Unit Eight Cloning. What is cloning? What is cloning? Cloning = genetically identical duplication...

Unit EightUnit Eight

CloningCloning

What is cloning?What is cloning?

• Cloning = geneticallyCloning = geneticallyidentical duplicationidentical duplicationof:of:

• ••DNA sequences.DNA sequences.••Cells.Cells.••Organisms.Organisms.

• Identical twins mightIdentical twins mightbe said to be “naturalbe said to be “naturalclones.”clones.”

Cloning MilestonesCloning Milestones• 19381938 Cloning is envisioned. Hans Spemann Cloning is envisioned. Hans Spemann

proposed what he called a "fantastical experiment." proposed what he called a "fantastical experiment." He suggested taking the nucleus from a cell of a late-He suggested taking the nucleus from a cell of a late-stage embryo and transplanting it into an egg. In stage embryo and transplanting it into an egg. In other words, cloning. other words, cloning.

• 19521952 First cloning experiment with frogs. Robert First cloning experiment with frogs. Robert Briggs and T. J. King used a pipette to suck the Briggs and T. J. King used a pipette to suck the nucleus from the cell of an advanced frog embryo nucleus from the cell of an advanced frog embryo and added it to a frog egg. It did not develop. and added it to a frog egg. It did not develop.

• 19841984 First embryo cloning with sheep is reported. First embryo cloning with sheep is reported. Steen Willadsen reported that he cloned a live lamb Steen Willadsen reported that he cloned a live lamb from immature sheep embryo cells. Others later from immature sheep embryo cells. Others later replicate his experiment using a variety of animals, replicate his experiment using a variety of animals, including cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits and rhesus including cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys. monkeys.

• 19941994 First cloning of First cloning of more advanced more advanced embryo cells. Neal embryo cells. Neal First cloned calves First cloned calves from embryos that from embryos that have grown to at least have grown to at least 120 cells. 120 cells.

• 19961996 Dr. Ian Wilmut Dr. Ian Wilmut and his team clone and his team clone the world's first sheep the world's first sheep from adult cells. The from adult cells. The lamb born in July 1996 lamb born in July 1996 is named Dolly. is named Dolly.

• 19971997 A team led by A team led by Drs. Ian Wilmut and Drs. Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell Keith Campbell (U.K.) create the first (U.K.) create the first sheep with a human sheep with a human gene in every cell of gene in every cell of its body. The its body. The genetically genetically engineered lamb is engineered lamb is named Polly. named Polly.

• 2000 2000 Japanese scientists clone a baby bull Japanese scientists clone a baby bull from a bull that was a clone itself, the first re-from a bull that was a clone itself, the first re-cloning case involving a large mammal. cloning case involving a large mammal.

• 2002 2002 A team of scientists at Texas A&M A team of scientists at Texas A&M University produces the first cloned pet, a University produces the first cloned pet, a calico kitten called “CC” (for Copy Cat). The calico kitten called “CC” (for Copy Cat). The work was funded by Arizona millionaire John work was funded by Arizona millionaire John Sperling, whose company, Genetic Savings Sperling, whose company, Genetic Savings and Clone, hopes to clone pets for profit. and Clone, hopes to clone pets for profit.

China’s Breakthroughs in China’s Breakthroughs in CloningCloning• 1999 1999 Chinese scientists have produced an Chinese scientists have produced an

embryo of a giant panda through cloning embryo of a giant panda through cloning technology, a breakthrough that could save technology, a breakthrough that could save the endangered animal. Scientists from the the endangered animal. Scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences had introduced Chinese Academy of Sciences had introduced cells of a dead female panda into the egg cells of a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit and the cells of a Japanese white rabbit and the embryo was nurtured successfully. embryo was nurtured successfully.

• 20032003 Chinese scientists have produced Chinese scientists have produced human embryonic stem cells by mixing human embryonic stem cells by mixing human skin with rabbit eggs. This experiment human skin with rabbit eggs. This experiment would represent the first time human would represent the first time human embryonic stem cells had been generated via embryonic stem cells had been generated via cloning.cloning.

Text AText A

A Clone Is BornA Clone Is Born

Text OrganizationText Organization

• Part OnePart One

(Paras 1-2)(Paras 1-2)

Dolly the sheep, Dolly the sheep, a clone, was a clone, was born.born.

• Part TwoPart Two


Dolly’s birth has Dolly’s birth has made cloning a made cloning a reality and reality and human cloning a human cloning a possibility.possibility.

• Part ThreePart Three


People have to face the ethical People have to face the ethical problems of human cloning.problems of human cloning.

This part can be further divided This part can be further divided into…into…

Section One (Paras 7-9): Human Section One (Paras 7-9): Human cloning has given rise to the question cloning has given rise to the question of what implications the technology of what implications the technology may have for mankind.may have for mankind.

Section Two (Paras 10-11): The Section Two (Paras 10-11): The making of the atomic bomb had a making of the atomic bomb had a tremendous impact on scientists.tremendous impact on scientists.

• Part FourPart Four

(Paras 12-16)(Paras 12-16)

Cloning technology could benefit Cloning technology could benefit people in more than one way.people in more than one way.

Language PointsLanguage Points

• give birth togive birth to: produce young; bring : produce young; bring aboutabout

The cat gave birth to five kittens.The cat gave birth to five kittens.

This issue gave birth to a dispute.This issue gave birth to a dispute.

for all the world(as if):for all the world(as if): in every in every respect; exactly respect; exactly 就象…一样就象…一样

• He looked for all the world as if he He looked for all the world as if he had seen a ghost.had seen a ghost.

• The two talked for all the world as if The two talked for all the world as if they were old friends.they were old friends.

For all the world: in spite of For all the world: in spite of everything everything 不管怎样不管怎样• I wouldn’t give up freedom for all the I wouldn’t give up freedom for all the

world.world.

• The funds were lacking, and they had The funds were lacking, and they had experienced some setbacks. But the experienced some setbacks. But the researchers carried on with the researchers carried on with the experiment for all the world.experiment for all the world.

• HowHow

• DollyDolly

• WasWas

• ClonedCloned

fusefuse: join together physically or : join together physically or chemically, usu. To become one thingchemically, usu. To become one thing

merge:merge: (different parts) combine into (different parts) combine into one whole thingone whole thing

fusefuse

The old coins had fused together in the The old coins had fused together in the fire.fire.

In her richest work she fuses comedy In her richest work she fuses comedy and tragedy.and tragedy.

The snow flakes fuse together and The snow flakes fuse together and produce ice crystals.produce ice crystals.

The skull bones usually fuse at age 15.The skull bones usually fuse at age 15.Different cultures / conceptions fuse with Different cultures / conceptions fuse with

each other.each other.

mergemerge

• Tow companies merge with each Tow companies merge with each other.other.

• Merge the graphic with the text on the Merge the graphic with the text on the same screen.same screen.

• The narrow track merged with a wider The narrow track merged with a wider path at the crossing.path at the crossing.

• Blue, pink and purple colors merged Blue, pink and purple colors merged in the evening sky.in the evening sky.

residence:residence: process of residing; place process of residing; place in which one livesin which one lives

Residence among the poor is Residence among the poor is suggested as a way of understanding suggested as a way of understanding their problems.their problems.

Downing Street is the British Prime Downing Street is the British Prime Minister’s official residence.Minister’s official residence.

identical identical (to / with): exactly alike; the (to / with): exactly alike; the samesame

On Monday, the pupils wear identical school On Monday, the pupils wear identical school uniforms.uniforms.

The copy is identical to the original.The copy is identical to the original.identify (A with B): consider as identical or identify (A with B): consider as identical or

unitedunitedWe shouldn't identify happiness with wealth.We shouldn't identify happiness with wealth.

identify with sb. / sth.: understand the person identify with sb. / sth.: understand the person or thing by sharing the same feelingor thing by sharing the same feeling

A good actor can identify with the character he A good actor can identify with the character he plays.plays.

in principlein principle: as far as basic principles : as far as basic principles are concerned; in general but not in are concerned; in general but not in detaildetail

Though there is no reason in principle Though there is no reason in principle why women cannot be top leaders, they why women cannot be top leaders, they work in reality under men more often work in reality under men more often than not.than not.

They have agreed to the proposal in They have agreed to the proposal in principle but we still have to negotiate principle but we still have to negotiate the terms.the terms.

• offensiveoffensive: upsetting or annoying; : upsetting or annoying; disgusting or repulsivedisgusting or repulsive

Why did he make such offensive Why did he make such offensive remarks at the meeting?remarks at the meeting?

An offensive smell greeted my nose An offensive smell greeted my nose when I opened the door.when I opened the door.

cp. offend: cause displeasure; violate a cp. offend: cause displeasure; violate a rule or lawrule or law

Some music offends, rather than Some music offends, rather than pleases, the ear.pleases, the ear.

• compromisecompromise: n. giving up of certain : n. giving up of certain demands by each side in a dispute, so that demands by each side in a dispute, so that an agreement may be reached which an agreement may be reached which satisfied both; v. settle a dispute by making satisfied both; v. settle a dispute by making compromise (on / over)compromise (on / over)

The NATO countries have finally The NATO countries have finally reached a compromise over whether the US-reached a compromise over whether the US-led multinational troops are justified in led multinational troops are justified in launching attacks against Iraq.launching attacks against Iraq.

I want to go to Greece, and my wife I want to go to Greece, and my wife wants to go to Spain, so we compromise on wants to go to Spain, so we compromise on Italy.Italy.

Compromise: to allow your Compromise: to allow your principles to be weakened or your principles to be weakened or your morals to be lowered morals to be lowered 损害，放弃原损害，放弃原则则

• Don’t compromise yourself/your Don’t compromise yourself/your beliefs/your principles for the sake of beliefs/your principles for the sake of being accepted by your peers.being accepted by your peers.

• If you eat your words on this issue, If you eat your words on this issue, your reputation will be compromised.your reputation will be compromised.

Plague:cause continual and massive Plague:cause continual and massive trouble, discomfort to trouble, discomfort to 困扰，泛滥困扰，泛滥

• I was plagued with disease.I was plagued with disease.

• Irregularity, corruption and inexperience Irregularity, corruption and inexperience seriously plagued China’s stock market.seriously plagued China’s stock market.

• Academic cheating plagued the campus.Academic cheating plagued the campus.

The case for human cloningThe case for human cloning

• 1. the issue of 1. the issue of talents talents

• Cloning using the Cloning using the DNA from an adult DNA from an adult who is musically who is musically talented could result talented could result in a cloned child in a cloned child growing up to be growing up to be equally talented. equally talented.


• 2. For a sterile couple2. For a sterile couple

• Through cloning the wife and Through cloning the wife and husband could both contribute to a husband could both contribute to a cloned child.cloned child.


• 3. For a life threatening disease such 3. For a life threatening disease such as cancer as cancer

• Cloning can develop healthy organs Cloning can develop healthy organs to be transplanted into the body to to be transplanted into the body to replace the sick one.replace the sick one.

The case against human cloningThe case against human cloning

• 1. The Health Issue1. The Health Issue

• As of today, cloning is not safe.As of today, cloning is not safe.

• Dolly is a sick lamb!Dolly is a sick lamb!


2. Religious2. Religious objectionsobjections


3. Ethical problems3. Ethical problems

Risks to the clone child.Risks to the clone child.

Parental motives, e.g. vanity, restore aParental motives, e.g. vanity, restore a deceased child or spouse.deceased child or spouse.

How would the clone child react toHow would the clone child react to expectations and pressures?expectations and pressures?


4. Potential hazard4. Potential hazard

Would some people use it Would some people use it as a means to exploit as a means to exploit profits? profits?

Would some lunatic use it Would some lunatic use it to manipulate a large to manipulate a large human force?human force?

( Star Wars Episode II: The ( Star Wars Episode II: The Attack of the Clones )Attack of the Clones )

If any needed reminding If any needed reminding that/of…, they need only…that/of…, they need only…

• Discrimination against migrant Discrimination against migrant workers plagues the big cities in workers plagues the big cities in China. China. If any needed remindingIf any needed reminding of of the unfair treatment they receive, the unfair treatment they receive, they need onlythey need only think of the deprival think of the deprival of their medi-care and their kids’ of their medi-care and their kids’ right to education in public schools. right to education in public schools.

• let looselet loose: release: release

When we escape, shall we let loose other When we escape, shall we let loose other prisoners?prisoners?

Just close your eyes and let loose your Just close your eyes and let loose your imagination.imagination.

lash out atlash out at: make a sudden violent : make a sudden violent attack on with blows or wordsattack on with blows or words

The dog lashed out at her.The dog lashed out at her.

He lashed out at the ruling party’s foreign policies.He lashed out at the ruling party’s foreign policies.

Conceive (of): imagine; form an idea in Conceive (of): imagine; form an idea in the mindthe mind

• It’s a smartly conceived plan/scheme.It’s a smartly conceived plan/scheme.

• George Lucas conceived of the idea George Lucas conceived of the idea and wrote the film of Star War first and wrote the film of Star War first during the Vietnam War period.during the Vietnam War period.

• In ancient times people conceived of In ancient times people conceived of the earth as flat.the earth as flat.

Unit Eight Cloning. What is cloning? What is cloning? Cloning = genetically identical duplication...

Documents

Transcript of Unit Eight Cloning. What is cloning? What is cloning? Cloning = genetically identical duplication...