The Award of Berwick 17 Nov 1292 King Edward announced his decision Edward chose John Balliol This...
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Transcript of The Award of Berwick 17 Nov 1292 King Edward announced his decision Edward chose John Balliol This...
The Award of Berwick
17 Nov 1292 King Edward announced his decision
Edward chose John Balliol
This was no surprise – even 29 auditors Bruce had chosen voted for Balliol
26 Dec 1292
2 weeks later at Newcastle John Balliol paid homage to Edward I
During the ceremony Balliol:
• Knelt in front of Edward I (his master)
• Promised to obey Edward
• Accepted Edward as his overlord
• Accepted if he broke his promise he would be punished severely
My Lord, Lord Edward, lord superior of the realm of Scotland, I, John Balliol, King of the Scots, hereby become your liegeman for the whole realm of Scotland….and I will maintain faith and fealty to you and your heirs, the kings of England.
Balliol was to become a puppet King
King John and King Edward
• Balliol had agreed Edward was his overlord
• No one was quite sure what this meant or what it would lead to…
• The Kingdom of Scotland shall remain separate and divided from the Kingdom of England.
• The Kingdom of Scotland shall keep her rights, laws, freedoms and customs.
• No Parliament of Scotland shall be held outside the Kingdom of Scotland
• The ruler of Scotland and the ruler of England shall freely rule their own kingdoms.
Treaty of Birgham
• Edward had promised in 1290 that Scotland would…
• He now said the Treaty was only a marriage agreement and it was no longer valid
Edward takes control
Edward gave orders to King John
But sometimes sent them directly to the nobles
Edward takes control
Edward made King John take part in Royal Ceremonies in England
Edward takes control
Edward began hearing appeals from the Scottish Courts of Law
The Kingdom of Scotland shall keep her rights, laws, freedoms and customs.
Treaty of Birgham
Edward takes control
The Nobles were annoyed and persuaded King John to protest…but this made Edward angry
In 1293 King John attended a meeting of the English Parliament to argue his case….
Standing in court in front of him, John carried out Edward’s orders and having experienced many insults from all, contrary to his kingly rank and dignity, he returned home greatly crestfallen
Chronicler
War Between England and France 1294
May 1294 war broke out between England and France
• Why did war break out ?
• How did this affect Scotland ?
Why did war break out?
King Philip IV (The Fair King) Edward I
• Edward ruled land in France
• 1294 Philip said Gascony was part of France and wanted Edward to do homage for it
Why did war break out?
• Edward refused to do homage
• King Philip decided to take the land from Edward
• May 1294 England declared war on France
King Philip IV Edward I
In 1294 Edward asked
• King John
• Ten Scottish earls
• Sixteen Scottish barons
• Fighting men
to join him in his war against France
The Scots did not want this - they had no problem with France
How did this affect Scotland
Scots Army invades North England
11 March 1296 Scottish leaders gathered feudal army near Selkirk
Scots army was led by Sir John Comyn
Scots army invaded north of England and attacked Carlisle
Selkirk
Carlisle
Scots Army invades North England
• Carlisle castle was commanded by Robert Bruce (stayed loyal to Edward)
• Carlisle was too strong to capture
• The Scots withdrew but continued to carry out brutal raids on north of England Sir John Comyn invaded England
with an army of Scots, burning houses, slaughtering men and driving
off cattle English Chronicler
Edward’s response
Edward marched his army to Berwick
Berwick
Scotland’s chief port and wool trade centre
Attack on Berwick
Berwick was preparing for an attack
• Wooden wall built around the town • Soldiers sent from Fife to defend the town• Women and children were moved out
Attack on Berwick
• 30 March he subjected the town to 3 days of destruction and killing
• Soldiers charged across wall
• Ships sailed into the harbour to attack from sea
• Edward ordered no life should be spared
When Edward arrived he gave the town 3 days to surrender The Scots replied with insults
Attack on Berwick
• Town was burned to the ground
• Edward’s men killed without mercy
• 20,000 were killed• Bodies were hung on
spikes on town walls
Berwick now became the headquarters of Edward’s administration
• Houses were looted
The Scots revenge
• Scottish army burned towns in north of England
• In Northumberland they burning towns, villages, and churches
• However, Edward was not going to be distracted from his attack on Scotland…..
Berwick
Dunbar
Capture of John Balliol 1296
EdinburghStirling
Montrose
Aberdeen
BanffElgin
Perth
Whilst Edward was invading Scotland King John had fled to Aberdeen
At Perth Edward received letters of submission from King John
8 July Balliol surrendered in person at Montrose
Toom Tabard
Balliol was then imprisoned in the Tower of London
Edward held a ceremony in which he:
• Renounced the treaty made with France
• Ripped Balliol’s royal crest from his jacket and threw it on the floor
• Toom Tabard – Empty Coat
• Removed Balliol’s crown
• Broke Balliol’s seal of office
What eventually became of Balliol
• After a request from the Pope he was sent to France in 1299
• 1301 he was released to live on his land in France
• Many Scots hoped he would return to Scotland
• However, he died in France in 1313
Edward takes control of Scotland
With Balliol in prison Robert Bruce asked Edward to make him King of Scots
Edward replied
Have we nothing else to do but win Kingdoms for you
Edward takes control of Scotland
Edward did 4 things to show he controlled Scotland
1. Ragman Roll
2000 important Scots were made to sign an oath of loyalty to Edward
Edward takes control of Scotland
2. Important Scots documents taken to England so Edward could rule Scotland
Edward takes control of Scotland
3. Symbols of Scottish Nationhood were taken to England
1) Stone of Destiny
Taken to Westminster Abbey
2) Holyrood of St Margaret
Taken to Westminster Abbey
Edward takes control of Scotland
4. English officials appointed to control Scotland
John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey – ‘Keeper of Scotland’
Hugh Cressingham – Treasurer (controlled finances)
Sir Walter of Amersham – Chancellor
Sir William Ormesby – Chief Justice
Reasons for the Scottish Rebellion
Edward left Scotland in 1296
He believed he had the country firmly under his control...
Why?
Edward’s control over Scotland
Nobles
Many had paid homage to Edward
Some were given lands in England
Edward’s control over Scotland
Prison
John Balliol was in the Tower of London
Many Scottish leaders and nobles were imprisoned
Edward’s control over Scotland
Hostages
Sons and relations of noblemen were taken to England
Edward’s control over Scotland
Promises of Loyalty
2000 Important Scots signed the Ragman Rolls
Edward’s control over Scotland
Castles
English garrisons controlled Scottish castles
Edward’s control over Scotland
Government
Englishmen governed Scotland
John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey – ‘Keeper of Scotland’
Hugh Cressingham – Treasurer (controlled finances)
Sir Walter of Amersham – Chancellor
Sir William Ormesby – Chief Justice
Edward’s control over Scotland
Church
Only Englishmen were promoted
Many continued to resist Edward
Bishop Fraser of St Andrews never agreed Edward was King
Despite this the Scots still rebelled...