The Awareness of Employees For The Health …eprints.utar.edu.my/2737/1/BF_2017-1406372.pdf ·...

A57

THE AWARENESS OF EMPLOYEES FOR THE

HEALTH SCREENING BENEFITS PROVIDED BY

SOCSO

UPON 40 YEARS OLD

BY

BEH CHEK ZHENG

HENG KAI WEN

LAI EE PEI

LIEW LI KUAN

LIM JIA XIN

A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirement for the degree of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

(HONS) BANKING AND FINANCE

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE

AUGUST 2017

The Awareness of Employees For The Health Screening Benefits Provided By SOCSO Upon 40

Years Old

Undergraduate Research Project ii Faculty of Business and Finance

Copyright @ 2017

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this paper may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, graphic, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, without the prior

consent of the authors.


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Undergraduate Research Project iii Faculty of Business and Finance

DECLARATION

We hereby declare that:

(1) This undergraduate research project is the end result of our own work and that

due acknowledgement has been given in the references to ALL sources of

information be they printed, electronic, or personal.

(2) No portion of this research project has been submitted in support of any

application for any other degree or qualification of this or any other university,

or other institutes of learning.

(3) Equal contribution has been made by each group member in completing the

research project.

(4) The word count of this research report is 17,321 words.

Name of Student:

Student ID:

Signature:

1. BEH CHEK ZHENG 13ABB01346 ____________

2. HENG KAI WEN 13ABB04546 ____________

3. LAI EE PEI 14ABB06372 ____________

4. LIEW LI KUAN 15ABB00089 ____________

5. LIM JIA XIN 13ABB05504 ____________

Date: _____________________


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Undergraduate Research Project iv Faculty of Business and Finance

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With the assistance and cooperation of various authorities, this research project has

been successfully carried out. Thus, we would like to express our sincere

thankfulness to those people who guided, assisted and supported us in completing

this research.

First and foremost, we would like to thank Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

(UTAR) for giving us the opportunity to take part in the research project. During

the research, we gain a lot of knowledge, experience and expose to circumstances

which could not be learnt elsewhere and it would be absolutely helpful in the future.

Secondly, we would like to express our greatest appreciation to our respectful

supervisor, Puan Noor Azizah Binti Shaari for her continuous guidance, supervision

and time throughout the completion of this research study. Without her supervise,

we may not complete our research report in the time given. Furthermore, we also

wish to thank her for providing us useful sources and website that could enhance

our research quality. Her persistent and guidance ensured the research to be on the

right way and carried on smoothly. We sincerely appreciate what she had done to

guide us.

The credit is also given to our parents and family who have assisted us in terms of

morale and financial support. Undeniably, the understanding of our parents has

allowed us to carry out our thesis in a free pressure environment. We get to

concentrate in our research without worrying for the financial constraints as our

parents have given us the full financial support.

Moreover, we are very grateful to our respondents who willing to spend their

precious time to complete the questionnaire and provide us valuable data for the

research. Their collaboration made our work easier in form of collecting and

analysing the data. Last but not least, our deepest appreciation to our group

members for their tolerance and commitment and family members and friends who

had supported us to the end of this project.


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Undergraduate Research Project v Faculty of Business and Finance

DEDICATION

We would like to dedicate this research project to all of our group members, Lai Ee

Pei, Liew Li Kuan, Lim Jia Xin, Heng Kai Wen and Beh Chek Zheng for all the

steadfast efforts towards the completion of this research project. We believe our

cohesiveness as group mates have brought us towards a constant understanding that

each of us plays an important role and to be always proactive in our works.

Moving on, our sincere dedication of this research project goes to our supervisor

for this research paper, Puan Noor Azizah binti Shaari. She has always been the

pillar of support that guided us from the start until the end of this research project.

Her countless advice and guidance are something that our group very thankful and

grateful of. Hence, this research paper is dedicated to Puan Noor Azizah binti Shaari.

Lastly, we also like to extend our dedication of this research paper to all our friends

and family members for the constant moral support and motivation that has been

given to us throughout the process of completing this research paper. Finally, we

are very grateful that the 306 respondent willing to spend their time on filling up

our questionnaire survey to gather the data for analysis purpose in completing this

research project.


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Undergraduate Research Project vi Faculty of Business and Finance

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Copyright Page ………………………………………………………………. ii

Declaration …………………………………………………………………… iii

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………… iv

Dedication ……………………………………………………………………. v

Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………. vi

List of Tables ………………………………………………………………… xi

List of Figures ……………………………………………………………….. xii

List of Appendices …………………………………………………………… xiii

List of Abbreviations ………………………………………………………… xiv

Preface ……………………………………………………………………….. xv

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………. xvi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………. 1

1.1 Research Background ………………………………... 1

1.2 Problem Statement …………………………………… 3

1.3 Research Objective…………………………………… 5

1.3.1 General Objective…………………………….. 5

1.3.2 Specific Objective…………………………….. 6

1.4 Research Questions…………………………………… 6

1.5 Hypothesis of the Study………………………………. 7

1.5.1 Type of Industry………………………………. 7

1.5.2 Health Condition……………………………… 8

1.5.3 Socio-Economic Status (SES) ……………….. 8


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Undergraduate Research Project vii Faculty of Business and Finance

1.5.4 Source of Information………………………. 8

1.6 Significant of the Study…………………………….. 9

1.6.1 SOCSO Institution………………………….. 9

1.6.2 Employees………………………………….. 9

1.6.3 Employers………………………………….. 10

1.6.4 Hospital…………………………………….. 10

1.6.5 Future researchers………………………….. 11

1.7 Chapter Layout…………………………………….. 11

1.7.1 Chapter One: Introduction…………………. 11

1.7.2 Chapter Two: Literature review…………… 11

1.7.3 Chapter Three: Methodology……………… 12

1.7.4 Chapter Four: Data analysis……………….. 12

1.7.5 Chapter Five: Discussion and conclusion…. 12

1.8 Conclusion…………………………………………. 12

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………… 14

2.1 Literature Review………………………………….. 14

2.1.1 Dependent Variable: Level of Awareness…. 14

2.1.2 Independent variable……………………….. 18

2.1.2.1 Types of Industry…………………… 18

2.1.2.2 Health condition…………………….. 22

2.1.2.3 Social-Economic Status (SES)……… 24

2.1.2.4 Source of Information………………. 28

2.2 Review of Relevant Theoretical Models……………. 31

2.2.1 Health Belief Model………………………… 31

2.3 Proposal Conceptual Framework…………………… 32


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Undergraduate Research Project viii Faculty of Business and Finance

2.4 Hypothesis Development…………………………… 33

2.4.1 Types of Industry………………………….. 33

2.4.2 Health condition…………………………… 33

2.4.3 Socio-economic Status (SES) …………….. 34

2.4.4 Source of Information……………………… 34

2.5 Conclusion…………………………………………. 35

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY………………………………… 36

3.1 Research Design…………………………………… 36

3.2 Data Collection…………………………………….. 36

3.2.1 Primary Data……………………………….. 37

3.3 Sampling Design…………………………………… 37

3.3.1 Target population…………………………… 37

3.3.2 Sampling Size………………………………. 38

3.3.3 Sampling technique………………………… 39

3.4 Research Instrument………………………………… 39

3.4.1 Questionnaire: Likert Scale…………………. 39

3.4.2 Nominal Scale………………………………. 39

3.5 Data Processing……………………………………... 40

3.5.1 Data Collection……………………………… 40

3.5.2 Data Checking………………………………. 41

3.5.3 Data Editing………………………………… 41

3.5.4 Data Coding………………………………… 41

3.5.5 Data cleaning……………………………….. 42

3.6 Data Analysis………………………………………. 42

3.6.1 Econometric model………………………… 42


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Undergraduate Research Project ix Faculty of Business and Finance

3.6.1.1 Regression model………………….. 42

3.6.1.2 Correlation model………………….. 43

3.6.2 Inferential Analysis………………………… 43

3.6.3 Scale Measurement………………………… 44

3.6.3.1 Normality………………………….. 44

3.6.3.2 Pilot test……………………………. 45

3.6.3.3 Multicollinearity…………………… 45

3.6.3.4 Autocorrelation…………………….. 46

3.6.3.5 Specific Bias……………………….. 47

3.7 Conclusion…………………………………………. 47

CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS……………………………….... 48

4.1 Descriptive Analysis……………………………….. 48

4.1.1 Central Tendencies Measurements of

Constructs………….....…………………….. 48

4.1.2 Respondent Demographic Profile………….. 53

4.1.2.1 Gender……………………………… 54

4.1.2.2 Age…………………………………. 54

4.1.2.3 Religion…………………………….. 55

4.2 Scale Measurement………………………………… 56

4.2.1 Reliability Test…………………………….. 56

4.3 Inferential Analysis………………………………… 57

4.3.1 Multiple regression analysis……………….. 57

4.3.2 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient…………. 62

4.4 Conclusion…………………………………………. 69

CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND

IMPLICATIONS………………………………….. 70


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5.1 Summary of Statistical Analyses………………….. 70

5.2 Discussion of Major Findings…………………….. 71

5.2.1 Types of Industry…………………………. 71

5.2.2 Health Condition…………………………. 72

5.2.3 Socio-Economic Status (SES) …………… 73

5.2.4 Source of Information……………………. 73

5.3 Implication of Study……………………………… 74

5.3.1 SOCSO Institution………………………... 74

5.3.2 Employees………………………………… 75

5.3.3 Employers………………………………… 75

5.3.4 Hospitals………………………………….. 76

5.3.5 Future researchers………………………… 76

5.4 Limitations of Study……………………………… 77

5.5 Recommendation for Future Research…………… 78

5.6 Conclusion……………………………………….. 78

References………………………………………………………………… 79

Appendices………………………………………………………………... 88


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LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 4.0: Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha (Pilot Test) 48

Table 4.6: Reliability test on actual survey 56

Table 4.7: Coefficient 58

Table 4.8: Model summary 60

Table 4.9: ANOVA 61

Table 4.10: Rules of Thumb for Correlation Range 62

Table 4.11: Correlation between Level of Awareness and Types of Industry 63

Table 4.12: Correlation between Level of Awareness and Health Condition 65

Table 4.13: Correlation between Level of Awareness and Socio-Economic 66

Status (SES)

Table 4.14: Correlation between Level of Awareness and Source of 68

Information

Table 5.0: Statistical Analyses 70


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LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1.0: SOCSO Contributors Undergone Health Examination at Health 2

Screening Programme (HSP) Panel Clinics whose age 40 years

old and above

Figure 1.1: The overall number of employees’ undergone examination of 5

Health Screening Program (HSP) provided by SOCSO from

year 2013 to 2015

Figure 2.0: Dependent and Independent Variables 32

Figure 3.0: Data processing 40

Figure 4.1: Source of information to aware the SOCSO health screening 52

program

Figure 4.2: Type of source prefer to get the latest SOCSO information 53

Figure 4.3: Respondent’s gender 54

Figure 4.4: Respondent’s age 54

Figure 4.5: Religion of the respondents 55


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Undergraduate Research Project xiii Faculty of Business and Finance

LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix 1.0: Research Questionnaire Sample 88

Appendix 2.0: Level of Awareness for the Health Screening Benefits Provided

by SOCSO 98

Appendix 2.1: Types of Industry 99

Appendix 2.2: Health Condition 99

Appendix 2.3: Socio-economic Status (SES) 100

Appendix 2.4: Source of Information 101

Appendix 3.0: Pilot Test on Validity & Reliability(Section B1) 102

Appendix 3.1: Pilot Test on Validity & Reliability (Section B2) 104




Appendix 3.5: Actual Test on Correlation 111

Appendix 3.6: Actual Test on Regression 114






Appendix 3.12: Actual Test on Correlation 127

Appendix 3.13: Actual Test on Regression 130


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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

SOCSO Social Security Organization

SES Socio-Economic Status

HSP Health Screening Programme

SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises

BBS Behaviour-Based Safety

SHO Safety and Health Officers

PRC Patient Rights Charter

MOHME Ministry of Health and Medical Education

SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science

LRM Logistic Regression Model

NHIS National Health Insurance Scheme

CBHI Community-Based Health Insurance

HRQOL Health Related Quality of Life

WHO World Health Organization

AT-HIS Austrian Health Interview Survey

ALSWH Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

SHE Safety Health and Environment


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Undergraduate Research Project xv Faculty of Business and Finance

PREFACE

SOCSO (Social Security Organization), which is also known as PERKESO

(Pertubuhan Keselamatan Social), was established in 1971 under the Ministry of

Human Resources with the main objective to provide social security protections to

all employees or workers in Malaysia. SOCSO offers several functions which

included the payment of benefits to workers and dependents when tragedy strikes,

provision of physical and vocational rehabilitation benefits, promotion of awareness

of occupational safety and health and many more.

This research is conducted to enable more people to gain better understanding on

the information of SOCSO and raise awareness among the public. Besides, in

conducting this research project, we are keen to know the factors that will affect the

public’s level of awareness for benefits provided by SOCSO and at the same time,

why do people prefer to go for private insurance rather than public insurance

provided by the government which is cheaper.

The objective of this study is to examine the level of awareness, understanding and

perceptions of Malaysian towards public insurance. In addition, this study also aims

to investigate if the type of industry, socioeconomic status, health condition and

source of information will influence the level of awareness of employees towards

SOCSO.


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Undergraduate Research Project xvi Faculty of Business and Finance

ABSTRACT

The primary aim of this study was to determine the awareness of public health

insurance which is also known as Social Security Organization (SOCSO) provided

by Malaysia’s government to all the employees and employers whose working in

Malaysia. There were various independent variables were studied from the past

researches done by the researchers as reference purpose. In this study, type of

industry, health condition, socioeconomic status (SES) and source of information

were adopted as the independent variable and level of awareness as the dependent

variable of this study. Hence, this research is to study the relationship and

significance level of the independent variable towards the dependent variable.

This study is based mainly on the primary data and the questionnaire survey was

prepared and created through Google Form according to the independent variables

and dependent variable. The questionnaire was distributed to the targeted

respondents who are mainly from Johor Bahru, Kuala Lumpur and Penang for this

research purpose. There were total 310 questionnaires distributed equally to

employees and employers who are 40 years old and above from the respective states.

Further data analysis is prepared by using Statistical Package for Social Science

version 20.0 (SPSS). Other than using primary data collected from the questionnaire

survey, interview was carried out with the person in charge in Health Screening

Programme in SOCSO institution, Puan Norhaniza.

The results generated from SPSS shows that three out of four independent variables

which are type of industry, socioeconomic status and source of information have

positive relationship with the dependent variable whereas health condition

independent variable has negative relationship with the dependent variable.

However, the outcome shows all of the independent variables are significant with

the dependent variable.


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CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH OVERVIEW

1.0 Introduction

The first chapter of this study consists of various sections such as illustrates the

background of Social Security Organization (SOCSO) Institution in Malaysia,

problem statement, research objectives which include the general and specific

objectives, research questions, the hypothesis of the study, significance of the study,

chapter layout and the conclusion. The research has covered one dependent variable

which is the level of employee’s awareness for the health screening benefits and

also the four independent variables which are types of industry, health condition,

socio-economic status (SES) and source of information.

1.1 Research background

The purpose of this study is to identify the awareness of public health insurance

which also known as Social Security Organization (SOCSO) provided by

Malaysia’s government to all the employees and employers whose working in

Malaysia.

In current economic situation, it will bring to lower or middle-level income family

bear a heavy burden of surgery fees if they do not have a private health insurance

or not enough cash to cover all the surgery cost. SOCSO health screening program

had established in year 2013 by Malaysia’s prime minister to benefits for employees

or employers who are working in Malaysia (SOCSO Health Screening Programme,

n.d). It’s provided the social security protections such as health insurance in cancer,

disease and diabetes to all workers who attain at age 40 in Malaysia. To active this

benefit, employers or employees must work for 1 year after they registered.


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Choudhary, Goswami, Khambhati, Shah, Makwana and Yadav (2013) stated that

health insurance rapidly becoming an important mechanism for the fund of the

health care needs of the people because it can transfer risk of unexpected cost when

a person are falling ill or need a huge amount of money to cover all the heavy

hospitalization and surgery fees.

Figure 1.0: SOCSO Contributors Undergone Health Examination at Health

Screening Programme (HSP) Panel Clinics whose age 40 years old and above

Source: PERKESO Annual Report from year 2013 to 2015

Based on the annual report publish by PERKESO, there are total 2.17 million

vouchers distributed to the public between year 2013 to 2015. The figure 1.0 shown

that number of SOCSO contributors in year 2014 were decreased to 126,070 from

260,703 in year 2013. However, the number of SOCSO contributors in year 2015

who undergone the examination were rapidly increased to 446,813. There is an

extra one benefit for women to examine the mammogram which is an x-ray to check

women’s breast cancer and this benefit has been undergone by 141,093 women in

year 2015. In the same year, government has spent around RM 4.67 million in this

health screening program.

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

2013 2014 2015

SOCSO Contributors Undergone Health Examination

Employees or Employers Age 40 and above


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Furthermore, not all the people will purchase a health insurance because it is

expensive for some people especially for those low income level employees or

families, therefore, government are playing a critical role for helping them with

lower down the costs of healthcare (Si, Chen and Palmer, 2017). Furthermore,

premiums of the health insurance are increasing year-by-year due to rising in health

costs and also it will become large and growing costs for a company. Some

organizations might cut down the costs by reducing the amount of health insurance

to their workers, it will lead to lower down the healthcare payment claiming for

their workers.

Around the world, for those low-income families or who lives in rural area they are

not familiar about health insurance. In Malaysia, SOCSO Institution was provided

free health care for all workers above 40 years old because it is one of the public

service open register for all the employees and employers to assist them when they

are suffer permanent injury or during tragedy strikes period. Also, it provided

physical and occupational rehabilitation benefits such as dialysis treatment,

occupational therapy and reconstructive surgery (Social Security Organization, n.d).

Thus, SOCSO Institution is playing an important role for Malaysia’s workers to let

them aware about their own occupation safety and health.

1.2 Problem Statement

Recently, many researchers are done the research about the level of awareness

toward the health insurance and found out which factors are influenced the

awareness in the public. In Malaysia, government was distributed 2.17 million

vouchers to the public for the free health screening program but there are only a

total of 833,586 workers claimed these benefits. According to Choudhary et al.,

(2013), health insurance is an unknown word for those people live in the rural areas.

They might be aware the health insurance but some people did not know how

insurance can bring advantages for them due to lack of information and low

awareness regarding about the health insurance (Panchal, 2013). Similarly, they did


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not have sufficient knowledge about the health insurance to manage their health risk

and transfer the financial risk by removing their financial barriers (Choudhary et al.,

2013; Panchal, 2014).

Additionally, Priya and Srinivasan (2015) stated that private health insurance had

been grow rapidly instead of government subsidiary on health benefits, although

most of the citizen is aware on their own health. It is because private insurance

sector is more attractive and provides better services compare to public basis. For

example, medical check-up plan provided by private insurance sector, able to fulfil

the needs of citizen and also able to coverage those citizen with lower income level.

According to Tenkorang (2016), public health insurance are inefficient in health

delivery system, this is the reason that why people choose private health insurance

rather than choose public health insurance provided by government. It will lead to

people will has a bad impression about the period of claiming the payment in the

public health insurances provided by government.

From the data collection, there are around 2.17 million of voucher had distributed

by SOCSO Institution from year 2013 to 2015 reported in Annual Report of

PERKESO. Figure 1.1 below shows that there are a portion of employees whose

age of 40 years old and above had undergone the examination of HSP.


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Figure 1.1: The overall number of employees’ undergone examination of Health

Screening Program (HSP) provided by SOCSO from year 2013 to 2015

Source: PERKESO Annual Report year 2015

1.3 Research Objectives

The objectives of this research are to examine the factors of SOCSO contributor on

health screening program and the level of employee’s awareness for the health

screening benefits provided by SOCSO Institution.

1.3.1 General Objective

The main objective for this research is to examine the relationship between

the level of employee’s awareness on health screening benefits with types

of industry, health condition, socio-economic status (SES) and source of

information.

141093

305720

446813

Overall Employees Undergone Examination

female

male

Year 2015


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1.3.2 Specific Objectives

i. To examine whether there is a significant relationship between the

types of industry and the level of employee’s awareness for the health

screening benefits provided by SOCSO Institution upon 40 years old.

ii. To examine whether there is a significant relationship between the

health condition and the level of employee’s awareness for the health

screening benefits provided by SOCSO Institution upon 40 years old.

iii. To examine whether there is a significant relationship between the

socio-economic status (SES) and the level of employee’s awareness

for the health screening benefits provided by SOCSO Institution upon

40 years old.

iv. To examine whether there is a significant relationship between the

source of information and the level of employee’s awareness for the

health screening benefits provided by SOCSO Institution upon 40

years old.

1.4 Research Questions

i. Is there any significant relationship between the types of industry and the

level of employee’s awareness for the health screening benefits provided by

SOCSO Institution upon 40 years old?

ii. Is there any significant relationship between the health condition and the

level of employee’s awareness for the health screening benefits provided by

SOCSO Institution upon 40 years old?


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iii. Is there any significant relationship between the socio-economic status

(SES) and the level of employee’s awareness for the health screening

benefits provided by SOCSO Institution upon 40 years old?

iv. Is there any significant relationship between the source of information and

the level of employee’s awareness for the health screening benefits provided

by SOCSO Institution upon 40 years old?

1.5 Hypothesis of the Study

In this research, the dependent variable is the level of employee’s awareness for the

health screening benefits and the independent variables are types of industry, health

condition, socio-economic-status (SES) and source of information. The following

is the four hypothesis in this study.

1.5.1 Types of Industry

H0: There is no significant relationship between types of industry and the

level of employee’s awareness for the health screening benefits.

H1: There is a significant relationship between types of industry and the



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1.5.2 Health Condition

H0: There is no significant relationship between health condition and the


H1: There is a significant relationship between health condition and the


1.5.3 Socio-Economic Status (SES)

H0: There is no significant relationship between socio-economic status


benefits.

H1: There is a significant relationship between socio-economic status


benefits.

1.5.4 Source of Information

H0: There is no significant relationship between source of information and

the level of employee’s awareness for the health screening benefits.

H1: There is a significant relationship between source of information and

the level of employee’s awareness for the health screening benefits.


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1.6 Significance of the Study

The significant for this proposed research project is to have a clear understanding

on how the independent variables such as types of industry, health condition, socio-

economic status (SES) and source of information influence the dependent variable

which is the level of employee’s awareness for the health screening. Besides, this

research project have gathered the previous researchers study and combined with

the current study. Therefore, it can be contributed to the many parties such as

SOCSO Institutions, employees, employers, hospital and future researchers.

1.6.1 SOCSO Institution

Based on our research project, it can be a guideline to assist the SOCSO

Institution in formulating the different strategies or improvement by

attracting more employees aware on the health screening benefits and thus

utilise on it. Therefore, it should set up more awareness programs for

employees based on their level of awareness. However, SOCSO Institution

may implement guidelines to employees so that they might increases their

awareness towards the health screening benefits provided by SOCSO

Institution.

1.6.2 Employees

On the other hand, employees will have a clear and deep understanding on

their right in getting the health screening benefits provided by SOCSO

Institution. As a result, the employee who age below 40 years old will then

have a well-known on apply early for the health screening benefits from the

SOCSO Institution and utilise it. Moreover, this health screening program

could also help those employees who have the low level of income on


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reducing the cost of frequent body check-ups, especially when they reach

old age.

1.6.3 Employers

Furthermore, this study could also enable the employers to have a

responsible to help its employees to register and pay contributions to

SOCSO Institution. Hence, its employees will only eligible to have this

health screening benefits from the SOCSO Institution. Also, employers may

help to improve its employees’ health and lead to the increasing of

employee’s productivity at work by reducing the absenteeism and turnover.

1.6.4 Hospital

In addition, private hospital could also utilize the statistics that gathered

from this research to cooperate with the SOCSO Institution in the health

screening program. Therefore, private hospital could increase their hospital

reputation, because more employees will know the health services that

provided by hospital. Thus, as a participating hospital for health screening

program, they could do some awareness program such as the health talk to

those employees in order to attract them come to the hospital to do the health

screening.

1.6.5 Future researchers

Last but not least, this research project may also useful for the future

researchers who also intended to study on the related research field. Thus,

they could take this research project as a source of reference.


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1.7 Chapter Layout

This research consists of five chapters which include introduction, literature review,

methodology, data analysis and lastly discussion and conclusion.

1.7.1 Chapter One: Introduction

At first, this chapter will provide a general idea of the research background.

After that, it will be cover on the problem statement. The following part will

be the research objectives, research question, hypothesis development and

also the significance for this research.

1.7.2 Chapter Two: Literature review

There are five elements consists in the Chapter 2 which are literature review,

theoretical models, proposal conceptual framework, hypothesis

development and conclusion. It reviews all the related independent variables

that will affect the dependent variable in this chapter.

1.7.3 Chapter Three: Methodology

Chapter 3 is the methodology which illustrates the process of research is

being conducted in terms of research design, the methods of data collection,

sampling design, research instrument, constructs measurement, data

processing, data analysis and a conclusion.


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1.7.4 Chapter Four: Data analysis

Chapter 4 will present the results and an interpretation of the research study

by describes the pattern and analyse the data. There are using the Statistical

Package for Social Science version 20.0 (SPSS) software process all the data

output to illustrate the charts and tables for this research.

1.7.5 Chapter Five: Discussion and conclusion

The final chapter of this research are consists the summary of statistical

analysis, discussion of the major findings, implication of the study,

limitation of the study, recommendation for the future research, and the

overall conclusion for the research.

1.8 Conclusion

In conclusion, the awareness regarding health benefit provided by SOCSO

Institution is still very poor. This may cause by consumer’s socio-economic status

(SES), insufficient knowledge about SOCSO, or unaware of their health condition.

Therefore, the prime objective for this study is to identify the restrictions of SOCSO

contributor towards the health screening program and level of awareness for the

health screening benefits provided by SOCSO Institution to employees. At the same

time, it helps to spread the awareness to the public such as SOCSO Institutions,

employees and employers, hospital and also future researchers so that public may

able to fully utilize the facilities provided by the government. Besides, it can also

be learnt or suggested to the public for future reference or research. Furthermore,

there are four factors taken as independent variables to examine whether these

variables are one of the contributors to impact the dependent variable which is level

of employee’s awareness for the health screening benefits provided by SOCSO


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Institution upon 40 years old. These four factors were categorized into type of

industry, health condition, socio-economic status (SES) and source of information.


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CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

The chapter 2 is illustrates the level of employee’s awareness for the health

screening benefits provided by SOCSO upon 40 years old. There are four elements

included in this chapter which are literature review, theoretical review, proposal

conceptual framework and hypothesis development. As for the level of awareness,

there are some factors that influenced which are types of industry, health condition,

socio-economic status and source of information.

2.1 Literature Review

2.1.1 Dependent Variable: Level of Awareness

“Awareness” refers as the well-informed interest of human being in a

particular program based on their knowledge. Choudhary et al., (2013),

Shafi and Shafi (2017), Su, Goh, Tan, Muhaimah, Pigeneswaren, Khairun,

Normazidah, Tharisini and Majid (2013) and Yuan, Qian, Huang, Tian,

Xiang, He and Feng (2015) researched on the level of awareness in rural

area of different countries. On the hand, Madhukumar, Sudeepa and

Gaikwad (2012) also been research on awareness in urban area. Health

insurance is one of the way and effective social security mechanism for poor

families due to social and economic situation in these rural areas,

(Choudhary et al., 2013). This statement also been supported by Priya and


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Srinivasan (2015). As it may sensitive to illness, injury, accident, and death

risk same goes to urban area.

In Punjab, Pakistan, a few of health screening camps in awareness of

hypertension had been organised and hypertension is the most popular

health problem, (Shafi and Shafi, 2017). This statement also second by

Awuah, Anarfi, Agyemang, Ogedegbe and Aikins (2014). Furthermore, this

research was included those who age above 18 years old that had been

approved by Institutional Reveiew Board. The awareness of hypertension

has been improved but still unable to control it, (Shafi and Shafi, 2017).

On the hand, Choudhary et al., (2013) used epi info 7 statistical software to

examine the results of 400 respondents in the particular area. Furthermore,

an analysis of variance (ANOVA) had been conducted in research of level

awareness on colorectal cancer in Malaysia, (Su et al., 2013). This also been

supported by Yuan et al. (2015). As from the results of Choudhary et al.,

(2013), it showed that there are three variables significant for having a health

insurance which included education, socio-economical status and

occupation. Futhermore, media are distributing useful information to

improve understanding of insurance which play an important for publics.

Panchal (2013) and Desai, Desai, Algotar, Desai and Bansal (2013) also did

a research on the customer’s perception on health insurance. The data that

had been collected analysed by using Epi Info 2007, results show that there

is high awareness in the research, (Desai et al., 2013). Low awareness in

health policy, lack of financial tools, and point of the view of consumers

insurance affect the power of purchasing in health insurances. This also been

supported by Madhukumar, Sudeepa and Gaikwad (2012). There is no

significant relationship between Public Insurances and Insurance

Companies, (Priya and Srinivasan, 2015). Su et al., (2013) and Yuan et al.,

(2015) suggested that health education campaign should be adopted for

public to receive knowledge and information.


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Kamar, Lop, Salleh, Mamter and Suhaimi (2014) carried out a research on

the awareness of occupational safety and health management system (OSH)

in Kelantan. From the data collection in the questionnaire, it had been

analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) same as Panchal

(2013)’s research. Based on the results, most of the top management was

aware on the occupational safety and health management system, but there

are a few of them were not concerned about it. The safety and health

awareness could be improved and employees comply on the OSH

requirements (Kamar et al., 2014).

Ndikom and Ofi (2012) stated women in Ibadan, Nigeria did not aware on

the cervical cancer screening service. This research also been investigated

by Hoque (2013) but in different area which is Durban, South Africa.

Qualitative study was taken throughout the research. Ibandan’s women

realized that the importance of cervical cancer but they did not have a

knowledge on it. Improvement of awareness and development of policy

were recommended throughout the research (Ndikom and Ofi, 2012).

According to Nwaneri, Osuala, Okpala, Emesowum and Iheanacho (2017),

the level of knowledge and awareness of breast cancer had been studied. An

interview section had been taken by questionnaire. Furthermore, friends or

relatives were one of the source of information, but their awareness still very

poor. Results show that there isn’t any proper information been told by

profesionals. Nwaneri et al., (2017) recommended health education and

improvement of health-seeking behaviour are needed. This also supported

by Hoque (2013) and implementation on health education’s policies.

Ashari and Mahmod (2013) studied on the awareness of the employee rights

in workplace by Malaysian Employment Act 1955. It provides variety of

individual employment rights, for example, wages, working time, public

holidays and also female employee’s rights. The results show from high

level to low level of awareness towards variety of employment rights in

Malaysia. Employee did not aware on their own rights in certain particular


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rights which it is important to them (Ashari and Mahmod, 2013). The level

of knowledge exhibited by Human Resources practitioners have significant

implicates on the legal rights of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).

The awareness of behaviour-based safety (BBS) in manufacturing industry

had been investigated by Osman et al., (2015). Behaviour-based safety

(BBS) is one of the most popular approaches that adopt by major industry

on reducing risky performance. Research were been taken by respondents

of registered Safety and Health Officers (SHO). In the results that moderate

level of knowledge, understanding and practice were found which represent

working environment. Therefore, implementing of BBS is needed

throughout the research done (Osman et al., 2015). The common research

had been researched by Ibrahim, Hassan, Hassan, Nooh and Yusof (2015)

but in the construction industry.

Mastaneh and Mouseli (2013) evaluated awareness of patient’s rights based

on Patient Rights Charter (PRC) in Iran. Start from 2001, PRC was

developed by Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) and

had been enforced to all the hospital across the country. Results shown that

the level of awareness is medium, therefore PRC have to deliver to patients

clearly so that they got proper information of right on their behalf.

Furthermore, Patient Right Committee should be establishing for

monitoring and supervising so that it may improve the awareness.


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2.1.2 Independent variable

2.1.2.1 Types of Industry

There are different types of industry such as foundry industries, engineering

industries, textile industries, agricultural industries, and petrochemical

industries. The types of industry are exposure to different occupational risk

which may influence the level of employee’s awareness on the health

benefits.

Padmasundari and Selly (2016) have investigated the relationships between

the types of industry and the level of awareness among the unorganized

engineering workers in Coimbatore. The researchers had using the stratified

random sampling and statistical tools such as frequency distribution,

percentage analysis and cross tabulation in the study. The researchers found

out those foundry employees have higher level of awareness on health

insurance scheme as compare to the engineering employees. This is because

the foundry industry is exposure to higher risk which supported by

SheikAllavudeen and Sankar (2015). They revealed that foundry industry is

exposure to high risk due to the hazardous operations. Therefore,

Padmasundari and Selly (2016) suggested that the government should

organize a health awareness programs to those unorganized engineering

workers which aim to increase their level of health awareness.

Apart from that, the study of Savitha and Sangamithra (2013) indicated a

same result with Padmasundari and Selly (2016). Sample sizes of 1500

employees from Coimbatore were involved in the research and the findings

are collected by predefined questionnaire and convenient sampling method.

The findings were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social

Sciences (SPSS) and Logistic Regression Model (LRM). The researchers

indicated that the foundry employees have shown higher probability of


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awareness on the health insurance as compare to the textile employees. The

study of Vanithamani (2013) also indicated the same results with Savitha

and Sangamithra (2013).

Moreover, a study was carried out in the state of Uganda, Africa to explore

the level of employees’ awareness on occupational health and safety from

the agricultural industries. According to Lunner-Kolstrup and Ssali (2016),

there was a low level of awareness on occupational health among the

agricultural employees in Uganda through their qualitative, small-scale,

cross-sectional study by using the semi-structured interviews and transect

walks. From the research, researchers found that most of the agricultural

employees were illiterate and these situations are common in many

development countries. This is because they did not have any occupational

knowledge which provided by their employer. Therefore, it will lead them

exposure to the higher occupational risk.

On the other hand, industrial workers have more aware on the healthcare

benefits because the high risk present in their working environment which

then may affect their health. This was supported by the Sharma and Singh

(2013). The researchers revealed that the skilled workers have high level of

awareness about the social security benefits as compared to unskilled and

semi-skilled workers. Besides, the Mangasuli and Sherkhane (2016) also

have the same study results. Their study on the awareness of woman workers

on utilizes the social welfare and healthcare schemes among the beedi

worker and non-beedi worker in India. The beedi industry is the largest

tobacco based industry in India which has been classified as unorganized

sector that under the small scale and cottage industry sector. The researchers

collected the data from 200 women worker which the 100 worker from the

beedi industry and 100 worker from the non beedi industry by using the

systematic random sampling method and pretested questionnaire. Also, by

using the SPSS software, descriptive statistics and Chi square test, the

researchers found out that the beedi workers were more aware and have high


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utilize the social welfare and healthcare schemes as compare with the non

beedi worker. This is because their aware the nature of working environment

was higher risk than non beedi worker.

However, the result in the research by Sudina, Ansuya and Lakra (2015)

were different with the result done by Mangasuli and Sherkhane (2016).

Sudina et al. (2015) showed that there is a lack of awareness on health and

social welfare benefits among the beedi workers. The researchers also

mentioned that the low awareness of beedi workers on the health and social

welfare benefits leads to affect their health and quality of life. This is

because most of the beedi workers do not have a good knowledge on the

availability of benefits provided by government. Therefore, the researchers

recommended that there is needs of the periodic education in order to

increase the awareness of beedi worker on utilize the health and social

welfare benefits.

Additionally, Campbell, Owoka and Odugbemi (2016) were also support

the Sudina et al., (2015) with the views that the low level of awareness

among the informal sector workers on national health insurance scheme

(NHIS) is because the poor knowledge on its benefits. Furthermore, there

was also low awareness on the availability of the Community-based health

insurance (CBHI) schemes among the informal sector workers. This is

because the poor knowledge on the basic concepts of CBHI leads to low

participation in this scheme (Noubiap, Joko, Obama, and Bigna, 2013).

Thus, the researchers recommended that government should take initiatives

on organizing an awareness campaign or programs to informal sector

workers for improving coverage of the scheme (Nyorera and Okibo, 2015).

Another study of Yang (2013) also revealed that the industrial workers in

the small enterprises do not have high awareness on the labour insurance

benefits, although there is a present of high risk working environment. The

labour insurance benefits which included medical care benefits, injury and


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sickness benefits, and disability benefits for occupational injuries and

disease. The researcher was distributed the questionnaires to total 251

participants for small enterprises, large enterprise and general public in

Hualien, Taiwan. The small enterprises include self-employed, temporary,

agricultural, fishing, and informal sector workers. While the large

enterprises are workers from the government owned Power Company and

the general public represent the people who participated in a health

promotion activity. The researcher proposed that there should have a regular

education programs in order to raise the awareness on the labour insurance

benefits.

Besides, the formal sector workers were having the high level of awareness

on health scheme that provided by government. This was supported by the

Adewole, Dairo and Bolarinwa (2016). The researchers stated that majority

formal sectors workers were aware on the NHIS, but there was a low level

of coverage on the scheme. Also, Kansra and Gill (2016) revealed that there

was a low level of awareness on the health insurance scheme among the

informal sector workers. Hence, this showed that the formal sector workers

will have high awareness on health scheme as compare with informal sector.

In addition, the government health insurance policy will also influence the

employee’s awareness and utilization on the health benefits. This was

supported by the Sachin and Punith (2014), they stated that some of the

employees who are not utilize the government health insurance benefits is

because the benefits can be claimed only from the specific hospitals.

Rashida (2015) also discovered that even though majority of the industrial

workers are aware of the Employees’ State Insurance (ESI) scheme, but

majority industrial workers does not satisfy with the ESI scheme. This is

because the lack of medical facility and bottlenecks in procedure when their

getting this benefit. Thus, it influences their utilization on the scheme.


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2.1.2.2 Health condition

Level of awareness to health will be affected by personal health condition.

Past researches had shown significant relationship between the level of

awareness to health and health condition. Health condition is defined as

whether the participant has a risk factor of disease in this research. A person

with good health condition is probably away from the risk factors of diseases

and diseases either mentally or physically. Health condition can be measure

by Physicaal Components Scores and Mental Components Scores.

Respondents with lower PCS and MCS indicated poor health condition.

In the research of Venkataraman, Khoo, Wee, Tan, Ma, Heng, Lee, Tai and

Thumboo (2014), the respondents with diagnosed diabetes had a lower

health condition since their Physical component scores are lower when

compare to the respondents with undiagnosed diabetes or no diabetes. The

level of awareness to diabetes was associated with the Physical component

scores. Hence, the respondents with lower physical component scores which

had lower health condition have higher level of awareness to diabetes

(Venkataraman et al., 2014). Besides that, Venkataraman et al., (2014)

stated that respondents with diseases will emphasize on their quality of life

since they have higher level of awareness to health.

The result obtained by Venkataraman et al., (2014) was supported by the

research conducted by Vathesatogkit, Sritara, Kimman, Hengprasith, Tai,

Wee and Woodward (2012). There was higher level of awareness to diabetes

among the respondents with self-reported diabetes (Vathesatogkit et al.,

2012). The respondents with higher level of awareness to diseases will have

a better mental health since they will seek for medical help and thus become

diagnosed diseases.

The rural population is more vulnerable to risks such as illness, injury,

accident and death because of their social and economic situation. The

health status of rural population is more risky and the results of the


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awareness regarding health insurance is poor (57.25%) for the rural area

therefore awareness creation is needed (Choudhary et al., 2013). According

to another research done by Su, T. T. et al in 2013, the level of awareness

on colorectal cancer warning signs and risk factors in the rural population

of Malaysia is very low which are 38% and 32% of the respondents had zero

knowledge score for warning signs and risk factors respectively.

However, the research conducted by Desai et al., (2013) show there is

relationship between level of awareness to health and health condition.

According to the research of Desai et al., (2013), about 70% of the

respondents have their own health insurance and one-third of them took

insurance because of having threatening diseases before. Therefore, the

research concluded that people with poor health condition will have higher

level of awareness to health as they would subscribe for health insurance.

Furthermore, the research conducted by Panchal had support the outcome

of the research done by Bhaesh et al., (2013). In the research of Panchal

(2013), more than 20% of the respondents bought insurance in order to cover

the risk. The respondents with diseases have a high level of awareness to

their health hence they bought insurance. Therefore, the research concluded

that respondents with self-reported diseases will have higher level of

awareness to health and hence they subscribe to insurance to cover their risk.

2.1.2.3 Social-Economic Status (SES)

According to Baker (2014), Social-Economic Status (SES) can be defined

as the combination of social and economic status of an individual which

tends to be associated with better health positively. In simple words, SES is

an indicator of income, education and employment status of an individual

that enable them to have the access to the use of primary health care system.


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According to Cassedy et al. (2013), the measures of SES such as family

income, occupational prestige and educational level have been found to

affect an individual’s health condition. In this journal, family income,

educational level and occupation were taken as the indicator of SES.

Pediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory was used to measure Health

Related Quality of Life (HRQOL), Hollingshead index was used to measure

the occupational prestige, correlations to test the relationship among the

three SES indicators, the connection strength between SES measures and

the Pediatric Cardiac Quality of Life Inventory was calculated through

regression-based modelling. In the same journal, the researchers included

the control variables such as race, sex and current cardiac status due to their

high potential influence on the SES. The result shows that family income

has a stronger relationship with the HRQOL score whereas the educational

level and occupational prestige show lesser impact on the HRQOL score

due to the family income is believed as one of the problems of health care

access and utilization (Cassedy et al., 2013). For example, better family

income level meaning they will have a better housing, schooling and

nutrition as compared to those living in poverty. According to WHO (2017),

individuals living in poverty are more likely to have ill-health as compared

to individuals with higher SES scores this is because they are forced to live

in environments that without clean water, decent shelter or adequate

prevention which cause them sick.

Burkert, Rasky, Grobschadl, Muckenhuber and Freidl (2013) gave the same

idea that, obesity issue is rising worldwide which is correlated to the high

risk to health. The data in the journal was obtained from the Austrian Health

Interview Survey (AT-HIS) 2006/07 through face-to-face interview

questioning about the socio-demographic characteristics, diseases, health

related behaviour and psychological issue. The number of participant is

1,077 individuals which can be categorised into 3 groups which were normal

weight, overweight and obese respectively. In this journal, the result

obtained was more or less the same with the findings gained from Cassedy


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et al. (2013). It shows that obese subjects and persons with low SES are

more likely to have the poorest health condition; even they also evaluate

themselves to have a very poor health status, face a lot of health difficulties

due to disorder and suffer from chronic diseases. Furthermore, vascular risk

has significantly increased which in term reduces the quality of life

significantly for obese subjects and persons with low SES. In the researchers

findings demonstrated that the SES of obese subjects has greater influence

in the health conditions. For example, the number of chronic diseases is

increased in obese persons of low SES which indirectly showed that the

overall quality of life of obese subjects is positively related to the SES

(Burkert et al., 2013).

Quansah, Ohene, Norman, Mireku and Karikari (2016) also mentioned that,

SES is playing an important role in affecting the health condition,

particularly to the children. In their early year, they are vulnerable to the

social influences. Quansah et al., (2016) said that, chronic disorder might be

happening in the later life due to adverse social exposures in childhood. In

this research, the researchers gained information on the influence of social

factors on child health in Ghana from published articles through Science

Direct, PubMed, MEDLINE via EBSCO and Google Scholar. In the line

with Quansah et al. (2016), infant are often rely on mothers for their

interactions with the environment, this shows that child mortality is

sensitive to maternal education. Hence, in can be said that when the maternal

education increased, the rate of child mortality will tend to be reduced. This

is because an educated mother is more autonomous in child health decision

making with essential knowledge and is more likely find well-resourced

health facilities for child treatment. Besides, this research revealed that there

is a significant impact of the living area on child health. From the evidence

obtained by Musafili, Essen, Baribwira, Binagwaho, Persson and Selling

(2015), child mortality can be reduced by increasing the social equity in

child survival, especially regarding the urban area or rural area differential.

On the other hand, Quansah et al., (2016) stated that family income plays an


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important role in reducing the child mortality. From the example given by

O'Hare, Makuta, Chiwaula and Bar-Zeev (2013), if the infant mortality rate

in a country is 50 per 1000 live births, the infant mortality rate can be

reduced to 45 per 1000 live births when the GDP per capital purchasing

power parity increases by 10%.

Williams, Cunich and Byles (2013) further added that, men and women with

higher SES tend to have a better health. In this research, the data from six

survey waves (1996 to 2010) of the Australian Longitudinal Study on

Women’s Health (ALSWH) were applied to test the relationship between

SES and the changes in the general health and mental health of women from

the year 45-50 to 59-64. There were 12,709 women participants whom born

in between the year 1946 to 1951 in the ALSWH. The SES was measured

through the factor analysis of the ALSWH baseline survey question (1996)

about highest qualification and occupational prestige. Multi-level random

coefficient models used to analyze repeated measures of general health and

mental health. In the result of this journal, after adjusting the effect of SES,

the mid-aged women self-reported that their general and mental health

changes over time. According to Williams et al. (2013), women with low

SES tend to have poorer general and mental health as compared to higher

SES women and at the same time, the researchers conclude that SES, socio-

demographic factors and health behavior have significant impact on general

and mental health changes.

Aas, Alstadsaeter and Feiring (2013) also have the perception in which the

major cause of health changes across individuals and societies is the societal

conditions. The researchers believed that the positive relationship occurs

between SES and health conditions. The researcher used self-reported data

which were collected by means of a postal survey (2009) to all members of

the Norwegian Breast Cancer Association. There were 1666 women

participants at the age 40-69 in the survey and the response rate was 62%.

According to the analysis carried out by Aas, Alstadsaeter and Feiring,


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(2013), the treated women were in average 4 years older, had higher

attainment in education, with better income, wider social networks and lived

in the central region and basically they self-reported that they have low

health scores than those non-treated women. In simple words, this means

that women with better SES normally will have less health issue than to

women with poorer SES. The researchers also noted down a social gradient

on self-rated among Norwegian women and the result shows that the breast

cancer illness and treatment moderated has positive correlation between

SES and self-rated health.

In the other paper, in the words of Akinyemiju et al., (2013) investigated

that racial and economic segregation can also be important in examining the

racial differences in breast cancer survival. In other words, racial and

economic segregation have certain impact on the individual health status. In

the example given, it is found out that women living in countries with higher

portion of blacks often had higher hazards of breast cancer mortality and the

major factor may be the lower income on average since the blacks are more

likely to live in poor countries. The research involved data from 1796 breast

cancer cases which were obtained from the Surveillance Epidemiology and

End Results and the National Longitudinal Mortality Study dataset. Cox

Proportional Hazards models were used to gather the data within countries.

In the researcher findings, they suggested that neighborhood poverty and

insufficient of healthcare resources might able to illustrate the disparities

among black-white in breast cancer survival.

2.1.2.4 Source of Information

Source of information is one of the independent variable to detect the level

of awareness of employees for the health screening benefits provided by

SOCSO upon 40 years old. There are two several of sources for increase the

level of awareness of the health screening benefits which is formal and


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informal sources (Lin, Hsiao and Yeh, 2017). In the formal sources, people

aware the health screening benefits from insurance sellers, printed sources

such as magazine article and from the Internet. Likewise, people aware the

health screening benefits from their friends and family in the informal way.

Padmasundari and Selly (2016) found that around 40 percent of the 76

respondents are aware of health screening benefits provided for public from

the employer. Employer are playing an important role to inform about the

health screening benefits which is freely provided by government for all the

employees who working under their company, so this insurance can as a

backup for their employees if the amount of insurance provided by

company are not enough to cover the payment. Also, employer can reduce

the amount of premium in order to reduce the cost of workers’ health

insurance to generate more profits.

Besides, there also having other sources to increase the level of awareness

about the public health insurance which is get the public health benefits’

information through their friend or relative around them and advertisement

on the social media (Priya and Srinivasan, 2015). From this study,

researchers distributed total 325 respondents to analysis the source of

awareness of health insurance and found out that 62 respondents are aware

the health insurance by their friends and relatives and 89 respondents are

aware from the advertisement (Priya and Srinivasan, 2015). Thus, most of

the people will easily get some information through the daily

communication with their friends and relatives, when one of their friend or

relative are aware about the health screening benefits, therefore, he or she

will brings this topic to their conversation.

Furthermore, Choudhary et al., (2013) found that most of the respondents

are aware the health insurance benefits by family, friends, relative or during

at work. These researchers used a total 400 of respondents and found that

only 229 respondents are aware about the health insurance. Hence,

researchers also found that 87 of the respondents are aware this benefits


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through family, friends, relative or during at work out of 229 respondents

whose aware health insurance.

According to Sachin and Punith (2014); Indumathi, Saba, Gopi and

Subramanian (2016), both of the research’s researchers found that friends

and family is the main source for people to aware health insurance which is

77.4% in average from both research. These result shows that the higher

number of people aware about the health benefits, it will lead to increase the

level of awareness of the health screening program provided by SOCSO. It

shows a positive relationship between the source of information and the

level of awareness of the health screening program.

However, family is more efficiency to promote and increase the level of

awareness for health insurance benefits in the public than friends. Bhavesh,

Ravi, Gaurang, Desai and Bansal (2013) found that 27.5% of the

respondents are aware the health benefits through their family and 17.6%

were through their friends. It is because families are more care about their

family members; they will share the knowledge about the health screening

benefits to their family members to ensure that all members are taking this

SOCSO benefits. In additional, government promotional schemes had

included in the research done by Sachin and Punith (2014), they found that

25% of the respondents were aware the health insurance by government

program, therefore, government also playing an important source for

Malaysia workers to aware this benefits.

Social media are main an important source to increase the level of awareness

about the health screening benefits. It is because social media are provided

the space for sharing prevention information and it able to create the support

structures to track personal health, therefore, most of the health industry

increasingly turning to using the social media to support or promote the

information and data to the public (Dosemagen and Lee, 2017). Due to

innovation, internet can easily for people to seeking the health information

but not all the people are using the internet. For those who live in rural area


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and some outdated elder person, they mostly will get the health information

through the radio, television or newspapers. However, Lin, Hsiao and Yeh

(2017) stated that some people are not common in using the modern

communication technologies such as smartphone in the developed countries

or area, therefore, it will lead to government cannot increase the level of

awareness of the health screening benefits through the social media.

Moreover, social media will promoting the behavior to other people, when

one people voice up about how SOCSO brings advantages to them, it effect

other people to follow and raise the awareness of the public health screening

benefits (Chiang, 2014). Besides, reporter or journalist will report the latest

flu tracking through the social media, when people are notice the severity of

the flu they will start to seek about the health insurance to protect them.

Since the social media had recognized as a source of data, it will increase

the level of awareness when government are increasingly to promote the

health screening benefits through the social media.

According to Bonte and Filipiak (2012), social media can easily to improve

the awareness of the health screening program by those people whose are

belonging in the same group through the social interaction but not in the

developed countries. Similarly, Setswe, Muyanga, Witthuhn and Nyasulu

(2015) found that 49.9% of their respondents were aware the health

insurance through the electronic media while 38.3% aware about it through

the community organization in South Africa. This result prove that

electronic media such as radio and television is more sufficient to increase

the awareness of the health insurance than social media in the developed

countries. In sum, different countries should have the different ways to

promote the health screening program for their citizen to increase the level

of awareness about these benefits to public.


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2.2 Review of Relevant Theoretical Models

Theoretical models refer to the theories that can describe philosophy related to the

research and it helps to form link between theoretical aspects and practical

applications. This section will explain theorized relationship between variables and

helps to make logical sense of relationship between variables, so that it can provide

a foundation to evolve proposed theoretical and conceptual framework. Based on

previous studies, there are numerous theoretical models used to explain the

theoretical relationship between endogenous variable and exogenous variables.

2.2.1 Health Belief Model

Based on Ndikom and Ofi (2012), the health belief model is a psychosocial

model which explains preventive behaviour. Individual perception and

variables affecting likelihood of action are the main three components of

this model. Individual perception is the process of becoming aware of an

objects, qualities and way of sense organ which may able to motivate a

person. On the other hand, modifying factors are variables to improve

likelihood of action which able to affect perception of threat. Last

component of health belief model is where a person will take action when

he or she understands on the needs (Ndikom and Ofi, 2012).


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2.3 Proposal Conceptual Framework

Figure 2.0: Dependent and Independent Variables

The figure 2.0 is showed the proposal conceptual framework for this study. The

purpose is to provide overall guidelines and an illustration to identify the

relationship between the dependent and independent variables toward the factors

that influence the level of employee’s awareness. On the other hand, this research

would also aim to study on whether types of industry, health condition, socio-

economic status (SES) and source of information will influence the level of

employees awareness on the health screening benefits that provided by SOSCO.

2.4 Hypothesis Development

This hypothesis development consists of four variables which include types of

industry, health condition, socio-economic status (SES) and source of information.

Level of Awareness

Source of Information

Socio-Economic Status

Health Condition

Types of Industry


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Ho : There is no significant relationship between types of industry and the

level of awareness.

H1 : There is a significant relationship between types of industry and the

level of awareness.

Based on the study by Varma and Singh (2015), the types of industry will

affect the knowledge and awareness of industrial workers. Among the five

types of industries, the iron industry employees have the highest level of

awareness, while the wood industry employees have the lowest level of

awareness. Therefore, the proposed hypothesis is there is a significant

relationship between type of industry and the level of awareness.

2.4.2 Health condition

Ho : There is no significant relationship between health condition and the

level of awareness.

H1 : There is a significant relationship between health condition and the level

of awareness.

A person with bad health condition will increase the level of awareness. For

example, a diabetes patient needs to take medical checkup constantly so he

or she will be more aware of the disease. From the research conducted by

Venkataraman, Khoo, Wee, Tan, Ma, Heng, Lee, Tai and Thumboo (2014),

the respondents are with diagnosed diabetes had a lower health condition in

order to determine the level of awareness. As a result, health condition is

having a negative relationship with the level of awareness in our study.


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2.4.3 Socio-economic Status (SES)

Ho : There is no significant relationship between socio-economic status and

the level of awareness.

H1 : There is a significant relationship between socio-economic status and


In the line with Moore and Littlecott, (2015), socio-economic status (SES)

has significant relationship with the level of awareness. In example,

individuals stay in urban area with higher income basically will have better

health than individuals from rural area with lower income. This is because

individuals in central region tend to have more knowledge and awareness

on health and with higher income they can seek for well-resourced health

facilities. Hence, it can be conclude that there is significant relationship

between SES and level of awareness.


Ho : There is no significant relationship between source of information and


H1 : There is a significant relationship between source of information and


Source of information will increase the level of awareness, when there are

more way to promote and support the public health screening benefits

information or data, it will increase the awareness of this benefits in the

public. From the research done by Priya and Srinivasan (2015), these

researchers are using five sources to detect the awareness of health insurance

in order to know which source are having the highest response to increase


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the awareness of public health screening. As a result, source of information

are having positive relationship with the level of awareness in our study.

2.5 Conclusion

In conclusion, it has been reviewed the relevant literature review and

theoretical models that done by the previous researchers. This is to study the

independent variables that may influence on the level of employees

awareness. In addition, the conceptual framework in this study was formed

which to show the correlation between the dependent variable and the four

independent variables. At last, hypothesis had also constructed in this

chapter in order to use in the chapter 3 which used to focus on the

methodology in the research.


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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

In this chapter, the research methodology used for this research will be presented in

a detailed manner. There are a few segments had been divided as research design,

data collection methods, sampling design, research instruments, data processing and

data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

Based on this study, qualitative research method is adopted. For the empirical data

collection, questionnaire is one of the research tools in the research. It is to collect

the latest results from the respondents in current year. This may be more accurate

and unbiased from the results, because the purpose for this research is to find out

the variables that might affects the level of awareness on health screening provided

by SOCSO Institution.

3.2 Data Collection

This part is to illustrate which types of the data that has been chosen to collecting

the information and data for use in the research. There is one type of data collection

method using in the research which is primary data.


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3.2.1 Primary Data

The primary data collection is the most primitive and reliable method of data

collection, it is the first-hand information or data collected by the

researchers and never been manipulated in other sources before. The

common used methods of data collection in the research are questionnaire,

observation and interview. One of the methods that for researchers gather

and collect the primary data from the respondents is through randomly

distribute questionnaire in three urban areas which are Kuala Lumpur,

Penang and Johor Bahru, Malaysia. In this research, the survey

questionnaire distribute through face-to-face and online form to those

random selected respondents in there urban areas. Furthermore,

questionnaire is the cheaper method to collect primary data compare with

the other methods in primary research. The questions that set in the survey

are written in common languages which are English, Malay and Chinese.

This may improve the understanding of the major races in Malaysia. Besides

that, a simple interview with SOCSO employees in SOCSO Institution can

be used to collect more valid and proper information or even data.

3.3 Sampling Design

In this section, it will discuss the target population, sampling size and sampling

techniques.

3.3.1 Target population

The targeted population for this study is Malaysians which age from 40 to

the 65 years old in Penang, Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru, Malaysia. This

is because the research is mainly targeting on person who is working and


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age of 40 years old above in the awareness for health screening benefits

provided by SOCSO Institution. The main reason that focuses on these three

states in this research is because of it is the most prosperous city. Based on

the statistics provided by Department of Statistics Malaysia, Official Portal,

Johor Bahru is the second largest population in Malaysia which is 3.35

million of population. However, Kuala Lumpur and Penang placed among

the 10 of largest population in Malaysia which are 1.67 million and 1.56

million respectively. Citizen in these three urban areas tend to neglect their

own health condition. Mahin (2014) said that, the key barriers of people

living in huge city for health service utilization included inconvenient office

hours, time consuming, work or study commitment, little awareness on,

transportation problem, insufficient information, negative thought towards

the health care provider and required long distance traveling for health care

service centre. The targeted respondents come from various education

backgrounds such as pure business related, sub-business related and non-

business related. They are required to have minimal financial knowledge.

Furthermore, each of these three states will randomly choose 100

respondents to carry out this research.

3.3.2 Sampling Size

The minimum amount of 300 questionnaires will be set to be representative

for this study. Questionnaire is distributed online by using Google Form

online survey. The targeted of this study is a hundred of respondents in each

area. Therefore, the actual amount of the questionnaire had been distributed

and collected is 306 sets.


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3.3.3 Sampling technique

The sampling method that is applied in this research is random sampling

method. Random Sampling method is each member have the equal chance

can be the subjects. By using this method, researchers are easier to get the

quantity of participants.

3.4 Research Instrument

3.4.1 Questionnaire: Likert Scale

Likert scale is a technique which frequently used by the researchers in the

questionnaire to rate the degree of respondent’s preferences on the level of

agree or disagree on a particular questions. In this research, the

questionnaire are based on the 5 point Likert scale to rate the degree of

respondent’s agreement which the 1 represent strongly disagree, 2 represent

disagree, 3 represent undecided, 4 represent agree and 5 represent strongly

agree. The questions in Section B which referring to the awareness of health

benefits towards SOCSO Institution, health screening program provided in

your industry, socio-economic status (SES) and health condition are

designed according to Likert scale.

3.4.2 Nominal Scale

Nominal scale is a type of measurement which assigned the data into a

categories or group without any numerical or ordering such as gender, state

and religion. It also can be defined as distinct classification and used to

labels a variable for the classification purpose. In this research, yes or no


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scale is applied in the questionnaire for the Section A, Understanding on

Social Security Organization and Section B which referring to the source of

awareness about health screening program. While the Section C referring to

the respondent’s demographic profile is based on the nominal scale.

3.5 Data Processing

Data processing is the movement of collected and manipulated the data that

obtained from the questionnaire to generate the useful information for the research.

There are five steps involved in the data processing which are data collection, data

checking, data editing, data coding and data transcribing.

Figure 3.0: Data processing

3.5.1 Data Collection

At first, the researchers will create the questionnaire for the purpose of data

collection. Data collection is a process that gathered and measured all the

relevant information, facts and statistics from the targeted respondent for the

research purpose. The questionnaire will be used as the primary sources in

collected the data for this research.

Data Collection

Data Checking

Data Editing

Data Coding

Data Cleaning


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3.5.2 Data Checking

Second, the researchers required to check and review the completeness of

each questionnaire in order to ensure that is easily understand by the

respondents. The data checking is important because it can ensure the

quality of research and also able to influence the overall research objective.

This process can assist the researchers to detect the problems occur such as

the incomplete answer from the questionnaire and thus able to manage the

problems on time.

3.5.3 Data Editing

Third, the researchers required to conduct the editing of data which is one

of the processes to review the data that collected from the questionnaire and

make the adjustment on any errors in the survey data. The purpose of the

data editing is to ensure the consistency and readable of data, so that the

further step in the data processing will not be disrupted.

3.5.4 Data Coding

After that, the researchers required to recode the survey data so that able to

run by the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software 20.0. Data

coding is a preliminary process to analyze the survey data by turn the

collected data into certain code. The code normally will be assigned a values

or numerical quantities. Therefore, the data can be easily to interpret and

thus the researchers can draw the conclusions for the research to achieve the

research objective.


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3.5.5 Data cleaning

At last, all the data is transfer into the computer to resolve by the SPSS

software 20.0 and then conduct the data cleaning process. It is a process that

involved the extensive detection and checking for the consistency on any

inaccurate or corruption in the data set. Thus, make a prompt corrective

action by replaced or removal the data when there are any errors detected

through the process such as the missing of data.

3.6 Data Analysis

3.6.1 Econometric model

The research intends to study the determinants of the awareness of

employees by using four independent variables, which are types of industry

(X1), health condition (X2), Socio-Economic Status (SES) (X3) and source

of information (X4).

3.6.1.1 Regression model

The research intends to study the determinants of the awareness of

employees by using four independent variables, which are types of industry

(X1), health condition (X2), Socio-Economic Status (SES) (X3) and source

of information (X4).


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Econometric Regression Model:

Yi = β0 + β1 X1i + β2X2i + β3X3i + β4X4t + Ɛi

where:

Y = Level of Awareness

β = Slope of Coefficient

X1 = Types of Industry

X2 = Health Condition

X3 = Socio-Economic Status (SES)

X4 = Source of Information

Ɛi = Error term

3.6.1.2 Correlation model

Correlation coefficient is the measure of linear association between two

variables. The correlation coefficient’s values are always between -1 and +1.

A correlation coefficient of +1 shows that two variables are perfectly related

in a positive linear sense. A correlation coefficient of -1 indicates that two

variables are perfectly related in a negative linear sense, and a correlation

coefficient of 0 indicates that there is no linear relationship between the two

variables.

3.6.2 Inferential Analysis

There are 2 types of inferential analysis that use for this research are

independent T-test and R2. Independent T-test is to measure for difference

between two independent variables (University of Minnesto, n.d.). R-

squared is a statistical measure of how close the data are to the fitted

regression line. The value of R-squared is between 0% to 100%. 0% means

that the model explains none of the variability of the response data around


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its mean while 100% means that the model explain all the variability of the

response data around its mean.

3.6.3 Scale Measurement

Scale of measurement use to measure the variables in statistic or data in the

qualitative research. Based on the research, measurement in the

questionnaire is distributed in three urban areas of Malaysia which are

located at Kuala Lumpur, Johor and Penang. It is included four different

types or levels which is nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scale of

measurement (Sawamura, Morishita and Ishigooka, 2014). For nominal

scale of measurement, it measure the categorical variables which is cannot

be ranked. Gender, religion, states and age are variables that under nominal

scale of measurement. Ordinary scale of measurement is to measure the

variables that can be order or rank, each answer in ordinary scale has their

own unique meaning. Interval and ratio scale of measurement are quite

similar, interval scale of measurement are used to compare the interval in

the same state but the zero point in ratio scale are meaningful but not in

interval scale of measurement.

3.6.3.1 Normality

Normality is an important model that allows us to determine whether the

random variables is normally distributed or non-normally distributed and to

calculate the probability of a normal distribution of the underlying random

variables at the data set (Ghasemi and Zahediasl, 2012). It is because many

processing in observation data are from normality test to make the statistical

analysis much easier so the reality presented accurate and reliable

conclusions. The small sample sizes mostly can pass the normality test due

to normality test have little power to reject null hypothesis when the sample


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sizes is small (Ghasemi and Zahediasl, 2012). Also, the significant result

will have small deviation when the sample sizes is large but the result of the

parametric test will not affected by this small deviation.

3.6.3.2 Pilot test

The pilot test is considered as a pre study on the research data. It is to

measure of internal consistency in a survey or questionnaire form with a

scale to determine whether it is reliable or not. In simple way this test is to

understand whether the questions in the questionnaire or survey are all

reliably measure the same latent variables. Furthermore, pilot testing is also

considered as a session or two before the real test which helps fine-tune

usability studies, leads to more reliable results. It provides an opportunity to

validate the wording of the tasks, understand the time necessary for the

session, and, if all goes well, may even supply an additional data point for

the study conducted (Schade, 2015). According to Kasunic (2004), there is

a structured approach to lead to the efficient on pilot study such as planning,

training, monitoring, evaluating and lastly recommendation. In conducting

pilot study, it may become unforeseen difficulties for researchers as omitting

step and constraining time often happen, (Hassan, Schattner and Mazza,

2006).

3.6.3.3 Multicollinearity

Multicollinearity problem is one of the major problem and common used in

the regression model, it will occur when the independent variable (X) are

correlated with another independent variables in the same model (Yoo,

Mayberry, Bae, Singh, He and Lillard Jr, 2015). It will make the estimation

become more sensitive if having a small change in the model. This problem

may difficult to show which independent variables are affecting the


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dependent variable due to independent are highly correlated with one

another. However, multicollinearity only affects the calculations associated

with the individual predictions and will not reduce the predictive power or

reliability of the overall model because it misleads inflate the large amount

of standard error (Duzan and Shariff, 2016). There are three different ways

to detect the multicollinearity problem. Firstly, the higher R-square with the

few significant ratios will brings this model to multicollinearity problem

because R-square is to detect how many independent variables are

correlated with another variables. Secondary, this problem will occur when

the two independent variables on that model are high pair-wise correlated

coefficient with each other. Lastly, when the model having high amount of

R-square the amount of variance inflation factor more than 10 and the

tolerance amount is to zero.

3.6.3.4 Autocorrelation

Autocorrelation is the problem that when the observation’s error term are

correlated with the error term from other observation between two different

time series which is one is from the original form and another one is lagged

one or more than one periods from the linear regression model (Chen, 2016).

The amount of variables will influenced by its own historical data, a positive

correlation when increase the value in one time series it will leads to increase

the value in another time series of the same variables. There are two types

of autocorrelation problem, the pure autocorrelation and impure

autocorrelation. Impure autocorrelation happen when the specification error

that can be omit or correlated with other variables, pure autocorrelation is

the error term are cannot be change by the researchers, it is the true

specification from the equation. Durbin-Watson test use to detect the pure

autocorrelation problem because it is a method that easy to calculate and

understand the problem (Chen, 2016). Besides, Breusch-Godfrey LM test is


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use to further confirm the autocorrelation problem after reject the null

hypothesis in the Durbin-Watson test.

3.6.3.5 Specific Bias

Specific bias also known as test bias which caused by cultural bias, construct

bias or method bias. If test bias occurred, the results conducted will not be

accurate and have some sort of bias.

3.7 Conclusion

In the nutshell, this chapter has provided clear explanation for the research design,

data collection, sampling design, research instrument, data processing and data

analysis. However, several tests use to conduct the test the relationship in between

the dependent and independent variables which included Normality Test (Jarque-

Bera Test), Pilot Test (SPSS), Multicollinearity correlation Analysis,

Autocorrelation (Breusch Godfrey LM Test), Model Specification Error (Ramsey-

Reset Test), Individual T-test, and Overall Significant F-Test. Furthermore, the

following of the chapter will reveal on the empirical results for this study.


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CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS

4.0 Introduction

In this chapter, the relationship between the level of employee’s awareness on

health screening benefits with types of industry, health condition, socio-economic

status (SES), and source of information had been examined. The results obtained

from the questionnaires are analyzed. The data had been analyzed and interpreted

by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 (SPSS).

Furthermore, descriptive analysis, scale measurement and inferential analysis had

been included in this particular chapter.

4.1 Descriptive Analysis

4.1.1 Central Tendencies Measurements of Constructs

Table 4.0: Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha (Pilot Test)

Cronbach’s

Alpha

Cronbach’s Alpha Based on

Standardized Items N of item

Level of Awareness .810 .819 8

Types of Industry .817 .799 5

Health Condition .871 .867 4

Socio-Economic Status (SES) .899 .902 6

Source of Information -.065 .330 7

Source: Data generated from SPSS version 20.0


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Pilot test was included 50 set of questionnaire that distributed to three states

and this pilot test was run by software SPSS version 20.0. Based on the table

4.0, Cronbach’s Alpha shows most of the variables are significant which

more than 0.70 except the source of information is lower than 0.70. Socio-

economic status is the most reliable variable and good correlation with the

dependent variable. It shows a total 0.899 means this variable were

conducted 89.9% of the consistencies. Furthermore, the result of the

Cronbach’s alpha based on standardized item is computed the alpha with

equal means and variances. Some of the Cronbach’s alpha was slightly

changed, type of industry and health condition variables decreased when the

mean and variance are equal. Besides, source of information is the lowest

reliability variable, it shows a negative Cronbach’s alpha but increased to

0.330 when it was standardized. Thus, the reliability for the all the variables

except source of information variable are acceptable in this study because

these variables are greater than 0.70 from the Cronbach’s alpha results

shown.

Appendix 2.0 provides a level of awareness for the health screening benefits

provided by SOCSO. Based on the appendix 2.0, it shows that there have 125

(40.9%) respondents are strongly agreed that they are preferred the private

insurance than the SOCSO free health benefits. But still have 16 (5.2%)

respondents are strongly disagree on it. Besides, 128 (41.9%) respondents

also agree that they can be compensated by SOCSO if they are suffer on any

injuries or get sick due to work even if it is not work-related. However, there

are still had 68 (22.2%) respondents disagree on it. There are 139 (45.4%)

respondents agree that they will be given benefits by SOCSO for occupational

diseases related employment as compared to those employees that are

disagree on this statement with only 23 (7.5%) respondents. Moreover, there

are majority of the employees believe that they can claim for SOCSO benefits

even if they get into an accident while travelling for work with 133 (43.4%)

respondents agree and 109 (35.6%) respondents strongly agree. But there are

still have a small portion of the employees (5.6%) strongly disagree. There


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are also had 108 (35.3%) respondents agree and 95 (31.1%) respondents

strongly agree that SOCSO members are eligible for free medical treatment

at approved SOCSO panel clinic or government hospitals. Furthermore, there

are also have 107 (35%) respondents are agree to statement 6 and statement

7 which the employers can submit claims for reimbursement if fee were paid

for treatment outside the approved facilities and also if an employee certified

by a doctor to be unfit for work is allowed to claim for the temporary

disablement benefits from SOCSO. Many of the employees also believe that

if they suffers from permanent disablement need vocational or physical

rehabilitation, facilities will be provided for free by SOCSO with 94 (30.7%)

respondents agree and 91 (29.7%) respondents strongly agree.

Based on the appendix 2.1, there are highest percentage of the employees

stated that their working environment is exposing to high risk with 115

(37.6%) respondents agree, 69 (22.5%) respondents strongly agree and with

only 25 (8.2%) respondents strongly disagree. Moreover, majority of them

also agree that their company have provided health benefits to workers with

131 (42.8%) respondents. Besides that, there also have 111 (36.3%)

respondents agree and 62 (20.3%) respondents strongly agree that their

company has provides proper occupational safety and health knowledge.

Furthermore, there are 72 (23.5%) respondents strongly agree that they have

the knowledge to use all the equipment in their industry and their industry

has the Safety Health and Environment (SHE) which handle by a manager.

Based on the appendix 2.2, there are 75 (24.5%) respondents strongly agree

and 71 (23.2%) respondents agree that they have a health condition problem.

However, there are 88 (28.8%) respondents strongly disagree and 59 (19.3%)

respondents disagree that they have a genetic diseases. While, there also

have 80 (26.1%) respondents agree that they have genetic diseases. Besides,

majority of the employees are take medicine regularly with 97 (31.7%)

respondents agree and 82 (26.8%) respondents strongly agree. Many of the

employees also stated that their medical payment paid by insurance is more


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than voucher provided by SOCSO with 92 (30.1%) respondents agree and

82 (26.8%) respondents disagree.

Based on the appendix 2.3, there are high percentages of the employees

stated that their current salary income is insufficient to cover their

hospitalization with 114 (37.2%) respondents agree and 112 (36.6%)

respondents strongly agree. However, there are only 10 (3.3%) respondents

strongly disagree on it. Most of the employees also agree that their need

SOCSO to cover their hospitalization with 108 (35.3%) respondents agree

and 96 (31.3%) respondents strongly agree. Also, there have 127 (41.5%)

respondents agree and 98 (32%) respondents strongly agree that they are

unable to have higher income to sustain and provide them a better health

benefits with their current education level. Besides, there are same

percentage of the employees with 124 (40.5%) respondents agree that they

are dissatisfied they cannot get better health benefits with their current

income, current living place is far to get well-resourced health facilities such

as health care service centre and the distance from their living area to the

health care service centre will influence their willingness to seek for

hospitalization.


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Figure 4.1 Source of information to aware the SOCSO health screening program

Based on the figure 4.1, most of the employees get the SOCSO health

screening program through their friends and relatives with 89 (29%)

respondents. Besides, the second source of information is through the

internet and employer. There have 70 (23%) respondents through internet

and 69 (23%) respondents through employer to get the SOCSO health

screening program information. The other employees are use advertisement

with 41 (13%) respondents and 37 (12%) respondents refer to the other

source such as newspaper and UTAR student.

Based on the appendix 2.4, 154 (50.3%) respondents stated that their

employer are not brief clearly about the SOCSO health screening program

to them before or after they joined the company. Most of the employees 175

(57.2%) are stated that they have own access to the internet to search for

extra information about SOCSO health screening program. Also, 183

(59.8%) respondents are trust the information from the internet. Besides,

most of the employees 189 (61.8%) also have made any of the research for

future information about the health insurance when they are working.

Furthermore, majority of them 197 (64.4%) also prefer consulting more

information in the nearby SOCSO centre.

3712%

8929%

7023%

6923%

4113%

Q1 What is the source of information you get to aware the SOCSO health

screening program?

Advertisement

Friends and relatives

Internet

Employer

Other


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Figure 4.2 Type of source prefer to get the latest SOCSO information

Based on the figure 4.2, most of the employees are prefer to get the latest

SOCSO information through the newspaper with 100 (33%) respondents.

The second sources they prefer are through the website with 85 (28%)

respondents and 81 (26%) respondents prefer on get the latest information

through their employer. The most unfavorable source is the mobile apps

with only have 34 (11%) respondents and only 6 (2%) respondents refer to

the others source such as friends and relatives and SOCSO centre.

4.1.2 Respondent Demographic Profile

As from the questionnaire, data collections for demographic profile had

been obtained which included gender, age and religion. The results were

acquired from online survey (Google Form) and face-to-face survey. The

survey mostly been carried out by face-to-face survey due to inactive

responses in the online survey. Furthermore, total of 306 respondents had

been carried out this survey. In this survey, 3 states had been selected to

acquired data collection and 100 respondents for each state which included

Penang, Johor Bahru and Kuala Lumpur.

3411%

8528%

10033%

8126%

62%

Q7 Which type of source you prefer to follow to get the latest

SOCSO information?

Mobile Apps

Website

Newspaper

Employer

Other


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4.1.2.1 Gender

Figure 4.3: Respondent’s gender

From the figure 4.3, it shows that the amount of 306 respondent’s gender

obtained from the survey. As from the results shown, there are 163 (53.2%)

female respondents and 143 (46.8%) male respondents had been carried out

in the survey.

4.1.2.2 Age

Figure 4.4: Respondent’s age

Figure 4.4 showed the age of 306 male and female respondents acquired

from the survey. There are 102 (33.3%) respondents whose aged 40-45 years

old, 83 (27.2%) respondents age 46-50 years old, 60 (19.7%) respondents


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age 51-55 years old, 39 (12.6%) respondents age of 56-60 years old and 22

(7.1%) whose age 61-65 years old.

4.1.2.3 Religion

Figure 4.5: Religion of the respondents

The figure 4.5 shows that the religion of 306 respondents in 3 states which

included Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Islam and other. The biggest portion

of the respondent’s religion is Buddhist which are 131 (42.9%). There are

53 respondents are Christian, 35 respondents are Hindu, 86 respondents are

from Islam and 1 of the respondent did not have any religion. Their results

are 17.4%, 11.3%, 28.1% and 0.3% respectively.


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4.2 Scale Measurement

4.2.1 Reliability Test

Table 4.6 Reliability test on actual survey


The reliability test is being conducted in this research by using the

Cronbach’s Alpha. Hermosilla and Alvarado (2016) indicated that the

commonly method that used to examine the internal consistency reliability

for an applied research is Cronbach’s Alpha. Besides, Tavakol and Dennick

(2011) also revealed that the range of Alpha coefficient is expressed in value

from 0 to 1. According to Cho and Kim (2014), the minimum acceptable

value for Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.700 or greater than it. They also revealed

that a high value of Cronbach’s Alpha is an indication of internal

consistency.

Based on the table 4.6, the Cronbach’s Alpha for the variables level of

awareness, types of industry, health condition and socio-economic status

(SES) are 0.834, 0.839, 0.862, and 0.870 respectively. Since the results are

all above the value of 0.700, so it can be considered as reliable. But, the

Cronbach’s Alpha for the source of information is the lowest which only

have 0.373. Since the result is lower than 0.700, so it is considered as not

Variables Cronbach’s Alpha Number of items

Level of Awareness 0.834 8

Types of Industry 0.839 5

Health Condition 0.862 4

Socio-Economic Status (SES) 0.870 6

Source of Information 0.373 7


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reliable. However, according to the Tavakol and Dennick (2011), they stated

that if the questionnaire test is too short, it may reduce the alpha value.

Therefore, it can be concluded that the overall reliability for the results of

questionnaire in this research can be considered as reliable.

4.3 Inferential Analysis

According to Burns and Bush (2000), the inferential analysis used to deliver the

general conclusions about the population characteristics which based on those

sample data. Moreover, this analysis also aim to examine the relationship of

dependent and independent variables

4.3.1 Multiple regression analysis

H0: The four independent variables (types of industry, health condition,

socio-economic status (SES), and source of information are not

significantly explaining the variance for level of awareness on health

screening benefits provided by SOCSO.

H1: The four independent variables (types of industry, health condition,

socio-economic status (SES), and source of information are significantly

explaining the variance for level of awareness on health screening

benefits provided by SOCSO.


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Table 4.7: Coefficient

Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardize

d

Coefficients t Sig.

B Std.

Error Beta

(Constant) 7.659 1.060 7.223 .000

Types of Industry .564 .042 .612 13.345 .000

Health Condition -.067 .048 -.068 -1.401 .162

Socio-Economic Status (SES) .139 .040 .161 3.456 .001

Source of Information .289 .083 .158 3.482 .001


There are four independent variables which used to examine the level of

awareness on health screening benefits provided by SOCSO. The equation

shown as following:

Y= a + β 1X1 + β 2X2 + β 3X3 + β 4X4 + Ɛi

where:

Y= Level of Awareness

β = Slope of Coefficient

X1 = Types of Industry

X2 = Health Condition

X3 = Socio-Economic Status (SES)

X4 = Source of Information

Ɛi = Error term


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By referring to the table 4.7, the regression equation of the level of

awareness on health screening benefits provided by SOCSO stated as below:

AWA = 7.659 + 0.564 (TI) - 0.067 (HC) + 0.139 (SS) + 0.289 (SI)

where:

AWA = Level of Awareness

TI = Types of Industry

HC = Health condition

SS = Socio-economic Status

SI = Source of Information

Based on the table 4.7, the most significant independent variable is the types

of industry since the result shows that t-value is 13.345 and p-value is 0.000,

which significantly shows lower than 0.01. Furthermore, it also shows that

types of industry are significant to predict the level of awareness on health

screening benefits provided by SOCSO. Besides that, contribution of the

highest to the variation for the level of awareness on health screening

benefits provided by SOCSO is types of industry. This is because the beta

value (standardized coefficients) for this predictor variable is the largest

which is 0.612 as compare to the others predictor variables (health condition,

socio-economic status (SES), and source of information).

Besides, source of information is the independent variable which represent

the second most significant in this study with the t-value, 3.482 and p-value,

0.001. The p-value is less than alpha value with 0.01. This shows the source

of information is significant to forecast the level of awareness on health

screening benefits provided by SOCSO. In addition, the second highest to

the variation is source of information due to the beta value (standardized

coefficients) of it is the second higher (0.158).

Socio-economic status (SES) is the third significant independent variable.

The t-value is 3.456 and p-value is 0.001. The p-value is less than alpha

value with 0.01. This represent that the socio-economic status (SES) is


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significant to predict the level of awareness on health screening benefits

provided by SOCSO. Besides, socio-economic status (SES) has the third

highest to the variation for level of awareness on health screening benefits

provided by SOCSO. It is because the beta value (standardized coefficients)

is the third higher with 0.161.

Lastly, the t-value for health condition is -1.401 which represent that there

is a negative relationship to the level of awareness on health screening

benefits provided by SOCSO. Besides, p-value of health condition is 0.161

which shows greater on the alpha value with 0.10. Therefore, it is not

significant in explaining the level of awareness on health screening benefit

provided by SOCSO. Health condition contributes the lowest towards the

variation of the perceived employability. This is due to the beta value of

standardized coefficients for this predictor variable is the smallest which is

-0.068 as compared to the others predictor variables.

Table 4.8 Model summary

Model R R Square Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of

the Estimate

Change Statistic

R Square Change F Change

1 .705a .497 .490 3.33744 .497 74.282



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Table 4.9 ANOVA

Model Sum of

Squares df

Mean

Square F Sig.

Regression 3309.567 4 827.392 74.282 .000b

1 Residual 3352.685 301 11.138

Total 6662.252 305


a. Predictors: (Constant), Types of Industry, Health Condition, Socio-

Economic Status (SES), and Source of Information.

b. Dependent variable: Level of Awareness.

R value defined as the correlation coefficient in between the level of

awareness and independent variables which include types of industry, health

condition, socio-economic status and source of information. Based on the

table 4.8, the R value for four independent variables (types of industry,

health condition, socio-economic status (SES), and source of information)

with the dependent variable (level of awareness) is 0.705. Hence, it showed

that there is high correlation and positive in between the dependent, level of

awareness and four independent variables which include types of industry,

health condition, socio-economic status and source of information.

Also, the table 4.8 represents the coefficient of determination (R square) that

used to explain the variance. The R square figure of the four independent

variables is 0.497. This also mean that the independent variables (types of

industry, health condition, socio-economic status (SES), and source of

information) able to explain 49.7% of the variation in level of awareness.

But, there is also left 50.3% (100% - 49.7%) which are unable to be

explained. Therefore, it indicates that there still have another important

variables can be explain the level of awareness on health screening benefits

provided by SOSCO which are not been considered in this research.


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The table 4.9 showed the p-value is 0.000 which less than the alpha value

with 0.01. Also, the F-statistic is 74.282 which showed there is significant.

Hence, the research model is significant in the explanation of the

relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. From the

result, the independent variables (types of industry, health condition, socio-

economic status (SES), and source of information) are significant explain

the variance level of awareness. Therefore, null hypothesis (H0) is rejected

but still the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted.

4.3.2 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient

Mukaka (2012) indicated the rules of thumb for coefficient range and

strength of association which shown in following:

Table 4.10: Rules of Thumb for Correlation Range

Coefficient range Strength of Association

±0.90 to ±1.00 Very high positive (negative) correlation

±0.70 to ±0.89 High positive (negative) correlation

±0.50 to ±0.69 Moderate positive (negative) correlation

±0.30 to ±0.49 Low positive (negative) correlation

±0.00 to ±0.29 Little if any correlation

Source: Adopted from Mukaka, M. (2012). Statistics Corner: A guide to appropriate use of

correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawl Medical Journal, 24(3), 69-71.


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Hypothesis 1

H0: There is no significant relationship between types of industry and the

level of awareness.

H1: There is a significant relationship between types of industry and the

level of awareness.

Table 4.11: Correlation between Level of Awareness and Types of Industry

Level of Awareness Types of Industry

Level of Awareness Pearson correlation .670**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000

Types of Industry Pearson Correlation .670**


** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).


Direction of relationship

From the table above, there is positive relationship between types of

industry and the level of awareness on health screening benefits provided

by SOCSO. This is because the value for correlation coefficient is positive.

The types of industry variable have a 0.670 correlation with the level of

awareness on health screening benefits provided by SOCSO. This means

that when the types of industry are exposure to higher risk, the level of

awareness on health screening benefits provided by SOCSO is higher.


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Strength of relationship

The value of this correlation coefficient (0.670) is fall under coefficient

range between ±0.50 to ±0.69. Therefore, the relationship between the types

of industry and the level of awareness on health screening benefits provided

by SOCSO is moderate positive correlation.

Significance of relationship

From the result shown, the p-value is 0.000 less than the alpha value with

0.01. Hence, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected but accepted the alternative

hypothesis (H1). Thus, there is a significant positive relationship between

the types of industry and the level of awareness on health screening benefits

provided by SOCSO.

Hypothesis 2

H0: There is no significant relationship between health condition and the

level of awareness.

H1: There is a significant relationship between health condition and the

level of awareness.


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Table 4.12: Correlation between Level of Awareness and Health Condition

Level of Awareness Health Condition

Level of Awareness Pearson Correlation .257**


Health Condition Pearson Correlation .257**





From the table above, there is positive relationship between health condition

and the level of awareness on health screening benefits provided by SOCSO.

This is because the value for correlation coefficient is positive. The health

condition variable has a 0.257 correlation with the level of awareness on

health screening benefits provided by SOCSO. This means that when the

health condition is better, the level of awareness on health screening benefits

provided by SOCSO higher.


The correlation coefficient value is 0.257 which fall under coefficient range

between ±0.00 to ±0.29. Hence, the relationship in between health condition

and the level of awareness on health screening benefits provided by SOCSO

is little correlation.


From the results, it shows that the p-value is 0.000 less than the alpha value

with 0.01. Hence, the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected but accepted the

alternative hypothesis (H1). Thus, there is a significant positive relationship


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between health condition and the level of awareness on health screening


Hypothesis 3

H0: There is no significant relationship between socio-economic status

(SES) and the level of awareness.

H1: There is a significant relationship between socio-economic status

(SES) and the level of awareness.

Table 4.13: Correlation between Level of Awareness and Socio-Economic

Status (SES)

Level of Awareness Socio-Economic Status



Socio-Economic Status

(SES)

Pearson Correlation .246**



Note: Data generated from SPSS version 20.0


From the table above, there is positive relationship between socio-economic

status (SES) and the level of awareness on health screening benefits

provided by SOCSO. It is because the correlation coefficient value is

showed positive. The socio-economic status (SES) variable has a 0.246

correlation with the level of awareness on health screening benefits provided

by SOCSO. This means that when socio-economic status (SES) is higher,

the level of awareness on health screening benefits provided by SOCSO is

higher.


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The correlation coefficient value is 0.246 which fall under coefficient range

between ±0.00 to ±0.29. Hence, the relationship in between socio-economic

status (SES) and the level of awareness on health screening benefits

provided by SOCSO is little correlation.


According to the result, the p-value is 0.000 less than the alpha value with


hypothesis (H1). Thus, there is a significant positive relationship in between

socio-economic status (SES) and the level of awareness on health screening


Hypothesis 4

H0: There is no significant relationship between source of information

and the level of awareness.

H1: There is a significant relationship between source of information and



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Table 4.14: Correlation between Level of Awareness and Source of Information

Level of Awareness Source of

Information



Source of Information Pearson Correlation .408**





From the table above, there is positive relationship between source of

information and the level of awareness on health screening benefits

provided by SOCSO. This is because the value for correlation coefficient is

positive. The source of information variable has a 0.408 correlation with the

level of awareness on health screening benefits provided by SOCSO. This

means that when the source of information is higher, the level of awareness

on health screening benefits provided by SOCSO is higher.


The value of this correlation coefficient (0.408) is fall under coefficient

range between ±0.30 to ±0.49. Therefore, the relationship between the

source of information and the level of awareness on health screening

benefits provided by SOCSO is low positive correlation.


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As shown in the result, the p-value is 0.000 less than the alpha value with


hypothesis (H1). Thus, there is a significant positive relationship in between

source of information and the level of awareness on health screening


4.4 Conclusion

In summary, the sample data obtained from the questionnaire survey’s result was

been summarized and interpreted by using SPPS. However, the analysis of this

study was allocated into various elements which are descriptive analysis, scale

measurement, and inferential analysis. Furthermore, tests had been conducted are

the Pilot Test, Reliability Test, Multi Regression Analysis, Model Summary,

ANOVA, and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. The analysis results and

interpretation will be used in the next chapter for the purpose of discussions,

conclusions, and implications of the overall research.


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CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND

IMPLICATIONS

5.0 Introduction

In this last chapter, there consists of five elements which include the summary for

statistical analyses, discussion for the major findings, study implications, limitation

of study and recommendation for the future research. From the summary of the

statistical analysis and discussion of major finding will be identified the further

improvement on health screening benefit provided by the SOCSO Institution.

Furthermore, implication and limitation of the study will be discussed and ended

with some recommendations for future researchers to manage their research more

easily.

5.1 Summary of Statistical Analyses

Table 5.0: Statistical Analyses

Coefficients Sign Relationships

Types of Industry 0.612 + Positive

Health Condition -0.068 - Negative

Socio-Economic Status (SES) 0.161 + Positive

Source of Information 0.158 + Positive

From the table 5.0 shows that the overall of the relationship between the level of

awareness of health screening benefits provided in SOCSO Institutions and four

variables which include types of industry, health condition, socio-economic status


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(SES), and source of information. In the results show that types of industry, socio-

economic status (SES) and source of information are positive relationship towards

the level of awareness of health screening benefits. Unfortunately, the health

condition had a negative relationship towards the level of awareness on health

screening benefits. Therefore, the industry exposure the higher risk, the higher level

of awareness on health screening benefits, so does socio-economic status (SES) and

source of information. As for the health condition, the lower the health condition,

the higher for the level of awareness.

5.2 Discussion of Major Findings


Based on the results in chapter 4, it shows that the types of industry have a

positive significant relationship with the employee’s level of awareness with

the health screening benefits provided by SOCSO. The result is consistent

with the findings by Varma and Singh (2015). In addition, the results also

showed that the working environment of majority employees is exposure to

high risk and they are more aware on the health benefits provided by

SOCSO. This result is supported by the findings of Sharma and Singh

(2013); Mangasuli and Sherkhane (2016). However, this is not supported by

Sudina, Ansuya and Lakra (2015), and Yang (2013). This is because they

are poor knowledge on the availability of health benefits that provided by

government. According to Lunner-Kolstrup and Ssali (2016), the low level

of employee’s awareness on health is because they did not have any

occupational safety and health knowledge. The research results are

consistent with the researcher’s findings. The results showed that most of

the employees are aware on the health screening benefits provided by


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SOCSO. This is because most of them are having an occupational safety and

health knowledge that provided by their employer.

5.2.2 Health Condition

From the result shows in Chapter 4, there is negative significant relationship

in between health condition and the level of awareness on health screening

benefits provided by SOCSO Institution. The research findings showed that

the health condition and level of awareness on health screening benefits

provided by SOCSO Institution is negatively linked. This result is supported

by the previous researchers in which the respondents with lower physical

component scores which had lower health condition have higher level of

awareness to diabetes (Venkataraman et al., 2014). They also stated that

these respondents will more emphasize on their quality of life since they are

having higher awareness to health. In addition, the respondents with higher

level of awareness to diseases will have a better mental health since they

will seek for medical help and thus become diagnosed diseases

(Venkataraman et al., 2014). According to Bhavesh et al. (2013), he stated

that people with poor health condition will have higher level of awareness

to health as they would subscribe for health insurance which also proved

that health condition and level of awareness on health screening benefits

towards SOCSO Institution are having a negative relationship. In the

research of Panchal (2013), he concluded that respondents with self-

reported diseases will have higher level of awareness to health condition and

hence they subscribe to insurance to cover their risk.


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5.2.3 Socio-Economic Status (SES)

The results illustrated that socio-economic status (SES) is significant and

positive relationship with the level of awareness on health screening benefits

provided by SOCSO Institution. It means that individual with higher

socioeconomic status tends to have higher level of awareness on health

screening benefits provided by SOCSO Institution. This result is supported

with the findings by the researcher Paeratakul et al. (2002) (as cited in

Pampel, Krueger and Denney, 2010) and Aas, Alstadsæter and Feiring

(2013). According to Akinyemiju et al. (2013), poverty and lack of

healthcare facilities and resources might explain part of the black-white

disparity in breast cancer survival especially if examined from both

individual levels. On the other hand, Gundala and Chava (2010) said that

people with an unhealthy lifestyle have a poor periodontal status because of

their aberrant brushing habits and detrimental effects of smoking. Last but

not least, socioeconomic status showed a positive association between

higher socioeconomic groups and better periodontal status. This is in

accordance with Neuman et al., (as cited in Gundala and Chava, 2010) who

identified a lower occupational status limiting the use of dental service

(p.25).


Based on the SSPS version 20.0 result provided, source of information are

positive significant with the level of awareness with health screening

benefits provided by SOCSO Institution. This finding in the result means

that increase in the sources to get the information and lead to increase in the

level of awareness in the public. This result has been supported by

Maheshkumar et al. (2013), Padmasundari and Selly (2016), and Priya and

Srinivasan (2015), increase in the level of awareness for health screening

benefits if there is more sources or ways for workers to access the


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information. Due to the technology innovation, it will increase the ways of

accessing the latest SOCSO information. Dosemagen and Lee (2017) stated

that social media is the latest and best way for worker to access health

screening program’s information. Furthermore, it able to let government

easily on sharing the information and to create a support structure for

understanding the health condition of Malaysia’s workers. Thus, the result

showed that the level of awareness increased because there are more sources

for workers to access and aware this health screening benefits.

5.3 Implication of Study

5.3.1 SOCSO Institution

Interviews of employees, including ex-employees, have been conducted

focusing on compensation and damages awarded for injuries suffered during

the course of employment in Kuala Lumpur and industries around Bandar

Baru Bangi. SOCSO Institution should increase the area of the survey

around Malaysia so that might have a better understanding to the problems

faced by the employees or employers. This is because different area might

have different problems. In addition, the duty to provide reimbursement

treatment, free medical care and counter service should be extended to all

employees and hospitals. SOCSO should also improve the efficacy and

efficiency so that an employee should get the maximum benefit available.

The figure 4.2 showed that there is 29% of the respondents are aware the

SOCSO benefits through their friends and family while 23% aware the

benefits through the internet, therefore, SOCSO Institution should improve

the online facilities especially for the online customer services so workers

can easily ask questions and register to get the SOCSO benefits.


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Furthermore, SOCSO Institution should improve the efficiency on the

health delivery system to fulfill the worker’s satisfaction.

5.3.2 Employees

SOCSO Institution is a statutory body under the Ministry of Human

Resources to improve social security protection by social insurance

including medical and cash benefits, provision of artificial aids and

rehabilitation to employees to reduce suffering and to provide financial

guarantees and protection to families. An employee should understand that

he or she is an insured person even though he or she is not registered under

SOCSO Institution. Employees should contact SOCSO in order to clear

their doubt and understand more about SOCSO since it is their right to claim

the medical benefit, temporary and permanent disablement benefit, constant

attendance allowance, dependent’s benefit, funeral benefit, rehabilitation

benefit and education benefit, survivors’ pension, and invalidity grant.

Besides, employees should invite their friends and relative together to attend

the talk or campaign provided by the SOCSO Institution.

5.3.3 Employers

This research showed that Source of information is a significant variable to

influence level of awareness with the health screening benefits provided by

SOCSO. As an employer, employees can get the direct information about

health screening program of SOCSO. From the result show in figure 4.1, 23%

of the respondents were get the information through their employer which

is third higher affects to the level of awareness in the result. Therefore,

employers should play an important role to update themselves with the latest

information and news about SOCSO and spread it to their employees to

increase the level of awareness with the health screening benefits provided


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by SOCSO among the employees. Furthermore, they should explain clearly

about the health screening benefits during the interview section or before

their employees enter to their company.

5.3.4 Hospitals

Hospital is an important role in increasing the level of awareness with the

health screening benefits provided by SOCSO. Campaign and talk related

to health screening program should be held regularly to update the

employees. Besides that, hospital should provide the facilities and services

to the public when they need. They should promote the program about the

benefits of health screening in order to increase level of awareness with the

health screening benefits provided by SOCSO. In additional, they should

ask each doctor in that hospital to improve and update the knowledge about

the SOCSO benefit and explain to their patient during consultation.

5.3.5 Future researchers

In this research, health condition is the only variable which is not significant

to influence the awareness. Future researchers are advice not to include this

variable to carry out research. Future researcher is recommended to include

some new variable to obtain a higher accuracy result since there is an error

term in the regression model, for example, education level and income level.

The future researcher in this field needs a better design model for analyzing

all these possible variables that influence the level of awareness with the

health screening benefits provided by SOCSO.


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5.4 Limitations of Study

In this research, a few limitations were found. Firstly, the limitation for this research

is the coverage of location. The sample collecting areas are focusing on three urban

areas in Malaysia which are Johor Bahru, Penang and Kuala Lumpur only. This

may affect the research’s results unable to be perfect because SOCSO Institution is

not just available in these three states, but in the whole Malaysia. Hence, the data

collection may be biased due to limited on the location of the study.

Moreover, there are some difficulties on the process of data collection. At first,

online form had been created and distributed through online such as google form,

but this is not workable to those targeted respondents. As these targeted respondents

are ages of 40 years old and above, they might not able to get use of mobile apps or

internet. Therefore, face-to-face survey has to be conducted in this research.

However, this might impact of time consuming and costly. As in the research,

travelling is needed to collect data for each state that had been mentioned previously.

Furthermore, this research is only applicable in Malaysia due to the development of

SOCSO Institution are only applicable in Malaysia. This research also can be view

by other researchers that interest in this research field due to it is just based on

Malaysian’s perspectives.

In addition, only one hundred of survey forms were distributed for each state in this

research. Nevertheless, the research’s result might not perfectly truthful because the

300 targeted respondents did not represent the whole Malaysian’s perceptions.


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5.5 Recommendation for Future Research

First and foremost, focusing on the coverage on location is recommend to future

research. They should take consider on expanding the research areas instead of just

focus on urban area. For example: whole Malaysia with small sample size or larger

sample size. This may improve the results to be more reliable and accurate. Hence,

data may be significantly towards the results.

Future researchers should be more considerations in distributing the survey forms.

Besides that, they should able to manage a good relationship with SOCSO

Institution, so that their workload able to reduce and more efficiency in data

collection. In addition, SOCSO Institution might be willing to provide the

researchers for the latest information of SOCSO.

In the nutshell, the increasing of the sample size of respondents is recommended to

future researchers so that can obtain the more precise study result. The largest of

the sample size, the more precise for the study results.

5.6 Conclusion

From this study, it found that the independent variables of types of industry, socio-

economic status (SES), and source of information have positive significant

relationship with the level of awareness on health screening benefits towards

SOCSO Institution while the variable of health condition has a negative significant

relationship. Aside of that, implication of the research towards various parties have

been provided together with the limitations and recommendations for future

researchers’ developments and improvements.


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APPENDICES

Appendix 1.0: Research Questionnaire Sample

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (HONS)

BANKING AND FINANCE

THE AWARENESS OF EMPLOYEES FOR THE HEALTH SCREENING

BENEFITS PROVIDED BY SOCSO UPON 40 YEARS OLD

Dear respondents,

We are undergraduate students of Bachelor of Business Administration (Hons)

Banking and Finance, from Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR). We are

currently doing our final year research project and we hope that you can do us a

favour by helping us to fill up this questionnaire.

This questionnaire consists of 4 parts. There are Section A which referring to the

understanding on Social Security Organization (SOCSO), Section B is referring to

the awareness of the health screening benefits provided by SOCSO, health

screening program provided in your industry, socioeconomic status, health status

and source of information and Section C is referring to the respondents’

demographic profile. This questionnaire might take about 5-10 minutes to complete.

Your answer will be kept PRIVATELY AND CONFIDENTIALLY and used

solely for academic purposes. Thank you for your participation.

NAME STUDENT ID

LAI EE PEI 14ABB06372

LIM JIA XIN 13ABB05504

LIEW LI KUAN 15ABB00089

HENG KAI WEN 13ABB04546

BEH CHEK ZHENG 13ABB01346


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Section A: Understanding on Social Security Organization (SOCSO)

社会保险组织的了解

Kesefahaman Tentang Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial

The following questions refer to the understanding on Social Security

Organization (SOCSO). Please provide the appropriate information by placing a

in the bracket provided to represent your answer.

以下的题目是关于您对社会保险组织的了解。请在适当的空格放以表示你

的答案。

Soalan-soalan berikut merujuk kepada pemahaman mengenai Pertubuhan

Keselamatan Sosial (PERKESO). Sila berikan maklumat yang sesuai dengan

meletakkan di dalam kurungan yang disediakan untuk mewakili jawapan anda.

1. Do you know about Social Security Organization (SOCSO) in Malaysia?

您知道关于社会保障组织(SOCSO)在马来西亚吗？

Adakah anda mengenali tentang Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial (PERKESO)

di Malaysia?

Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

2. Will you have your body check up every year?

您会每年进行身体检查吗？

Adakah anda akan memeriksa badan anda setiap tahun?

Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

3. Are your aware of your health condition?

您是否知道您的健康状况？

Adakah anda mengetahui keadaan kesihatan anda?

Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

4. Are you aware that Social Security Organization (SOCSO) provides a free

medical check-up for Malaysian’s worker?

您是否知道社会保障组织(SOCSO)为马来西亚的员人提供免费体检吗？


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Adakah anda sedar bahawa pertubuhan keselamatan sosial (PERKESO)

memberi medical check-up yang percuma untuk pekerja di Malaysia?

Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

5. If you are given a free medical check-up, will you utilize this opportunity?

如果您获得一次免费医疗检查，您是否会利用这个机会吗？

Jika anda diberi medical check-up yang percuma, anda akan menggunakan

peluang ini?

Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

6. Have you ever done a health screening prior to SOCSO’s Health Screening

Programme?

您是否曾经进行过社会保障组织(SOCSO)提供的健康检查计划吗？

Pernahkah anda melakukan Program Pemeriksaan Kesihatan yang dianjurkan

PERKESO?

Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

Section B:

Please one number according to the following 5-point Likert Scale that best

describe your level of argument with the following statements.

请根据以下 5 点李克特量表来确定一个数字，请在适当的空格放描述您的

参与级别。

Sila satu nombor mengikut Skala Likert 5-titik berikut yang paling

menggambarkan tahap hujah anda dengan pernyataan berikut.

(1) Awareness of health benefits towards Social Security Organization

(SOCSO)

社会保障组织的健康福利意识

Kesedaran mengenali manfaat kesihatan PERKESO


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Strongly Disagree – 1 Disagree – 2 Undecided – 3 Agree – 4 Strongly Agree

– 5

强烈反对-1 不同意-2 未定-3 同意-4 非常同意-5

Amat Tidak Setuju-1 Tidak Setuju-2 Tidak Pasti-3 Setuju-4 Amat Setuju-5

No. Statement 1 2 3 4 5

1.

You prefer private insurance than SOCSO free health

benefits.

您比较喜欢私人保险多于社会保障组织(SOCSO)免费

健康福利。 Anda lebih suka insurans daripada PERKESO manfaat

kesihatan yang percuma.

2.

You can be compensated by SOCSO if suffer any

injuries or get sick due to your work even if it is not

work-related.

如果遇到任何伤害或因工作而无法工作，您可以向

社会保障组织(SOCSO)索取补偿。

Anda boleh diberi pampasan oleh PERKESO jika

mengalami kecederaan atau sakit akibat pekerjaan anda

walaupun tidak berkaitan dengan pekerjaan.

3.

You will be given benefits by SOCSO for occupational

diseases related employment.

社会保障组织(SOCSO)将给予您疾病福利（联系到您

的职业）。 Anda akan diberi manfaat oleh PERKESO tentang

penyakit yang dijakit dalam pekerjaan anda.

4.

You can claim for SOCSO benefits even if you get into

an accident while travelling for work.

即使您在出差工作，您也可以索取社会保障组织

(SOCSO)的福利。 Anda dapat membuat tuntutan daripada PERKESO

walaupun anda mengalami kemalangan ketika bekerja

di luar negeri.

5.

SOCSO members are eligible for free medical treatment

at approved SOCSO panel clinic or government

hospitals.

社会保障组织(SOCSO)的成员可以在社会保障组织

(SOCSO)的指定诊所或政府医院获得免费医疗。 Ahli PERKESO layak mendapat rawatan perubatan

percuma di klinik panel atau hospital kerajaan yang

dilulus oleh PERESO.


Years Old


6.

If fee were paid for treatment outside the approved

facilities, employers can also submit claims for

reimbursement.

如果在批准的设施之下已经支付了治疗费用，雇主

也可以提交报销费用。

Jika yuran sudah dibayar kepada luar rawatan daripada

kemudahan yang diluluskan, majikan juga boleh

mengemukakan tuntutan untuk pembayaran balik.

7.

An employee certified by a doctor to be unfit for work

is allowed to claim for the temporary disablement

benefits from SOCSO.

员工被医生认证不适合工作是可以向社会保障组织

(SOCSO)索取暂时残疾福利。 Pekerja yang tidak dapat bekerja diperakui oleh doktor

dibenarkan menuntut manfaat terhadap hilang upaya

sementara dari PERKESO.

8.

Employee suffer from permanent disablement need

vocational or physical rehabilitation, facilities will be

provided for free by SOCSO.

员工永久性残疾需要治疗，社会保障组织(SOCSO)将

会提供免费的设施。

Pekerja yang mengalami masalah hilang upaya kekal

memerlukan pemulihan vokasional atau fizikal,

kemudahan akan disediakan secara percuma oleh

PERKESO.

(2) Health Screening Program Provided in Your Industry

健康检查计划在您的行业提供

Program Pemeriksaan Kesihatan yang Disediakan dalam Industri Anda

No. Questions 1 2 3 4 5

1.

Your working environment is exposing to high risk.

您的工作环境处于在高风险。

Persekitaran kerja anda mendedahkan kepada risiko yang tinggi.

2.

Your company have provided health benefits to workers.

您的公司为员工提供了健康福利。

Syarikat anda menyediakan manfaat kesihatan kepada pekerja.

3.

Your company provides proper occupational safety and health

knowledge.

您的公司提供了适当的职业安全和健康知识。


Years Old


Syarikat anda menyediakan pengetahuan keselamatan dan kesihatan

pekerjaan yang sewajarnya.

4.

You have the knowledge to use all the equipment in your industry.

您知晓使用您行业中的所有设备。

Anda mempunyai pengetahuan untuk menggunakan semua peralatan

dalam industri anda.

5.

Your industry have Safety Health and Environment (SHE) which

handle by a manager.

您的行业拥有经理处理安全健康与环境的事项。

Industri anda mempunyai Keselamatan Kesihatan dan Alam Sekitar

yang dikendalikan oleh seorang pengurus.

(3) Socioeconomic Status

社会经济状况

Status sosioekonomi

No. Questions 1 2 3 4 5

1.

Your current salary income is insufficient for you to cover your

hospitalization.

您目前的工资收入不足以支付住院费用。

Pendapatan gaji semasa anda tidak mencukupi untuk menampung kos

hospital .

2. You need SOCSO to cover your hospitalization.

您需要社会保障组织(SOCSO)来支付您的住院费用。

Anda memerlukan PERKESO untuk menampung kos hospital.

3.

You are unable to have higher income to sustain and provide you a

better health benefits with your current education level.

您目前的教育水平让您无法获得更高的收入并且无法提供您更

好的健康福利。

Anda tidak dapat memperoleh pendapatan yang lebih tinggi untuk

mengekalkan dan memberi anda manfaat kesihatan yang lebih baik

dengan tahap pendidikan anda dapat.

4.

You are dissatisfied that you cannot get better health benefits with

your current income.

您不满意现在的收入因为您无法获得更好的健康福利。

Anda tidak berpuas hati bahawa anda tidak boleh mendapatkan

manfaat kesihatan yang lebih baik dengan pendapatan semasa anda.

5. Your current living place is far to get well-resourced health facilities

such as health care service centre.


Years Old


您目前的住宿区离医疗保健服务中心远。

Tempat tinggal anda jauh untuk mendapatkan kemudahan kesihatan

seperti pusat khidmat penjagaan kesihatan.

6.

The distance from your living area to the health care service centre

will influence your willingness to seek for hospitalization.

从您的住宿区到医疗保健中心的距离将影响您寻求医疗的意

愿。

Jarak dari tempat tinggal anda ke pusat khidmat kesihatan akan

mempengaruhi kesediaan anda untuk mendapatkan rawatan.

(4) Health Status

健康状况

Status Kesihatan

No. Statement 1 2 3 4 5

1. You having a health condition problem .

您拥有健康问题。

Anda mengalami sebarang masalah kesihatan.

2. You have genetic diseases.

您拥有家庭遗传疾病。

Anda mengalami penyakit genetik.

3. You take medicine regulary.

您有定时服用药物的习惯。

Anda mengambil ubat secara teratur.

4. Your medical payment paid by insurance than voucher provided by

SOCSO.

您的医药费是保险付的多于社会保障组织(SOCSO)的凭证

Pembayaran perubatan anda dibayar oleh insurans daripada baucar

yang disediakan oleh PERKESO.

(5) Source of Awareness about Health Screening Program

健康检查计划意识来源

Sumber Kesedaran mengenai Program Saringan Kesihatan

1. What is the source of information you get to aware the SOCSO health

screening program?

您了解 SOCSO 健康检查计划的信息来源来至哪里？ Apakah sumber maklumat yang anda dapat untuk menyedari daripada

program emeriksaan kesihatan SOCSO?


Years Old


Advertisement 广告 Iklan

Friends and relatives 亲友 Rakan dan saudara-mara

Internet 网络 Internet

Employer 上司 Majikan

Other:…………………………………………………………….

其他

Lain-lain

2. Did your employer brief clearly about the SOCSO health screening

program to you before or after you joined the company?

加入公司之前或是加入之后，您的上司有向您简要介绍 SOCSO 的健康

检查计划吗？

Adakah majikan anda meringkaskan program pemeriksaan kesihatan

SOCSO dengan jelas kepada anda sebelum atau selepas anda menyertai

syarikat tersebut?

Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

3. Do you have your own access to the Internet to search for extra

information about SOCSO health screening program?

您是否有自己的互联网，以搜索关于 SOCSO健康检查计划的额外信

息？

Adakah anda menpunyai akses tersendiri untuk melayari Internet bagi

mandapatkan maklumat lebihan terhadap program pemeriksaan kesihatan

SOCSO?

Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

4. Do you trust the information from the Internet?

您相信互联网上的信息吗？

Adakah anda mempercayai maklumat daripada Internet?

Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

5. Have you made any research for future information about the health

insurance when you are working? (If YES proceed to Q6, If NO proceed

to Q7)

您是否在工作时对健康保险的未来信息进行了研究？（如果是继续

Q6，如果否跳去 Q7）

Adakah anda sudah membuat penyelidikan maklumat masa depan terhadap

insuran kesihatan semasa anda sedang bekerja? (Jika YA terus ke Q6, Jika

TIDAK terus ke Q7)


Years Old


Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

6. Did you include the SOCSO health screening program as one of your

health insurance plan?

您是否将 SOCSO 健康检查计划作为您的健康保险计划之一？

Adakah rancangan insuran kesihatan anda termasuklah program

pemeriksaan kesihatan SOCSO?

Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

7. Do you prefer consulting more information in the nearby SOCSO centre?

您是否会在附近的 SOCSO中心咨询更多信息？

Adakah anda lebih suka mendapatkan maklumat daripada pusat SOCSO

berdekatan?

Yes 是 Ya

No 否 Tidak

8. Which type of source you prefer to follow to get the latest SOCSO

information?

您喜欢采用哪种类型的源来获取最新的 SOCSO信息？

Yang manakah sumber anda lebih suka untuk mendapatkan maklumat

terkini SOCSO?

Mobile Apps 手机程序 Aplikasi telefon bimbit

Website 网站 Laman web

Newspaper 报纸 Surat khabar

Employer 上司 Majikan

Other:………………………………………………………………

其他

Lain-lain

Section C:

The following questions refer to the demographic profile of the respondents.

Please provide the appropriate information by placing a in the bracket

provided to represent your answer.

以下问题涉及受访者的资料。请提供适当的信息，将放在提供的支架中

以表示您的答案。


Years Old


Soalan-soalan berikut merujuk kepada profil demografik responden. Sila berikan

maklumat yang sesuai dengan meletakkan dalam pendakap yang disediakan

untuk mewakili jawapan anda.

1. Gender 性别 Jatina

Male 男 Lelaki

Female 女 Perumpuan

2. Age 年龄 Umur

40 – 45 years old

46 – 50 years old

51 – 55 years old

56 – 60 years old

61 – 65 years old

3. State 州 Negeri

Penang 槟城

Kuala Lumpur 吉隆坡

Johor Baharu 柔佛

4. Religion 宗教 Agama

Buddhist 佛教

Christian 基督教

Hindu 印度

Islam 回教

Others 其他: ________________


Years Old


Appendix 2.0: Level of Awareness for the Health Screening Benefits Provided by

SOCSO

Strongly

disagree Disagree Undecided Agree

Strongly

agree

F % F % F % F % F %

You prefer private

insurance than SOCSO free

health benefits.

16 5.2 22 7.2 41 13.4 102 33.3 125 40.9

You can be compensated

by SOCSO if suffer any

injuries or get sick due to

your work even if it is not

work-related.

34 11.1 68 22.2 31 10.1 128 41.9 45 14.7

You will be given benefits

by SOCSO for

occupational diseases

related employment.

23 7.5 30 9.8 31 10.2 139 45.4 83 27.1

You can claim for SOCSO

benefits even if you get into

an accident while travelling

for work.

17 5.6 26 8.5 21 6.9 133 43.4 109 35.6

SOCSO members are

eligible for free medical

treatment at approved

SOCSO panel clinic or

government hospitals.

16 5.2 46 15.0 41 13.4 108 35.3 95 31.1

If fee were paid for

treatment outside the

approved facilities,

employers can also submit

claims for reimbursement.

20 6.5 55 18.0 45 14.7 107 35.0 79 25.8

An employee certified by a

doctor to be unfit for work

is allowed to claim for the

temporary disablement

benefits from SOCSO.

19 6.2 45 14.7 40 13.1 107 35.0 95 31.0

Employee suffers from

permanent disablement

need vocational or physical

rehabilitation, facilities

will be provided for free by

SOCSO.

26 8.5 61 20.0 34 11.1 94 30.7 91 29.7


Years Old


Appendix 2.1: Types of Industry

Strongly


Strongly

agree

F % F % F % F % F %

Your working

environment is

exposing to high risk.

25 8.2 55 18.0 42 13.7 115 37.6 69 22.5

Your company has

provided health

benefits to workers.

21 6.9 65 21.2 33 10.8 131 42.8 56 18.3

Your company

provides proper

occupational safety

and health knowledge.

45 14.7 50 16.3 38 12.4 111 36.3 62 20.3

You have the

knowledge to use all

the equipment in your

industry.

31 10.1 51 16.7 47 15.4 105 34.3 72 23.5

Your industry has

Safety Health and

Environment (SHE)

which handle by a

manager.

53 17.3 46 15.0 43 14.1 92 30.1 72 23.5

Appendix 2.2: Health Condition

Strongly


Strongly

agree

F % F % F % F % F %

You have a health condition

problem.

50 16.3 66 21.6 44 14.4 71 23.2 75 24.5

You have genetic diseases. 88 28.8 59 19.3 35 11.4 80 26.1 44 14.4

You take medicine regularly. 47 15.4 57 18.6 23 7.5 97 31.7 82 26.8

Your medical payment paid

by insurance than voucher

provided by SOCSO.

39 12.7 60 19.6 33 10.8 92 30.1 82 26.8


Years Old


Appendix 2.3: Socio-Economic Status (SES)

Strongly


Strongly

agree

F % F % F % F % F %

Your current salary income

is insufficient for you to

cover your hospitalization.

10 3.3 42 13.7 28 9.2 114 37.2 112 36.6

You need SOCSO to cover

your hospitalization.

26 8.5 43 14.1 33 10.8 108 35.3 96 31.3

You are unable to have

higher income to sustain

and provide you a better

health benefits with your

current education level.

8 2.6 41 13.4 32 10.5 127 41.5 98 32.0

You are dissatisfied that

you cannot get better health

benefits with your current

income.

10 3.3 39 12.7 28 9.2 124 40.5 105 34.3

Your current living place is

far to get well-resourced

health facilities such as

health care service centre.

20 6.5 48 15.7 28 9.2 124 40.5 86 28.1

The distance from your

living area to the health

care service centre will

influence your willingness

to seek for hospitalization.

20 6.5 18 5.9 21 6.9 124 40.5 123 40.2


Years Old


Appendix 2.4: Source of Information

Yes No

Frequency % Frequency %

2. Did your employer brief

clearly about the SOCSO

health screening program to

you before or after you joined

the company?

152 49.7 154 50.3

3. Do you have your own

access to the Internet to search

for extra information about

SOCSO health screening

program?

175 57.2 131 42.8

4. Do you trust the information

from the Internet? 183 59.8 123 40.2

5. Have you made any research

for future information about

the health insurance when you

are working?

189 61.8 117 38.2

6. Do you prefer consulting

more information in the nearby

SOCSO centre?

197 64.4 109 35.6


Years Old


Appendix 3.0: Pilot Test on Validity & Reliability(Section B1)

Case Processing Summary

N %

Cases

Valid 306 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 306 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's

Alpha

Cronbach's

Alpha Based on

Standardized

Items

N of Items

.834 .831 8

Summary Item Statistics

Mean Minimum Maximum Range Maximum /

Minimum

Variance N of Items

Item Means 3.694 3.304 3.987 .683 1.207 .052 8


Years Old


Item-Total Statistics

Scale Mean if

Item Deleted

Scale Variance

if Item Deleted

Corrected Item-

Total Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if Item

Deleted

B1Q1 25.5654 43.322 -.085 .052 .886

B1Q2 26.2484 32.928 .600 .423 .809

B1Q3 25.7941 33.416 .631 .513 .806

B1Q4 25.5817 33.785 .654 .547 .804

B1Q5 25.8137 32.709 .685 .527 .799

B1Q6 25.9935 32.597 .656 .477 .802

B1Q7 25.8431 31.811 .727 .592 .792

B1Q8 26.0261 31.239 .693 .523 .796

Scale Statistics

Mean Variance Std. Deviation N of Items

29.5523 43.350 6.58405 8


Years Old


Appendix 3.1: Pilot Test on Validity & Reliability (Section B2)


N %

Cases

Valid 306 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 306 100.0



Cronbach's Alpha Cronbach's Alpha

Based on Standardized

Items

N of Items

.839 .835 5



Minimum

Variance N of Items

Item Means 3.401 3.284 3.487 .203 1.062 .009 5


Years Old



Scale Mean if

Item Deleted

Scale Variance

if Item Deleted

Corrected Item-

Total Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if Item

Deleted

B2Q1 13.5163 22.329 .159 .074 .921

B2Q2 13.5294 17.220 .727 .656 .786

B2Q3 13.6830 15.293 .813 .763 .756

B2Q4 13.5654 16.122 .769 .618 .771

B2Q5 13.7190 14.760 .825 .730 .750

Scale Statistics


17.0033 25.754 5.07485 5


Years Old




N %

Cases

Valid 306 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 306 100.0



Cronbach's

Alpha

Cronbach's

Alpha Based on

Standardized

Items

N of Items

.870 .872 6



Minimum

Variance N of Items

Item Means 3.847 3.680 4.026 .346 1.094 .017 6


Years Old



Scale Mean if

Item Deleted

Scale Variance

if Item Deleted

Corrected Item-

Total Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if Item

Deleted

B3Q1 19.1863 20.211 .762 .642 .832

B3Q2 19.3791 20.223 .661 .514 .850

B3Q3 19.2059 20.715 .753 .672 .834

B3Q4 19.1895 20.331 .774 .686 .830

B3Q5 19.4052 20.327 .679 .532 .846

B3Q6 19.0588 23.413 .417 .355 .889

Scale Statistics


23.0850 29.291 5.41213 6


Years Old




N %

Cases

Valid 306 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 306 100.0



Cronbach's

Alpha

Cronbach's

Alpha Based on

Standardized

Items

N of Items

.862 .862 4



Minimum

Variance N of Items

Item Means 3.194 2.791 3.399 .608 1.218 .080 4


Years Old



Scale Mean if

Item Deleted

Scale Variance

if Item Deleted

Corrected Item-

Total Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if Item

Deleted

B4Q1 9.5719 13.210 .744 .603 .810

B4Q2 9.9837 13.898 .639 .428 .853

B4Q3 9.3922 12.928 .783 .636 .793

B4Q4 9.3758 14.111 .676 .463 .838

Scale Statistics


12.7745 23.008 4.79667 4



N %

Cases

Valid 306 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 306 100.0



Years Old



Cronbach's

Alpha

Cronbach's

Alpha Based on

Standardized

Items

N of Items

.373 .528 7



Minimum

Variance N of Items

Item Means 1.345 .507 4.382 3.876 8.652 2.180 7


Scale Mean if

Item Deleted

Scale Variance

if Item Deleted

Corrected Item-

Total Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if Item

Deleted

B5Q1 5.03 4.117 .063 .038 .501

B5Q2 8.90 5.387 .374 .266 .270

B5Q3 8.84 5.392 .377 .263 .270

B5Q4 8.82 5.813 .190 .130 .337

B5Q5 8.79 5.698 .246 .216 .318

B5Q7 8.91 6.267 -.005 .021 .401

B5Q8 7.19 4.279 .236 .085 .288


Years Old


Scale Statistics


9.42 6.506 2.551 7

Appendix 3.5: Actual Test on Correlation

DV - Level of Awareness

IV - Type of Industry

- Health Condition

- Socio-economic Status

- Source of Information

Descriptive Statistics

Mean Std. Deviation N

Total_Level_of_Awareness 22.3170 4.67370 306

Total_Type_of_Industry 17.0033 5.07485 306

Total_Health_Condition 23.0850 5.41213 306

Total_Socioeconomic_Status 12.7745 4.79667 306

Total_Source_of_Information 9.4150 2.55066 306


Years Old


Correlations

Total_Level_of_

Awareness

Total_Type_of

_Industry

Total_Health_

Condition

Total_Level_of_Awareness

Pearson Correlation 1 .670** .246**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000

N 306 306 306

Total_Type_of_Industry

Pearson Correlation .670** 1 .133*

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .020

N 306 306 306

Total_Health_Condition

Pearson Correlation .246** .133* 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .020

N 306 306 306

Total_Socioeconomic_Status

Pearson Correlation .257** .338** .460**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000

N 306 306 306

Total_Source_of_Information

Pearson Correlation .408** .380** .229**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000

N 306 306 306


Years Old


Correlations

Total_Socioeconomic_

Status

Total_Source_of_

Information

Total_Level_of_Awaren

ess

Pearson

Correlation .257 .408**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000

N 306 306


Pearson

Correlation .338** .380

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000

N 306 306


Pearson

Correlation .460** .229*

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000

N 306 306


Status

Pearson

Correlation 1** .283**


N 306 306

Total_Source_of_Inform

ation

Pearson

Correlation .283** 1**


N 306 306

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).


Years Old


Appendix 3.6: Actual Test on Regression



- Health Condition











Years Old


Correlations

Total_Level_of_

Awareness

Total_Type_of

_Industry

Total_Health_

Condition

Pearson Correlation

Total_Level_of_Awareness 1.000 .670 .246

Total_Type_of_Industry .670 1.000 .133

Total_Health_Condition .246 .133 1.000

Total_Socioeconomic_Status .257 .338 .460

Total_Source_of_Information .408 .380 .229

Sig. (1-tailed)

Total_Level_of_Awareness . .000 .000

Total_Type_of_Industry .000 . .010

Total_Health_Condition .000 .010 .



N

Total_Level_of_Awareness 306 306 306

Total_Type_of_Industry 306 306 306

Total_Health_Condition 306 306 306

Total_Socioeconomic_Status 306 306 306

Total_Source_of_Information 306 306 306


Years Old


Correlations


Status

Total_Source_of_

Information

Pearson Correlation

Total_Level_of_Awareness .257 .408

Total_Type_of_Industry .338 .380

Total_Health_Condition .460 .229

Total_Socioeconomic_Status 1.000 .283

Total_Source_of_Information .283 1.000

Sig. (1-tailed)




Total_Socioeconomic_Status . .000

Total_Source_of_Information .000 .

N

Total_Level_of_Awareness 306 306

Total_Type_of_Industry 306 306

Total_Health_Condition 306 306

Total_Socioeconomic_Status 306 306

Total_Source_of_Information 306 306


Years Old


Variables Entered/Removeda

Model Variables Entered Variables

Removed

Method

1

Total_Source_of_Information,

Total_Health_Condition,

Total_Type_of_Industry,

Total_Socioeconomic_Statusb

. Enter

a. Dependent Variable: Total_Level_of_Awareness

b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summaryb


Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate

Change Statistics

R Square

Change

F Change

1 .705a .497 .490 3.33744 .497 74.282

Model Summaryb

Model Change Statistics Durbin-Watson

df1 df2 Sig. F Change

1 4a 301 .000 1.606

a. Predictors: (Constant), Total_Source_of_Information, Total_Health_Condition, Total_Type_of_Industry,


b. Dependent Variable: Total_Level_of_Awareness


Years Old


ANOVAa

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1

Regression 3309.567 4 827.392 74.282 .000b

Residual 3352.685 301 11.138

Total 6662.252 305


b. Predictors: (Constant), Total_Source_of_Information, Total_Health_Condition,

Total_Type_of_Industry, Total_Socioeconomic_Status

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

1

(Constant) 7.659 1.060 7.223 .000

Total_Type_of_Industry .564 .042 .612 13.345 .000

Total_Health_Condition .139 .040 .161 3.456 .001

Total_Socioeconomic_Status -.067 .048 -.068 -1.401 .162

Total_Source_of_Information .289 .083 .158 3.482 .001



Years Old


Residuals Statisticsa

Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N

Predicted Value 13.3887 27.8488 22.3170 3.29409 306

Residual -10.23715 7.95361 .00000 3.31548 306

Std. Predicted Value -2.710 1.679 .000 1.000 306

Std. Residual -3.067 2.383 .000 .993 306




N %

Cases

Valid 50 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 50 100.0



Cronbach's

Alpha

Cronbach's

Alpha Based on

Standardized

Items

N of Items

.810 .819 8


Years Old




Minimum

Variance N of Items

Item Means 3.318 2.740 3.560 .820 1.299 .085 8


Scale Mean if

Item Deleted

Scale Variance

if Item Deleted

Corrected Item-

Total Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if Item

Deleted

B1Q1 23.0400 45.427 -.309 .254 .899

B1Q2 23.8000 34.939 .370 .464 .810

B1Q3 22.9800 29.816 .731 .765 .756

B1Q4 23.0200 29.163 .738 .764 .753

B1Q5 23.1200 31.618 .724 .654 .762

B1Q6 23.4800 31.438 .629 .627 .773

B1Q7 23.0200 30.265 .816 .817 .748

B1Q8 23.3200 29.569 .789 .803 .748

Scale Statistics


26.5400 41.682 6.45616 8


Years Old




N %

Cases

Valid 50 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 50 100.0



Cronbach's

Alpha

Cronbach's

Alpha Based on

Standardized

Items

N of Items

.817 .799 5



Minimum

Variance N of Items

Item Means 2.968 2.760 3.160 .400 1.145 .020 5


Years Old



Scale Mean if

Item Deleted

Scale Variance

if Item Deleted

Corrected Item-

Total Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if Item

Deleted

B2Q1 11.8600 24.817 -.143 .089 .949

B2Q2 11.8600 14.082 .812 .855 .714

B2Q3 11.8800 13.904 .896 .899 .688

B2Q4 11.6800 15.242 .818 .701 .721

B2Q5 12.0800 13.953 .815 .747 .712

Scale Statistics


14.8400 24.504 4.95020 5



N %

Cases

Valid 50 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 50 100.0



Years Old



Cronbach's

Alpha

Cronbach's

Alpha Based on

Standardized

Items

N of Items

.899 .902 6



Minimum

Variance N of Items

Item Means 3.760 3.500 3.900 .400 1.114 .027 6


Scale Mean if

Item Deleted

Scale Variance

if Item Deleted

Corrected Item-

Total Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if Item

Deleted

B3Q1 18.6800 22.467 .823 .765 .865

B3Q2 18.7600 23.002 .706 .661 .884

B3Q3 18.7000 23.847 .766 .773 .876

B3Q4 18.6600 22.923 .867 .825 .861

B3Q5 19.0600 22.792 .699 .687 .886

B3Q6 18.9400 25.200 .531 .592 .910


Years Old


Scale Statistics


22.5600 32.986 5.74335 6



N %

Cases

Valid 50 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 50 100.0



Cronbach's

Alpha

Cronbach's

Alpha Based on

Standardized

Items

N of Items

.871 .867 4


Years Old




Minimum

Variance N of Items

Item Means 2.470 1.880 2.840 .960 1.511 .171 4


Scale Mean if

Item Deleted

Scale Variance

if Item Deleted

Corrected Item-

Total Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if Item

Deleted

B4Q1 7.3400 13.290 .850 .792 .782

B4Q2 8.0000 17.510 .547 .353 .897

B4Q3 7.2600 12.319 .854 .790 .778

B4Q4 7.0400 14.896 .671 .509 .856

Scale Statistics


9.8800 24.720 4.97192 4



Cronbach's

Alphaa

Cronbach's

Alpha Based on

Standardized

Items

N of Items

-.065 .330 7


Years Old



N %

Cases

Valid 50 100.0

Excludeda 0 .0

Total 50 100.0


Scale Mean if

Item Deleted

Scale Variance

if Item Deleted

Corrected Item-

Total Correlation

Squared

Multiple

Correlation

Cronbach's

Alpha if Item

Deleted

B5Q1 4.10 2.990 -.211 .163 .334

B5Q2 8.62 3.506 .195 .298 -.188a

B5Q3 8.50 3.071 .416 .292 -.367a

B5Q4 8.36 3.827 -.028 .107 -.053a

B5Q5 8.56 3.394 .236 .284 -.225a

B5Q7 8.36 3.827 -.028 .209 -.053a

B5Q8 6.78 3.767 -.189 .322 .161

a. The value is negative due to a negative average covariance among items. This violates reliability

model assumptions. You may want to check item codings.

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure. a. The value is negative due to a negative average covariance among items. This

violates reliability model assumptions. You may want to check item codings.



Minimum

Variance N of Items

Item Means 1.269 .260 4.780 4.520 18.385 2.808 7


Years Old


Scale Statistics


8.88 4.026 2.007 7

Appendix 3.12: Actual Test on Correlation



- Health Condition











Years Old


Correlations

Total_Level_of_

Awareness

Total_Type_of

_Industry

Total_Health_

Condition


Pearson Correlation 1 .708** -.199

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .166

N 50 50 50


Pearson Correlation .708** 1 -.208

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .148

N 50 50 50


Pearson Correlation -.199 -.208 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .166 .148

N 50 50 50


Pearson Correlation -.568** -.469** .461**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .001 .001

N 50 50 50


Pearson Correlation .271 .316* -.019

Sig. (2-tailed) .057 .025 .897

N 50 50 50


Years Old


Correlations


Status

Total_Source_of

_Information


Pearson Correlation -.568 .271**

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .057

N 50 50


Pearson Correlation -.469** .316

Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .025

N 50 50


Pearson Correlation .461 -.019

Sig. (2-tailed) .001 .897

N 50 50


Pearson Correlation 1** -.274**


N 50 50


Pearson Correlation -.274 1*


N 50 50

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).


Years Old


Appendix 3.13: Actual Test on Regression



- Health Condition











Years Old


Correlations

Total_Level_of

_Awareness

Total_Type_of

_Industry

Total_Health_

Condition

Pearson Correlation

Total_Level_of_Awareness 1.000 .708 -.199

Total_Type_of_Industry .708 1.000 -.208

Total_Health_Condition -.199 -.208 1.000

Total_Socioeconomic_Status -.568 -.469 .461

Total_Source_of_Information .271 .316 -.019

Sig. (1-tailed)

Total_Level_of_Awareness . .000 .083

Total_Type_of_Industry .000 . .074

Total_Health_Condition .083 .074 .



N

Total_Level_of_Awareness 50 50 50

Total_Type_of_Industry 50 50 50

Total_Health_Condition 50 50 50

Total_Socioeconomic_Status 50 50 50

Total_Source_of_Information 50 50 50


Years Old


Correlations


Status

Total_Source_of_

Information

Pearson Correlation

Total_Level_of_Awareness -.568 .271

Total_Type_of_Industry -.469 .316

Total_Health_Condition .461 -.019

Total_Socioeconomic_Status 1.000 -.274

Total_Source_of_Information -.274 1.000

Sig. (1-tailed)




Total_Socioeconomic_Status . .027

Total_Source_of_Information .027 .

N

Total_Level_of_Awareness 50 50

Total_Type_of_Industry 50 50

Total_Health_Condition 50 50

Total_Socioeconomic_Status 50 50

Total_Source_of_Information 50 50


Years Old


Variables Entered/Removeda

Model Variables Entered Variables

Removed

Method

1

Total_Source_of_Information,

Total_Health_Condition,

Total_Type_of_Industry,

Total_Socioeconomic_Statusb

. Enter


b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summaryb


Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate

Change Statistics

R Square

Change

F Change

1 .760a .577 .539 4.38174 .577 15.344

Model Summaryb

Model Change Statistics Durbin-Watson

df1 df2 Sig. F Change

1 4a 45 .000 1.631

a. Predictors: (Constant), Total_Source_of_Information, Total_Health_Condition, Total_Type_of_Industry,


b. Dependent Variable: Total_Level_of_Awareness


Years Old


ANOVAa

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

1

Regression 1178.434 4 294.609 15.344 .000b

Residual 863.986 45 19.200

Total 2042.420 49


b. Predictors: (Constant), Total_Source_of_Information, Total_Health_Condition,

Total_Type_of_Industry, Total_Socioeconomic_Status

Coefficientsa

Model Unstandardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

1

(Constant) 17.981 4.475 4.018 .000

Total_Type_of_Industry .738 .147 .566 5.022 .000

Total_Health_Condition .082 .124 .073 .665 .509

Total_Socioeconomic_Status -.435 .160 -.335 -2.722 .009

Total_Source_of_Information .006 .335 .002 .019 .985



Years Old


Residuals Statisticsa

Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation N

Predicted Value 15.7409 34.0174 26.5400 4.90405 50

Residual -9.38156 13.25906 .00000 4.19909 50

Std. Predicted Value -2.202 1.525 .000 1.000 50

Std. Residual -2.141 3.026 .000 .958 50


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