The beginnings

of globalization

COLONIALISM

COLONIALISM:A set of unequal relationships[political,

economic, cultural] between the METROPOLE and the COLONY and between the COLONISTS and the

INDIGENOUS population.

The colonial period normally refers to the late 15th to the 20th century, when European states established

colonies on other continents.

France-, Britain, Spain, Belgium, Africa, South America, India, West indies

COLONIALISM - DEFINITION

CIVILIZING MISSION:A rationale for intervention or colonisation, proposing to

contribute to the spread of civilization, mostly amounting to the Westernization of indigenous peoples.

European colonial powers felt it WAS THEIR DUTY to bring Western civilization to what they perceived

as backwards peoples.

WHITE MAN”S BURDEN:A view proposes that white people have an OBLIGATION to

rule over, and encourage the cultural development of people from other ethnic and cultural backgrounds until they can take their place in the world economically and socially .

JUSTIFICATION

Cultural HEGMONY: a culturally diverse society can be dominated [ruled] by 1 social class. The social, cultural, ideological, or economic influence exerted by a dominant group

Colonialism connection : aggression or expansionism by large nations over small nations in an eff ort to achieve world economic, political and cultural domination.

The ruling-class imposes its world view on society as the SOCIAL NORM.

Their world-view is perceived as a UNIVERSAL ideology. It is understood {pretends] to BE BENEFICIAL TO ALL

OF SOCIETY.

IN FACT, IT ONLY BENEFITS THE RULING CLASS

DEFINITIONS - CONTINUED

ETHNO-CENTRIC :

Characterized by or based on the attitude that one's own ethnic group is superior to another.

EURO-CENTRIC:

The practice of viewing the world from a [superior] European [white] perspective

…………………………………………………….………..,…………………………………………

DEFINITIONS

Eurocentrism takes the view of European superiority in respect to social standards.

With the belief in superiority of social standards, Eurocentrism sees the right for Europeans to judge other nations

Eurocentric attitudes invented and continue to support RACISM.

CULTURAL RELATIVISM: the principle that an individual human beliefs and

activities are understood by others in terms of that individuals own culture.

DEFINITIONS

This is NOT A COMPARISON between another culture and your own

It is understanding another culture in its context – on its own terms. (This can be problematic)

In other words, “right” and “wrong” are culture-specific; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in

another, and, since no universal standard of morality exists, no one has the right to claim superiority over another society’s customs.

Colonialism:The direct and overall domination of one country by another

on the basis of state power being in the hands of a foreign power

Change in mode of productionINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATIONAND TECHNOLOGY

Progress of Industry grewfaster than agriculture

AGRARIAN INDUSTRIAL

Decline in agriculture

Movement from RURAL to URBAN

Increasingly difficult tor agriculture to satisfy the demand for raw materials required in the industries

European powers went outside the country to look for new

materials

The industrial revolution was a revolutionary trend in the history of

mankind.

As a result of rapid increase in technology, new products were

produced at a faster rate than the populations could dispose of. As a result of the decline in

agricultural production, there was the problem of how to produce enough or adequate food to feed the fast growing urban population

There was under-utilization of capital in Europe at this time, and a need to

find where these capitals will transported and invested

for the creation of new products.

WHY ?HOW ?

Colonialism:The strategy

political administration

African economy before colonization was primitive and based on barter system

Control

economy

Reorganized the economy and the markets to make it possible for integration into the world market and international economy

Direct control of African economy and political administration made possible colonialism

Africa was compelled or forced to accept the international division of labour which assigned her the compulsory role of production of agricultural raw materials required by the industries in Europe.

Colonialist needed to take full control of the African economy and administration to

ensure that Africa was made a consumer nation for European manufactured goods.

Direct control of the African economy and political administration enabled the

colonialist to ensure that African colonies or states did not take to

manufacturing.

It helped to restrict Africans and their technology to the confines or role of

producing only primary goods or agricultural raw materials needed by

the industries in Europe.

Conquest, Forced labour, Taxation

Monetization of the economy.Payment of low wages.

Money was introduced as the only official acceptable medium of exchange and to enforce this, there was need for the colonialist to take direct control of the administration of the African colonies.

HOW? WHY ?

If the colonialists required palm oil for their soap making industry, they had to compel Africans to concentrate on the production

of this commodity in commercial quantities so that the industry concerned could have adequate and steady supply of

this product.

If the colonialists did not take full control and direct production in the economy, the African people who are the producers might decide to produce yams more than

palm oil, because this might be what was in high demand within the local economy.

2 NON-MUTUALLY–EXCLUSIVE FORMS OF COLONIALISM:

SETTLER COLONIALISM involves large-scale immigration, often motivated by religious, political, or economic reasons.

EXPLOITATION COLONIALISM involves fewer colonists and focuses on access to resources for export, typically to the Metroplole.

relied on indigenous resources for labor and material [slaves].

Both types of colonization were enacted by EXTREME FORCE and EXPLOITED and DESTROYED the indigenous

culture.

TYPES OF COLONIALISM

IMPERIALISM:the creation and/or maintenance of an unequal

economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, based on domination and subordination between the

METROPLOLE and the COLONY and often in the form of an EMPIRE.

British Empire / Ottoman Empire

Colonialism vs. Imperialism COLONIALISM is the implanting of settlements or colonies

on a distant territory” –

IMPERIALISM IS “the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan centre ruling a distant territory’”.

e.g.. “The Scramble for Africa”

IMPERIALISM- DEFINITION

European nations entered their imperial projects with the goal of enriching the European Metroplole. Exploitation of non-Europeans to support imperial goals was acceptable to the colonizers . Two outgrowths of this imperial agenda were slavery and indentured servitude.

Ultimately, around 11 MILLION AFRICANS were taken to the Caribbean and North and South America as slaves by European colonizers.

SLAVERY

The Atlantic slave trade or trans-Atlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic ocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries.

The vast majority of slaves involved in the Atlantic trade were Africans from the central and western parts of the continent, who were sold by Africans to European slave traders, who transported them across the ocean to the colonies in North and South America.

THE SLAVE TRADE

THE TRIANGULAR TRADE ROUTE

Millions of Africans were forcibly placed into slavery.

‘BLACKS’ were considered TO BE ANIMALS – NOT HUMAN . This justified the inhumane

treatment.

There, the slaves were FORCED TO LABOR on coff ee, tobacco, cocoa, cotton and sugar plantations, toil in gold and silver mines, in rice fi elds, the construction industry, timber for ships, or in houses to work as servants

THE SLAVE TRADE -

continued

SLAVE AUCTION ADVERTISING

Even after the end of the slave trade, most colonies were used as sources of inexpensive labor and resources while providing little in terms of services and development to indigenous populations.

The Scramble for Africa (1880-1900) was a period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers

The Africans’ worst loss was not of land or power but self-respect, as the newcomers taught them that their ways, cultures and gods were inferior and should be abandoned .

THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA