The Audio – Lingual The Audio – Lingual MethodMethod

The Audio-lingual MethodThe Audio-lingual Method

This method is based on the This method is based on the principles of behavior psychology. It principles of behavior psychology. It adapted many of the principles and adapted many of the principles and procedures of the Direct Method, in procedures of the Direct Method, in part as a reaction to the lack of part as a reaction to the lack of speaking skills of the Reading speaking skills of the Reading Approach.Approach.

Hints for Using Audio-lingual Hints for Using Audio-lingual Drills in L2 TeachingDrills in L2 Teaching

1. The teacher must be careful to 1. The teacher must be careful to insure that all of the utterances insure that all of the utterances which students will make are actually which students will make are actually within the practiced pattern. For within the practiced pattern. For example, the use of the AUX verb example, the use of the AUX verb havehave should not suddenly switch to should not suddenly switch to have as a main verb.have as a main verb.

2. Drills should be conducted as 2. Drills should be conducted as rapidly as possibly so as to insure rapidly as possibly so as to insure automaticity and to establish a automaticity and to establish a system.system.

3. Ignore all but gross errors of 3. Ignore all but gross errors of pronunciation when drilling for pronunciation when drilling for grammar practice.grammar practice.

4. Use of shortcuts to keep the pace 4. Use of shortcuts to keep the pace of drills at a maximum. Use hand of drills at a maximum. Use hand motions, signal cards, notes, etc. to motions, signal cards, notes, etc. to cue response. You are a choir cue response. You are a choir director.director.

5. Use normal English stress, 5. Use normal English stress, intonation, and juncture patterns intonation, and juncture patterns conscientiously.conscientiously.

6. Drill material should always be 6. Drill material should always be meaningful. If the content words are meaningful. If the content words are not known, teach their meanings.not known, teach their meanings.

7. Intersperse short periods of drill 7. Intersperse short periods of drill (about 10 minutes) with very brief (about 10 minutes) with very brief alternative activities to avoid fatigue alternative activities to avoid fatigue and boredom.and boredom.

8. Introduce the drill in this way:8. Introduce the drill in this way: a. Focus (by writing on the board, for a. Focus (by writing on the board, for

example)example) b. Exemplify (by speaking model b. Exemplify (by speaking model

sentences)sentences) c. Explain (if a simple grammatical c. Explain (if a simple grammatical

explanation is needed)explanation is needed) d. Drilld. Drill

9. Don’t stand in one place; move 9. Don’t stand in one place; move about the room standing next to as about the room standing next to as many different students as possible many different students as possible to spot check their production. Thus to spot check their production. Thus you will know who to give more you will know who to give more practice to during individual drilling.practice to during individual drilling.

10. Use the "backward buildup" 10. Use the "backward buildup" technique for long and/or difficult technique for long and/or difficult patterns.patterns.

--tomorrow--tomorrow --in the cafeteria tomorrow--in the cafeteria tomorrow --will be eating in the cafeteria --will be eating in the cafeteria

tomorrowtomorrow --Those boys will be eating in the --Those boys will be eating in the

cafeteria tomorrow.cafeteria tomorrow.

11. Arrange to present drills in the 11. Arrange to present drills in the order of increasing complexity of order of increasing complexity of student response. The question is: student response. The question is: How much internal organization or How much internal organization or decision making must the student do decision making must the student do in order to make a response in this in order to make a response in this drill. Thus: imitation first, single-slot drill. Thus: imitation first, single-slot substitution next, then free response substitution next, then free response last.last.

The Silent Way The Silent Way

Sentence 1Sentence 1

BBC BBC channel channel launched an launched an Arabic television Arabic television news channel to news channel to broadcast for 12 broadcast for 12 hours a day, but hours a day, but this will move this will move later to 24 hours later to 24 hours a day.a day.

بي بي شبكة بي أطلقت بي شبكة أطلقتقناة اليوم العربية قناة سي اليوم العربية سيتعمل اخبارية تعمل تلفزيون اخبارية تلفزيون

ترتفع 1212 يوميا، ترتفع ساعة يوميا، ساعةالى الحق وقت الى في الحق وقت 2424في

. .ساعةساعة

Sentence 2Sentence 2

The channel, will The channel, will go on air and be go on air and be freely available to freely available to anyone with a anyone with a satellite or cable satellite or cable connection.connection.

متاحة القناة متاحة وستكون القناة وستكوناستقبال ويمكن استقبال مجانا، ويمكن مجانا،

اطباق عبر اطباق بثها عبر بثهااو الفضائية او االستقبال الفضائية االستقبال

الكابل الكابل خدمات . .خدمات

Sentence 3Sentence 3

The channel, will The channel, will go on air at 9:56 go on air at 9:56 with a promotional with a promotional film to the film to the audience, which audience, which lasts for four lasts for four minutes. minutes.

اليوم القناة ارسال اليوم ويبدأ القناة ارسال ويبدأالساعة الساعة في بفيلم بفيلم 9:569:56في

بها، المشاهدين بها، يعرف المشاهدين يعرفاربع نحو اربع ويستغرق نحو ويستغرق

. .دقائقدقائق

Sentence 4Sentence 4

Launching the Launching the channel comes with channel comes with major changes in major changes in BBC Arabia, BBC Arabia, including a new including a new design for its design for its Website on the Website on the internet: internet: BBCARABIC.comBBCARABIC.com

As well as, As well as, developing Radio developing Radio programmes.programmes.

في القناة اطالق في ويأتي القناة اطالق ويأتيفي شاملة تغييرات في اطار شاملة تغييرات اطار

العربية، سي بي العربية، بي سي بي بيتصميم اطالق تصميم تشمل اطالق تشمل

على لموقعها على جديد لموقعها جديد االنترنتاالنترنت

BBCARABIC.comBBCARABIC.com االذاعية برامجها االذاعية وتطوير برامجها وتطوير

Sentence 5Sentence 5

These changes These changes would feature the would feature the channel a new phase channel a new phase in its history since in its history since launching Radio launching Radio service in January service in January 1938, as it 1938, as it broadcasts broadcasts enhanced enhanced multimedia service: multimedia service: tv, radio, internet, tv, radio, internet, and cell phones in and cell phones in March 2008.March 2008.

تدخل التغييرات تدخل وبهذه التغييرات وبهذهالعربية سي بي العربية بي سي بي بي

تاريخها في جديدة تاريخها مرحلة في جديدة مرحلة / كانون يناير في بدأ / الذي كانون يناير في بدأ الذي

خدمة 19381938الثاني الثاني خدمة باطالق باطالقفي لتصبح في اذاعية لتصبح اذاعية

آذار/ آذار/ مارس شبكة شبكة 20082008مارسخدماتها تقدم خدماتها معلومات تقدم معلومات

: متعددة وسائط : عبر متعددة وسائط عبرواالذاعة واالذاعة التلفزيون التلفزيون

والهواتف والهواتف واالنترنت واالنترنت . .المحمولةالمحمولة

Sentence 6 aSentence 6 a ““We did not decide We did not decide

this change, but it this change, but it was imposed by the was imposed by the listener, viewer, and listener, viewer, and reader”. BBC Arabia reader”. BBC Arabia director, Hussam director, Hussam Alsukkari said. “One Alsukkari said. “One of the significant of the significant changes in media is changes in media is the entry of the entry of advanced advanced technologies to technologies to obtain information”. obtain information”. He Added He Added

نقرره "" لم التغيير نقرره هذا لم التغيير هذاالمستمع فرضه بل المستمع نحن، فرضه بل نحن،

" ، والقارئ " والمشاهد ، والقارئ والمشاهدحسام يقوله ما حسام هذا يقوله ما هذا

بي بي مدير بي السكري بي مدير السكريان ويضيف العربية، ان سي ويضيف العربية، سي

الهامة" التغييرات الهامة" احد التغييرات احدمجال شهدها مجال التي شهدها التي

تقنيات دخول هو تقنيات االعالم دخول هو االعالمعلى للحصول على جديدة للحصول جديدة

. .““المعلوماتالمعلومات

Sentence 6 bSentence 6 b

““Thus become Thus become important now is important now is the ability of the the ability of the recipient access to recipient access to information at the information at the time he wants time he wants through means he through means he wants, and BBC wants, and BBC had to respond to had to respond to these changes”.these changes”.

المهم ”” اصبح المهم وبالتالي اصبح وبالتاليالمتلقي قدرة هو المتلقي اآلن قدرة هو اآلنالى الوصول الى على الوصول علىالوقت في الوقت المعلومة في المعلومةالوسيلة عبر يريده الوسيلة الذي عبر يريده الذيالبد وكان يريدها، البد التي وكان يريدها، التيتتجاوب ان سي بي تتجاوب لبي ان سي بي لبي

التغييرات هذه التغييرات مع هذه ."."مع

Sentence 7Sentence 7 Another change has Another change has

taken place in Arabic taken place in Arabic media in the past few media in the past few years, which is that years, which is that satellite channel have satellite channel have become the preferred become the preferred method to obtain method to obtain information due to their information due to their ability to gain access to ability to gain access to viewers without a lot of viewers without a lot of technical and legal technical and legal problems encountered problems encountered by radio broadcasts. by radio broadcasts. BBC realised this change BBC realised this change and launched a tv and launched a tv channel in 1994 but channel in 1994 but stopped in 1996. stopped in 1996.

تغييرا " ان السكري تغييرا " وأوضح ان السكري وأوضحالعربي االعالم في حدث العربي آخر االعالم في حدث آخر

وهو الماضية، السنوات وهو في الماضية، السنوات فياصبحت الفضائية القنوات اصبحت ان الفضائية القنوات ان

للحصول المفضلة للحصول الوسيلة المفضلة الوسيلةبه تتميز لما المعلومات به على تتميز لما المعلومات علىالى الوصول على قدرة الى من الوصول على قدرة منمن الكثير دون من المشاهدين الكثير دون المشاهدين

والقانونية الفنية والقانونية المشكالت الفنية المشكالت . بالراديو البث تواجه . التي بالراديو البث تواجه التيهذا سي بي بي هذا وادركت سي بي بي وادركت

قناة واطلقت قناة التغير واطلقت التغيرعام عام تلفزيونية انها 19941994تلفزيونية انها اال اال

عام وتوقفت تستمر عام لم وتوقفت تستمر لم19961996".".

Sentence 8 aSentence 8 a

““After the After the cessation of this cessation of this channel, we tried channel, we tried to relaunch a TV to relaunch a TV channel, but the channel, but the prominent problem prominent problem was inadequate was inadequate funding. funding.

بعد " السكري بعد " وأضاف السكري وأضافحاولنا القناة هذه حاولنا توقف القناة هذه توقف

من تلفزيونية قناة من اطالق تلفزيونية قناة اطالقكانت لكن كانت جديد، لكن جديد،

توفر هي دائما توفر المشكلة هي دائما المشكلةإلطالق الكافي إلطالق التمويل الكافي التمويل

القناة هذه القناة مثل هذه . .مثل

Sentence 8 bSentence 8 b Finally, the fund was Finally, the fund was

provided to launch provided to launch the channel, after the channel, after BBC has BBC has restructuring its restructuring its world services and world services and canceling some canceling some services in other services in other languages to redirect languages to redirect them in other them in other projects, including projects, including the launch of an Arab the launch of an Arab TV channel.TV channel.

التمويل هذا توفر التمويل وأخيرا هذا توفر وأخيرابي بي قامت ان بي بعد بي قامت ان بعد

هيكلة بإعادة هيكلة سي بإعادة سيالعالمية، العالمية، خدماتها خدماتها

بعض بإلغاء بعض وقامت بإلغاء وقامتأخرى بلغات أخرى الخدمات بلغات الخدمات

ينفق كان ما ينفق لتوجه كان ما لتوجهمن عدد إلى من عليها عدد إلى عليها

بينها من بينها المشروعات من المشروعاتتلفزيونية قناة تلفزيونية إطالق قناة إطالق

عربية.عربية.