Islam’s enemies) and Khum (giving a tithe to the Imam)Imam)

Islamic TermsIslamic Terms Islam – submission to Allah (god)Islam – submission to Allah (god) Muslim – one who submits to the will of AllahMuslim – one who submits to the will of Allah Hajj/Hegira – pilgrimage to MeccaHajj/Hegira – pilgrimage to Mecca Imam – religious leaderImam – religious leader Quran (Koran) – Muslim Holy BookQuran (Koran) – Muslim Holy Book Sura – chapter in the QuranSura – chapter in the Quran Qiyama – Day of JudgmentQiyama – Day of Judgment Jannah - heavenJannah - heaven

Islamic Art CharacteristicsIslamic Art Characteristics

Geometric PatternsGeometric Patterns No icons, rare animalsNo icons, rare animals Heavy use of plasterworkHeavy use of plasterwork Quotations from Koran used as art – Quotations from Koran used as art –

calligraphycalligraphy Plain interiorsPlain interiors Water is used as a way to show off wealthWater is used as a way to show off wealth

Islamic ArtIslamic Art

Dome of the RockDome of the Rock 680 - 692 CE680 - 692 CE Jerusalem, Jerusalem,

Israel/PalestineIsrael/Palestine ArchitectureArchitecture Earliest major Islamic Earliest major Islamic

buildingbuilding Jerusalem is 3Jerusalem is 3rdrd

holiest city to Muslimsholiest city to Muslims

Islamic ArtIslamic Art Interior of Dome of the RockInterior of Dome of the Rock 690 CE690 CE Jerusalem, Israel/PalestineJerusalem, Israel/Palestine ArchitectureArchitecture Interior is heavily decorated for Interior is heavily decorated for

an Islamic buildingan Islamic building The rock in the center marks The rock in the center marks

the alleged place where the alleged place where Abraham was going to Abraham was going to sacrifice his first born son; it is sacrifice his first born son; it is also the alleged place where also the alleged place where Muhammed was taken by Muhammed was taken by Gabriel on a Gabriel on a mi’raj mi’raj (spiritual (spiritual journey) to visit heaven and journey) to visit heaven and hell hell

Islamic Art – Dome of the RockIslamic Art – Dome of the Rock

Grand Mosque of Damascus (Ummayad Mosque)

706-715 CE

Damascus, Syria

Architecture

Includes a shrine inside which claims the head of John

The Baptist

Also has the tomb of Saladin

And the head of Husayn, the grandson of Mohammed

Islamic ArtIslamic Art

Cordoba MosqueCordoba Mosque 786786 Cordoba, SpainCordoba, Spain ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: Begun by Abd-al Artist: Begun by Abd-al

RahmanRahman Umayyad Dynasty in Umayyad Dynasty in

Spain’s influence is seen Spain’s influence is seen here here

Interior is considered a Interior is considered a masterpiece of Islamic masterpiece of Islamic architecturearchitecture

Islamic ArtIslamic Art Interior of La Mezquita Interior of La Mezquita

(Great Mosque of (Great Mosque of Cordoba)Cordoba)

88thth – 10 – 10thth C. CE C. CE ArchtectureArchtecture Cordoba, SpainCordoba, Spain Typical Arab style Typical Arab style

hypostyle hallhypostyle hall Horseshoe arcades Horseshoe arcades

decorate interior making decorate interior making this one of the most this one of the most beautiful mosques in the beautiful mosques in the worldworld

Dome in front of the mihrabof the Great Mosque

Islamic ArtIslamic Art

Mosque of Sulayman IIMosque of Sulayman II 1550 – 1557 CE1550 – 1557 CE Istanbul, TurkeyIstanbul, Turkey ArchitectureArchitecture Artist: SinanArtist: Sinan This is an enormous This is an enormous

Ottoman imperial mosque Ottoman imperial mosque – to compete with Christian – to compete with Christian churches in the areachurches in the area

Has courtyard with central Has courtyard with central fountainfountain

Islamic ArtIslamic Art

Interior Mosque of Interior Mosque of SulaymanSulayman

1550- 15571550- 1557 ArchitectureArchitecture Istanbul, TurkeyIstanbul, Turkey Artist: SinanArtist: Sinan Vast open space Vast open space

created by domescreated by domes Limited decoration as Limited decoration as

Islamic law prohibits Islamic law prohibits idols and idolatryidols and idolatry

Islamic ArtIslamic Art Interior Mosque of Interior Mosque of

Sulayman IISulayman II 1550 – 1557 CE1550 – 1557 CE Istanbul, TurkeyIstanbul, Turkey ArchitectureArchitecture SinanSinan The dome is supported The dome is supported

by 8 piersby 8 piers It is over 197 ft highIt is over 197 ft high The structural The structural

components are the focus components are the focus rather than being hiddenrather than being hidden

Malwiya minaret of the Great Mosque of Samarra

ca. 848-852

Samarra, Iraq

When rediscovered by Western archaeologists they believed it to be the Tower of Babel in error

This is only the minaret - prayer tower next to mosque

Malwiya minaret and Great Mosque

Islamic ArtIslamic Art

Court of the LionsCourt of the Lions 1414thth century CE century CE Granada, SpainGranada, Spain Architecture/SculptureArchitecture/Sculpture Located on the Located on the

grounds of the grounds of the AlhambraAlhambra

The Nasrid Dynasty The Nasrid Dynasty built this to show built this to show wealth with the use of wealth with the use of excessive waterexcessive water

Muqarnas Dome

1354-1391

Granada, Spain

Inside the Hall of the Two Sisters in the Alahambra Palace

Made of plaster – another use of excess water to show wealth

Mausoleum of the Samanids

early 10th century

Bukhara, Uzbekistan

Architecture

Despite Islamic prohibitions about extravagant burials – the Samanid rulers built great monuments to death

Madrasa/Mosque/Mausoleum complex of

Sultan Hasan

1356-1363 CE

Cairo, Egypt

Madrasa – Islamic school

Considered the best multiple complex in Islam

Qibla wall, main iwan

1356-1363

Cairo, Egypt

Architecture

Inside the Madrasa-mosque-mausoleum complex of Sultan Hasan

Qibla wall helps point faithful in right direction for prayer in any mosque

Islamic ArtIslamic Art

Shah-namah book pageShah-namah book page 1562 – 15831562 – 1583 Persia (Iran)Persia (Iran) Illuminated ManuscriptIlluminated Manuscript Book was written by Book was written by

FirdawsiFirdawsi It is a work of 60,000 It is a work of 60,000

couplets couplets

Courtyard of the Great Mosque (The Friday Mosque)

11th century CE

Isfahan, Iran

Architecture

From early Seljuk period in Persia

4 gate style mosque opens in all directions

Dome of the Friday Mosque

1611-1638

Isfahan, Iran

Architecture

Artist: Nizam Al-Mulk

Glazed tile roof adds bright colors to mosque

Islamic ArtIslamic Art

KaabaKaaba Traditional dating c. 2000 Traditional dating c. 2000

BCE, rebuilt 620-630 CEBCE, rebuilt 620-630 CE Mecca, Saudi ArabiaMecca, Saudi Arabia ArchitectureArchitecture Holiest spot in the world Holiest spot in the world

to Muslimsto Muslims Black stone inside is said Black stone inside is said

to have fallen from to have fallen from heavenheaven

KaabaKaaba

Islamic ArtIslamic Art

Al Masjid Al NabawiAl Masjid Al Nabawi 77thth-13-13thth centuries CE centuries CE Medina, Saudi ArabiaMedina, Saudi Arabia ArchitectureArchitecture Tomb of Mohammed Tomb of Mohammed

can be found under the can be found under the green domegreen dome

AKA – Dome of the AKA – Dome of the ProphetProphet

Originally his houseOriginally his house

Eastern façade of Friday Mosque

Djenne, Mali

Architecture

13th century, rebuilt 1906-07 – mud brick

Also found in our Africa power point

Islamic ArtIslamic Art

Islamic ArtIslamic Art

Islamic ArtIslamic Art

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