The Animal Kingdom What are the factors that define an animal?
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Transcript of The Animal Kingdom What are the factors that define an animal?
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The Animal KingdomWhat are the factors that define an animal?• Animals are multicellular organisms.• Their cells lack a cell wall.• Animals cells are organized into complex organ-systems • Animals are heterotrophic - they must obtain carbon and energy by eating other organisms and absorbing the consumed organisms nourishment.• Animals require oxygen (for aerobic respiration)• Animals can either reproduce sexually or asexually (most are sexual).• Animal life cycles require a period of embryonic development.• Animals are typically mobile
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PhylumEach Phylum has at least one characteristic that sets it apart from the others. This ppt will cover Porifera and Cnidaria
Porifera (sponges) – spicules
Cnidaria (nahy-dair-ee-uh)(hydra & jellyfish) nematocysts
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Annelida (oligochaetes/leeches)
Gastrotricha (gastrotrichs)
Nematoda (nematodes)
Mollusca (snails/bivalves)
Arthropoda (arthropods)
Major Aquatic Invertebrate Taxa
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Monoecious
Diecious
Coelom
Mesoderm
Terms
Having both male and female reproductive organs; hermaphrodite
Having only one type of reproductive organ; separate and distinct sexes
A body cavity lined with a mesoderm
Middle layer of germ where organs will rise
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Phylum Porifera
From the Latin porus for pore and ferre to bear
Animal with pores
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Phylum Porifera
About 5,000 species worldwide
About 25 species are freshwater
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A Osculum-
B Collar cell or choanocyte-
C Amebocytes-
D Incurrent pores-
where the water leaves the sponge system
These cells are “totipotent”. They can change into all of the other types of cells. Ingest and digest food caught by choanocyte collars.
Where water enters the sponge
Vase-shaped cells with a collar of fibrils. Strains out the smallest food items from the water such as individual bacteria. A single flagellum extends and beats, driving the water currents that keep the sponge alive and healthy.
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E Spicules-
F Mesenchyme-
G Covering cells or pinacocytes-
Importance to man:
A 10 cm sponge can filter 20 Liters of water a day; many animals live within the cavities of sponges
‘skin cells’, thin, leathery and tightly packed.
acellular gel layer between the outer and inner cell layers
non-living aggregates of a chemical nature, secreted and made from silica, calcium carbonate, or a protein matrix called spongin.
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Common name SpongePhylum Porifera
Body PlanOrganization
LevelCell-level; not yet at tissues
Symmetry None; some radialCephalization NoneBody Cavity None
Segmentation None
Internal Systems
Movement Sessile, choanocytes do beat
Support Spicules
Body Covering Pinacocytes
Nutrition Filter feeder, bacteria, plankton, debris
Respiration Diffusion:(CO2) and (O2) from H2O
CirculationH2O moves through pores, Amoebocytes
transport O2 and food
Excretion Diffusion to H2O
Nervous None
Reproduction
Asexual – budding, fragmentation, gemmules
Sexual – amoebocytes make sperm and ova at different times.
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ReproductionReproductionAll sponges can reproduce sexually
Generally monoecious and produce eggs and sperm at different times to prevent self-fertilization
Produce flagellated larva that exit via osculum
Larval motility is the principal dispersal mechanism
Larvae attach to substrate and begin growing
Sponges have great powers of regeneration
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FeedingSponges feed on fine particulate material in the inflowing water.
Food particles generally range from 5- to 50 µm and are phagocytized by amoebocytes.
After digestion is complete, the wastes are expelled into the water.
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Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria
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Major Aquatic Invertebrate Taxa
PhylumPorifera (sponges)
CnidariaCnidaria (hydra & jellyfish) (hydra & jellyfish)
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Annelida (oligochaetes/leeches)
Gastropoda (gastropods)
Nematoda (nematodes)
Mollusca (snails/bivalves)
Arthropoda (arthropods)
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Phylum Cnidaria
Over 10,000 species
Class Hydrozoa (only freshwater representatives)only 16 freshwater species, the rest of the 10,000 belong to Scyphozoa and Anthozoa
Class Scyphozoa (jellyfishes)Class Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals)
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Cnidaria ClassificationCnidaria ClassificationKingdom AnimaliaPhylum Cnidaria
Class HydrozoaHydraPortuguese Man’o War
Class ScythozoaTrue jellyfish
Class AnthozoaCoralSea anemone
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Hydra and JelliesHydra and Jellies
GastrodermisGastrovascular cavity
Mesoglea
Epidermis
Tentacle Tentacle
Mouth
Mouth
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Hydra’s Three Hydra’s Three Cell Layers Cell Layers
A.Gastrovascular cavity
open space in interior of hydra
B. Gastrodermis circular muscle filaments, enzymatic
gland cells, neurons, and sensory cells
C. Mesoglea layer connecting gastrodermis and
epidermis
D. Nematocysts cells within cnidocysts that discharge a
toxic, sticky, or barbed filament; hydra is usually toxic
E. Epidermis
epithelial cells, nematocysts, sensory cells, germs cells, neurons
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Common name Hydra HydraPhylum Cnidaria
Body PlanOrganization
LevelTissues
Symmetry RadialCephalization NoneBody Cavity None
Segmentation None
Internal Systems
Movement Sessile, locomotion by gliding or somersault
Support Hydrostatic (water exerting pressure)
Body Covering Epidermal cells
NutritionCarnivores. Protozoans, shrimp, water
fleas (Daphnia)
Respiration Diffusion:(CO2) and (O2) from H2O
Circulation Diffusion through epidermis
Excretion Diffusion through cells
Nervous Nerve net with cnidocytes
ReproductionAsexual – buddingSexual – Hermaphrodites; some dioecious
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Cnidocytes Nematocysts
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polyp medusa
Dimorphism in Cnidaria
This structure is an example of Budding!
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Body Plan in AnimalsBody Plan in Animals
CoelomPronunciation: Coe-lom
(See-lum)
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Body Cavity PlanBody Cavity Plan
Acoelomate
ectodermto gut
No body cavity presentOrgans are in direct contact with the epithelium Tissues hold organs in place Ex. Flatworms
endoderm
mesoderm
PseudocoelomatePossesses a coelom, but it is lined only on the body wall - not around the gut. Does not possess vascular systems or skeletons. Ex. Nematodes or roundworms mesoderm
ectoderm gut
pseudocoel
endoderm
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Body Cavity PlanBody Cavity PlanCoelomPossesses a coelom in which both
the inside of the body wall and the gut is lined by mesoderm
Tissues called mesenteries suspend organs in the coelom and keep them in place.
Earthworms and higher animals
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