The Art and Science of Depiction Introduction to Visual...
Transcript of The Art and Science of Depiction Introduction to Visual...
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The Art and Science of Depiction
Fredo Durand and Julie DorseyMIT- Lab for Computer Science
Introduction to Visual Perception
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Intro to Visual Perception 2
Vision is not straightforward• The complexity of the problem was completely
overlooked because– The problem is so difficult
– The human visual system is so efficient
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Intro to Visual Perception 3
Vision and pictures• Explain
• Inspire• Malfunction & art
• Technical simplification– Cinema, Color, JPG
• Pictures can challenge or simplify perception
• Emphasize or eliminate cues or channels– Time, color
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Intro to Visual Perception 4
Beware of the El-Greco Fallacy• El-Greco, elongated characters
• Were supposed due to astigmatism• However, pictures and real people
would have been stretched equally
• Almost as fallacious as assumingpainting should be inverted becauseour eyes invert what we see
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Intro to Visual Perception 5
However…• Monet had a cataract operation
• Cataract makes vision blurry and yellowish
Before operation After operation
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Intro to Visual Perception 6
Textbooks
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Intro to Visual Perception 7
Plan• Eye
• Low-level processing• Different pathways
• Organization
• High-level• Focus, attention
• Color
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Intro to Visual Perception 8
Eye: optics• Image is inverted (mainly by cornea)
• Lens makes the focus
LensCornea
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Intro to Visual Perception 9
Eye: visual angle• Corresponds to size of the projection on retina
• Depends on real size and distance
LensCorneaVisualangle Visual
angle
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Intro to Visual Perception 10
Retina• Layer of photoreceptors
• Light->neural signal• Optic nerve
Retina
Optic nerve
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Intro to Visual Perception 11
Photoreceptors• Rod: night vision
• Cone: bright,color vision
Retina
Optic nerve
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Intro to Visual Perception 12
Photoreceptors• 100M rods
• 5M cones• Variable density
• Fovea: most acuity,cone only
Retina
Opticnerve
Blind spotFovea
Fovea
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Intro to Visual Perception 13
Field of view• Fovea=2-5 degrees
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Intro to Visual Perception 14
Field of view• Fovea=2 degrees
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Intro to Visual Perception 15
Summary• Light is transformed into 100M neural signals
• But… optic nerve has only 1M nerve fibers
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Intro to Visual Perception 16
Overview of pathway• Input from both
eyes is dispatched
• Left brain :right part of visual field
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Intro to Visual Perception 17
Visual processing• First step in
the retina itself
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Intro to Visual Perception 18
Contrast processing• We are sensitive to contrast, not to absolute
luminance
• Useful because contrast is more invariant(it depends less on illumination)
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Intro to Visual Perception 19
Contrast processing• Receptors are wired to other neurons
• Center-surround organization
Light
Receptors
Bipolar Cell
-+ +-
0
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Intro to Visual Perception 20
Contrast processing• Receptors are wired to other neurons
• Center-surround organization
Light
Receptors
Bipolar Cell
-+ +-
-
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Intro to Visual Perception 21
Contrast processing• Receptors are wired to other neurons
• Center-surround organization
Light
Receptors
Bipolar Cell
-+ +-
+
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Intro to Visual Perception 22
Contrast processing• Receptors are wired to other neurons
• Center-surround organization
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Intro to Visual Perception 23
Hermann Grid
- -
---- - - -- - - - -- -
+++++--- - - ---
- - - -- --- -----
-- -- ---
- - - -- - - - -- - --+++++-- -- - - ---
- - - -- --- -----
-- --- --
--
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Intro to Visual Perception 24
Hermann Grid
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Intro to Visual Perception 25
Vasarely, Supernovae
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Intro to Visual Perception 26
Mach Bands• Contrast is enhanced at
region boundaries
abcde
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Intro to Visual Perception 27
Relation with photo and painting• Low contrast is not that much a problem
• A photo can be brighter/lighter than the original
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Intro to Visual Perception 28
Visual processing• First step in
the retina itself
• …• Next step:
visual cortexarea V1
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Intro to Visual Perception 29
Edge detection• Similar to center-surround
• Measured using micro-electrodes
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Intro to Visual Perception 30
Edge detection: Multi-resolution• Edge of different sizes
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Intro to Visual Perception 31
Edge detection: not so simple• Edges are only a special case
• Patterns
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Intro to Visual Perception 32
Retinotopic• Close optical stimulus
map to close parts of V1
• A monkey is shown A• Radioactive tracer
• His V1 area is shown in B
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Intro to Visual Perception 33
Retinotopic• Close optical stimulus
map to close parts of V1
• But not complete correspondence
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Intro to Visual Perception 34
Relation with line drawing• The information
is ~ the same
• Drawing simplifies edge detection
• Some neurologist believe that line drawing nicely excites areas of the brain
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Intro to Visual Perception 35
Optical art• Op’ Art
directly exploitslow-level vision
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Intro to Visual Perception 36
Higher-level visual processing• More complex
• Less understoodor “measured”
• Differentpathways
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Intro to Visual Perception 37
Dorsal vs. Ventral pathways• Ventral pathway:
What?– Object recognition
• Dorsal Pathway:Where?– Location
• Study on monkeyswith damaged brain
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Intro to Visual Perception 38
Different visual channels
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Intro to Visual Perception 39
Different visual channels• Quite complex interactions
• Not sequential• Not one-way
• Not strictly separate
Some interconnections in the Monkey brain
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Intro to Visual Perception 40
Relation to visual arts• Same elements:
– Color
– Form– Layout– Texture
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Intro to Visual Perception 41
Relation to visual arts• Same elements:
– Color
– Form– Layout– Texture
• Selective treatment– Focus in brain
• Orchestra metaphor
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Intro to Visual Perception 42
Relation to visual arts• Same elements:
– Color
– Form– Layout– Texture
• Selective treatment– Focus in brain
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Intro to Visual Perception 43
Form and color
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Intro to Visual Perception 44
Lines
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Intro to Visual Perception 45
Absence of color, contrast
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Intro to Visual Perception 46
Shape
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Intro to Visual Perception 47
Duet: shape and texture
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Intro to Visual Perception 48
Symphony
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Intro to Visual Perception 49
Plan of the few next sessions• Stepping back
• Organization, Gestalt• Perceiving shape and objects
• Focus, attention
• Color vision
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Intro to Visual Perception 50
Assignments• Feedback
• Image• Reading
• Piranesi
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Intro to Visual Perception 51
Reading• Do not forget Gombrich…
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Intro to Visual Perception 52
Assignment• Piranesi tutorial
– Demo version on the class web page
– Non-photorealistic rendering– Tutorial 1 to 3– Skip 2.4
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Intro to Visual Perception 53
Talk• Decision next week
• Either come with a subject• Or look on the class web page for suggestions