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The Application Of Knowledge On Mitosis In Cloning

1. Cloning is the process of producing _____________ or genetically identical

copies of a cell, tissue or an organism through __________________________.

2. Cloning is form of asexual reproduction because the organisms produced have

the same ______________________ and _________________________ as the

parent organism.

3. The nucleus that directs the development of the offspring comes from a diploid

cell reproduced through ______________________________ and not through

the fusion of gametes produced by ______________ cell division.

Application of Knowledge on Mitosis in Cloning

Cloning of Microbes

Cloning of Plants Cloning of Animals

Embryo Cloning Somatic Cell Cloning

(nuclear transfer)

What is genetic engineering?

1. ‘Genetic engineering’ or ‘DNA recombinant technology’ uses special techniques

and procedures to manipulate and alter the __________________ of an organism.

2. Useful genes of plants and animals can be ______________ and transferred to

___________________ such as bacteria to synthesise useful biological substances.

3. Organisms that has a foreign gene inserted into them are called

_________________________________.

Natural asexual reproduction

Use in biotechnology to grow microbes on a large scale

Process of growing cell artifi-cially in the lab.

(Organs are duplicated to replace a damaged)

(Produce an entire animal that is

genetically)

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Cloning in Plants - Tissue Culture

1. A piece of tissue, called _____________ is taken from the parent plant and cut into small pieces.

2. The pieces of tissues are _________________ to prevent the growth of pathogens.

3. Each sterile tissue piece is placed onto a ________________________________ (gel).

4. The tissue cells divided by mitosis to produce a mass of loosely arranged and undifferentiated

cells called _______________.

5. Callus tissue left in nutrient medium with shoot-stimulating hormone.

6. The shoots are separated and each is placed in nutrient medium.

7. Once the roots grow, the plantlets (little plants) are planted in sterile compost to grow.

The embryo is split into single cells and each cell divides into separate embryos.

Method Of Reproductive

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Advantages and disadvantages of cloning

Advantages Disadvantages

Overcome infertility problem

Women who are ___________ or have ge-

netic disorders would be able to have chil-

dren by having cloned embryos implanted

in them

Losing genetic diversity

Cloning results in forming of offspring that

are genetically identical to the parent.

Clones do not show __________________.

Choosing desirable characteristics

Cloning gives parents the opportunity to

choose characteristics they desire in their

children. Similarly commercial plant

growers can clone plants, and keep all de-

sirable characteristics.

Many ______________ crops like wheat,

soya bean and cotton which are resistant to

herbicides, pets and diseases have been

created.

Wiping out entire population

Since the entire population is genetically

______________________, the entire pop-

ulation is at great risk from new

_________________. When the genes in

the population could not overcome the

pathogens, then the entire population would

be wipe out.

Curing diseases

Organs can be created for people in need

for various _______________ (therapeutic

cloning). Cloned organs could replaced or

damaged organs without being rejected by

the patient’s immune system

Inbreeding

When everyone share the same genetic ma-

terial, inbreeding occurs. This causes more

diseases, more abnormalities and finally,

death of the population.

Multiply copies of useful genes or clones in

shorter time and large numbers.

For example, the bacterium Escherichia

coli has been genetically _____________

to produce the bovine growth hormone.

The hormone can injected into cow to in-

crease the quality of milk.

The Escherichia coli can also be cloned to

produce insulin. This insulin used in the

treatment of _______________________.

Long term side effects have not been deter-

mined

The prolonged use of many vaccines, anti-

bodies and hormones are produced by

________________________________

(GM) bacteria clones and their side effects

on humans have not been determined.

These organisms may _________ and be-

come dangerous to the environment and

other living organisms.

Control environmental pollution.

The _________ for the synthesis of lipase

is isolated from animals and inserted into

the bacterial genome to create a new strain

of bacteria that can clean up oil spills in

the ocean.

Disrupt the natural equilibrium in an eco-

system.

New clones can prevent the process of nat-

ural selection in the process of

_________________. Eventually no new

species may exist naturally.