THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTS A · PDF fileTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF...

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTSA CENTURY OF CHALLENGES AND PROGRESS

Douglas R. Bacon, M.D., M.A.Professor of Anesthesiology and History of Medicine

Mayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, Minnesota

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Kathryn E. McGoldrick, M.D.Professor and Chair

Department of AnesthesiologyNew York Medical College

Valhalla, New York

Mark J. Lema, M.D., Ph.D.Visor and Chair of Anesthesiology

University at Buffalo, SUNYRoswell Park Cancer Institute

Buffalo, New York

Editors

Park Ridge, IllinoisThe Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology

2005

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Published ByWood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology

Copyright © 2005 Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproducedor transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical

or electronic including recording, photocopy, or anyinformation storage and retrieval system, without

permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Control Number 2005927988

ISBN 1-889595-15-2

Printed in the United States of America

Published by:WOOD LIBRARY-MUSEUM OF ANESTHESIOLOGY

520 N. Northwest HighwayPark Ridge, Illinois 60068-2573

(847) 825-5586 / FAX (847) 825-1692WLM @ASAhq.org

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication................................. ................................ ......... viii

Contributors...................................... ... .............. ix

Foreword ............................................................... xiEugene P. Sinclair, M.D.

P re face ................................................................................................................................... x ii

Chapter OneIn the Beginning: Adolph Frederick Erdmann and theLong Island Society of Anesthetists......... .................................... 1James C. Erickson, III, M.D., M.Sc.

Chapter TwoThe New York Society of Anesthetists: Building the Foundation ............................. 9Douglas R. Bacon, M.D., M.A.

Chapter ThreeThe Creation of the American Society of Anesthesiologists:A n Intriguing D ecade ................................................................. 19Douglas R. Bacon, M.D., M.A.

Chapter FourThe Creation of Anesthesiology ........................................ 35Douglas R. Bacon, M.D., M.A.

Chapter FiveThe Post-World War II Era ................................................ 43Timothy B. Curry, M.D., Ph.D.Ines Berger, M.D.Charles C. Tandy, M.D.

Chapter SixThe Nine Lives of Paul Wood's Collection:The Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology.........................................................55George S. Bause, M.D., M.P.H.

Chapter SevenThe 1950s: A Decade of Turmoil .... .. ...................................... 75Timothy B. Curry, M.D., Ph.D.Charles C. Tandy, M.D.

Chapter EightHistory of the ASA's Annual Meeting .......................................... .......... 85Sandra L. Kopp, M.D.Mark A. Warner, M.D.Douglas R. Bacon, M.D., M.A.

Chapter NineThe 1960s: The ASA Comes of Age .......................................................... 103Babatunde Ogunnaike, M.D.Adolph H. Giesecke, M.D.

Chapter TenThe Anesthesia Survey and the Medical Student Preceptorship .................................. 123J. Gordon Morrow, M.D.John E. Steinhaus, M.D., Ph.D.

Chapter ElevenThe American College of Anesthesiologists:The Ghost in the Basement ............................................................. .... ................. 137Peter L. McDermott, M.D., Ph.D.

Chapter TwelveThe 1970s: A Decade of Crisis ............ ................. ............... 147Alexander W. Gotta, M.D.

Chapter ThirteeenCommunication: The ASA Newsletter ........................................... 159Mark J. Lema, M.D., Ph.D.Erwin Lear, M.D.

Chapter FourteenThe 1980s: A Decade of Change ..................... ....... ...................................... 173Bradley E. Smith, M.D.

Chapter FifteenWomen Anesthesiologists in the American Society of Anesthesiologists .................... 193Selma Harrison Calmes, M.D.

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Chapter SixteenThe 1990s: Growing Pains ............... .......................... 205

Glenn W. Johnson

Chapter Seventeen2000-2005, The ASA at Its Centennial: Success through Innovation...........................213John B. Neeld, Jr., M.D.

Index ..................... ......................................................... .. 217

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DEDICATION

To all members of the Long Island Society of Anesthetists, the New

York Society of Anesthetists, the American Society of Anesthetists,

and the American Society of Anesthesiologists who struggled and

who continue to persevere in their quest to improve the "art and sci-

ence" of anesthesiology we dedicate this book.

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CONTRIBUTORS

Douglas R. Bacon, M.D., M.A.Professor of Anesthesiology and

History of MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, Minnesota

George S. Bause, M.D., M.P.H.Honorary CuratorWood Library-Museum of AnesthesiologyPark Ridge, Illinois

Ines Berger, M.D.Associate Professor of AnesthesiologyMedical College of GeorgiaAugusta, Georgia

Selma Harrison Calmes, M.D.Professor of AnesthesiologyU.C.L.A. School of MedicineOliveview-U.C.L.A. Medical CenterSylmar, California

Timothy B. Curry, M.D., Ph.D.Assistant Professor of AnesthesiologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, Minnesota

James C. Erickson, III, M.D., M.Sc.Professor of Anesthesiology, EmeritusNorthwestern University Medical SchoolChicago, Illinois

Adolph H. Giesecke, M.D.Emeritus ProfessorFormer Jenkins Professor

and ChairmanAnesthesiology and

Pain ManagementUniversity of TexasSouthwestern Medical CenterDallas, Texas

Alexander W. Gotta, M.D.Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology,

EmeritusUniversity at Brooklyn, SUNYBrooklyn Medical CenterBrooklyn, New York

Glenn W. JohnsonExecutive Director, EmeritusAmerican Society of AnesthesiologistsPark Ridge, Illinois

Sandra L. Kopp, M.D.Assistant Professor of AnesthesiologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, Minnesota

Erwin Lear, M.D.Professor of Anesthesiology, EmeritusAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew York, New York

Mark J. Lema, M.D., Ph.D.Professor and ChairDepartment of AnesthesiologyUniversity at Buffalo, SUNY,Roswell Park Cancer InstituteBuffalo, New York

Peter L. McDermott, M.D., Ph.D.Lecturer in HistoryCalifornia Lutheran UniversityThousand Oaks, California

Kathryn E. McGoldrick, M.D.Professor and ChairDepartment of AnesthesiologyNew York Medical CollegeValhalla, New York

J. Gordon Morrow, M.D.Assistant Professor of AnesthesiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlanta, Georgia

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CONTRIBUTORS

John B. Neeld, Jr., M.D.Director of AnesthesiologyNorthside Hospital Medical CenterAtlanta, Georgia

Babatunde Ogunnaike, M.D.Assistant ProfessorAnesthesiology and


Bradley E. Smith, M.D.Professor of Anesthesiology, EmeritusVanderbilt University School of MedicineNashville, Tennessee

John E. Steinhaus, M.D., Ph.D.Professor and Chair, EmeritusDepartment of AnesthesiologyEmory University School of MedicineAtlanta, Georgia

Charles C. Tandy, M.D.Clinical ProfessorAnesthesiology and


Mark A. Warner, M.D.Professor and ChairDepartment of AnesthesiologyMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochester, Minnesota

FOREWORD

History of the American Society of Anesthesiologists

A benchmark anniversary such as the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)Centennial is an occasion to assess where we have been as individuals and as an organization.The editors of this book have compiled a series of articles to remind us that our profession andthe ASA have not always been as we know them. It is only through the dedication and com-mitment of those who came before us that our specialty enjoys its current stature and respect.During the past century each succeeding generation has built on the achievements of its pred-ecessors to such a remarkable extent that our practices bear little resemblance to those of ageneration or two ago.

Today we routinely care for patients who in the past would have been considered unac-ceptable risks. We guide them safely and comfortably through surgery that would have beenunimaginably complex to anesthesiology's pioneers. I am confident that our current genera-tion will continue to build on past achievements and that future anesthesiologists will regardprospective improvements in patient care with equal admiration.

On behalf of all ASA members it is my privilege to commend the editors and chapterauthors for this excellent collection of articles that highlights the multiple areas in which theASA and our profession have grown and changed.

Eugene P. Sinclair, M.D.ASA President, 2004-2005

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PREFACE

This book chronicles the history of theAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists dur-ing the past century. Beginning as a smallgroup interested in overcoming some of thechallenges confronting the anesthesia com-munity, the original nine members saw theirsociety grow into a national organization thatnow boasts more than 40,000 members. Overthe 100 years there were countless fascinat-ing stories to be told, of triumphs andtragedies, of good ideas that were broughtforth before their time, of conflict, strife, andeventual success. Through the years, how-ever, the recurrent theme is the desire of thephysicians of the Long Island Society ofAnesthetists, the New York Society ofAnesthetists, the American Society ofAnesthetists, and the American Society ofAnesthesiologists to advance the "art and sci-ence" of anesthesiology.

This book has many contributors, andreflects the voice not only of current scholar-ship in the field of the history of anesthesiol-ogy but also of the many members who livedthrough some of the events described withinthese pages. As editors, we are thankful forthe diligence and dedication of all ourauthors, some of whom have labored overtheir manuscripts for the past three years. Forseveral authors, this is their first foray intowriting history; it is our hope that they willcontinue to pursue this new endeavor. Manyvoices help bring the past forward, blendingtheir cadence to produce the intricate sym-phony that is anesthesia history. Withouttheir efforts, this book would not have beenpossible.

We would also like to thank the tirelessprofessionals at the Wood Library-Museum(WLM) of Anesthesiology. Mr. Patrick Sim,the head librarian, remains a constant source

of inspiration, kindness, and knowledge.There is no task Patrick will not undertake,no fact that he cannot check, all done withamazing alacrity and good humor. Ms. KarenBieterman, the assistant librarian, followsclosely in Patrick's footsteps. Her attention todetail, expertise, and cheerful attitude havemade the task easier for all of our authors.Ms. Judith Robins, the WLM collectionssupervisor, has helped resurrect and organizemany of the papers referred to within thesepages. She, too, possesses Patrick's "can do"attitude with an eagerness that makes work-ing with her a rewarding experience. Thisbook is all the richer for the various docu-ments that provide first-hand knowledge ofthe events of our shared history.

Finally, we would like to thank the offi-cers, Board of Directors, and House ofDelegates of the American Society ofAnesthesiologists for their support for thisbook. They have imposed no restrictionsupon us, and have encouraged the publica-tion of this book at every turn. To our fami-lies and co-workers, who have sufferedthrough the birthing pains of this book, weexpress our gratitude. Without their love,support, and understanding completion ofthis volume would not have been possible.

It is our hope that you will enjoy readingthis book as much as we have enjoyed creat-ing it. Happy 100th Birthday to the AmericanSociety of Anesthesiologists! We sincerelyhope another generation will consider ourbook a resource for beginning their celebra-tion of the 200th anniversary of the ASA!

Douglas R. Bacon, M.D., M.A.Kathryn E. McGoldrick, M.D.

Mark J. Lema, M.D., Ph.D.

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George S. Bause, M.D., M.P.H.

The Nine Lives of Paul Wood's Collection:The Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology


Like a proverbial nine-lived cat, America's national anesthesia collection has survivedwarehousing at nine different sites. Its founder, Paul Meyer Wood, M.D. (1894-1963) inherit-ed his "collecting bug" from his Hoosier parents. A book decorator and future religious artprofessor, his mother shared with Paul her love of the printed page.' At an early age, her jun-ior librarian was lending card-indexed books to his friends.2 Learning chemistry's magic fromhis father, the younger Wood euthanized insects with carbon tetrachloride for the family col-lection. 3

Paul Wood's long hours in South BendHigh School's chemistry lab led to his 1913year in Notre Dame's "laboratory for explo-sive chemistry." 4 ,5 ,6 Wood experimented withethylene-a future anesthetic-alongsideFather Julius Nieuwland, Ph.D. Botanyprofessor by day and avocational chemist bynight, the Catholic priest instructed Episco-palian Wood in twin catechisms: the scienceof self-scheduling and the art of funding non-profit activities. (Years later, Wood wouldlearn that Father Nieuwland kept his vow ofpoverty while helping Dupont synthesizeneoprene. Dupont reciprocated by buyingbooks for Notre Dame's libraries). 7,8,9

Except during his World War I military

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service in the American ambulance corps atthe Italian Front, Wood continued his packratways. He gathered collectibles both whileearning his B.S. and M.D. degrees atColumbia University and afterwards, mostlyin the Manhattan area. At 37 years of age, in1931, Wood suffered a heart attack whilehoarding books and anesthesia antiques at hishome, on Riverside Drive. 4 Convalescing as"permanent Librarian... of the New YorkSociety of Anesthetists," Wood donated hiscatalogued collection to the NYSA in 1933.10While recuperating from his cardiac event,Wood mourned the auction sale of the RobertFerguson Estate, perhaps the New World'slargest privately amassed collection of med-


ical antiques. (Ferguson had rebuffed Wood'sprevious efforts to acquire the fabulous col-lection).

On July 26, 1937, the collection soonknown as the "Wood Library-Museum"(WLM) was moved nearer to Central Park,from Wood's Manhattan apartment onRiverside Drive to the Squibb Building (fromWLM's "life" or Site #1 of 9 to Site #2).11In 1939, a visiting Examiner for theAmerican Board of Anesthesiology, SirRobert Macintosh, presented the WLM witha desk copy once belonging to the world'sfirst full-time anesthetist, John Snow: the1847 classic On the Inhalation of the Vapourof Ether 12 This treasure thus escaped Nazi airraids that bombed the United Kingdom'sCharles King [Anaesthesia] Collection in1940.13 Wood's collection, in contrast, wasexploding only in size. Year 1940's bomb-shell donation: the original Cotton-BoothbyApparatus. 14

The burgeoning WLM was managed byPaul Wood imitating the vocation/avocationsplit-day routine of his Notre Dame mentor,Father Nieuwland. Indeed, from 1940-44Wood's afternoons were filled by his simul-taneous avocational duties as WLMLibrarian-Curator, Anesthesiology BusinessManager, and as Secretary of both the ASAand the American Board of Anesthesiology.4

Following his heart attack, Wood had largelyrestricted his anesthetic practice to workingmornings with one popular surgeon, RobertBickley, his Avertin co-investigator.15Anesthesiologist Wood and Surgeon Bickleywould race through 14 surgeries before 11amon a typical weekday. 16,17 Then, to comple-ment Wood's medical antiquing, Bickleywould scavenge the antiques world for fineart.' 8Theirs was a collectors' camaraderie.

BETCHER'S SERIAL EVICTIONS:FROM SKYSCRAPER, BROWNSTONE

& BOATHOUSE (1949-63)A tall medical director for E.R. Squibb

and Sons, Inc., Lewis Wright had joinedWood by 1934 to form the "Mutt and Jeff" ofmedical antiquing (Fig. 1). After nine yearson the ASA Library-Museum Committee,Wright realized the pressing need in 1949 fora savvy politician. Considering himself a"thinker," Wright praised "doers" like AlbertBetcher.19,20 (The latter would reciprocateby hailing Wright's role in popularizingcurare). 21 A product of Army hierarchy andMoses Krakow's political wisdom, Betcherwould soon negotiate the WLM past evic-tions from a skyscraper, a brownstone, and aboathouse. 20 (Fig. 2).

Along with other medical specialties, theASA's Business Office had moved toChicago in 1947 in order to be closer to theAmerican Medical Association. 22 So, the

I . >l

Figure 1. President Emeritus Wright (left) andLibrarian-Curator Wood prepare to move appa-ratus from New York to Illinois. Just five monthsbefore his namesake WLM's 1963 opening, Wooddied planning his fourth visit to Park Ridge.


Figure 2. Evicted in 1949 from the elegant interi-or (left) of Squibb's skyscraper near CentralPark, most WLM apparatus was crowded firstinto a Manhattan brownstone and then intoForegger's boathouse (right) on Long Island.

Library-Museum was left behind inManhattan. The parting committed the ASAto fund an annual stipend for, but also todemand incorporation in New York by, theLibrary-Museum. Consequently, ASADirectors resolved in 1949 that a nonprofit"Paul M. Wood Memorial Library andMuseum" be incorporated to receive theASA's collection.23 Meanwhile, the Library-Museum's unpaid corporate landlord from1935-49, Squibb, needed office space. ASA'sshift to Chicago freed Squibb to defenestratethe WLM from the skyscraper.2

Luckily, WLM Secretary Vincent Collinsheld a safety net. Just 16 years earlier, his St.Vincent's Hospital predecessor, Paluel Flagg,had found a brownstone for their CatholicMedical Mission Board. In similar fashion,Collins located a brownstone across thestreet from St. Vincent's, at 137 W. 11thStreet, (Site #3) to share with the New YorkState Society of Anesthesiologists. 24 (A trueWLM friend, Collins saw the formation of

three successive donor groupstitled "Friends of the WoodLibrary-Museum." Doris Coperuns today's "Friends").2 5

Like Collins, Wood glo-ried in the 1950 provisionaland 1952 absolute educationalcharters granted to the WLMby the New York Board ofRegents. However, in Decemberof 1952, New York City build-ing inspectors cited the WLMfor overloading the brown-stone's floors with the collec-tive weight of WLM literature

and apparatus. 26 A disgruntled Wood cartedheavier items to storage and even 50 milesnorth to his garage in Highland Falls, NewYork. 27

The timing tortured Wood. His wealthysurgical colleague, Bickley, had progressive-ly abandoned the tony lifestyle of uptownManhattan for the sporting one of upstateThousand Islands.18 This forced Wood to"semi-retire" with wife Harriet to her home-town of Highland Falls, near West Point.From there Wood commuted 11 miles to prac-tice anesthesia part-time at PeekskillHospital. 17 Now, because of the WLM's failedbuilding inspection, Wood was forced todrive 100-mile roundtrips, trucking his prizedcollection from Manhattan back to his upstategarage. The stress was certainly heartbreak-ing and likely heart-damaging to Wood.

Another stress, a fundraising failure,may have convinced Wright to cede hisWLM presidency to Betcher in 1955. By thefollowing May, St. Vincent's Hospitalexpanded, forcing the WLM to shift from137 to 131 W. 11th St.28 (Site #4) The newsite was even tighter on space. Fortunately,Richard von Foregger, Sr., made his Roslyn,Long Island boathouse (Site #5) available for


storage. Having manufactured anesthesiamachines and Wood's Avertin Kit, Foreggerunderwrote many of Wood's efforts. 29 Bothmen lost mutual friends when six famousanesthesiologists died in 1956. In memory ofthe fallen, the Anesthesia MemorialFoundation was incorporated; the WLM wasdesignated as the repository for ASA'sarchives.

One of the fallen six and the editor of thejournal Anesthesiology, Henry Ruth, M.D.,F.I.C.S., bequeathed anesthesia antiques tothe WLM. 30 These were displayed from1957-97 at the International College ofSurgeons' museum. 3 1 Apparatus at thisexhibit parallelled some of the WLM's earli-er loaned pieces to the Museum of Scienceand Industry's "Conquest of Pain" (whichwas exhibited 1954-1991 and refurbished byIllinois anesthesiologists in 1987).32 With buta fraction of the WLM's inventory, thesewere Chicago's first long-term, large-scaleanesthesia displays. When KennethMcCarthy inspected the rest of the WLMapparatus-all wedged into Manhattanoffices and Foregger's boathouse-heobserved, "If this material is worth collectingit is worthwhile preserving in an orderly andavailable manner." McCarthy was "shockedby the dirt, disorder, and confusion." 33

Further shock awaited the WLM asForegger's health declined. 34 In May of 1960,Mrs. Lily Foregger asked Wood to removethe Gill Curare Collection from Foregger'soffice and to "take steps to vacate" the boat-house. 26,3 5 Pleading not to "bury the Library-Museum in suburbia," California's WilliamNeff dreamed of a WLM in a coastal city - ineither New York City or San Francisco (asthe latter had been recently vacated byStanford University).3 6 After citing the econ-omy and access of a Chicago suburb namedPark Ridge (15 minutes by car from O'Hare

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Airport; 25 minutes by train from Chicago'sLoop), Daniel Moore wisely purchased along suburban lot there. 26 ,3 7 (Moore anticipat-ed somehow not only the building of a 1963two-story annex but, also, of an entirely new1992 "backyard" building).

By 1960 ASA President Leo Hand hadoffered the one-story ASA building in ParkRidge for storing a "WLM collection annex"in basement air-conditioning. 38 Denied spaceby three teaching hospitals, Wood enduredhaving parts of the WLM collection-piecesnot garaged upstate on his property-bounced around Manhattan from 145 E. 49thStreet to 30 E. 42nd Street 39 ,40 (Sites #6 and#7). Wood visited Park Ridge briefly at threesix-month intervals during the planning andconstruction of the two-story WLM annex,an annex that Betcher called "Dan Moore'smonument." A physical as well as intellectu-al giant, Paul Wood changed into his custom-arily huge surgical scrub suit for the dustywork of organizing the Library-Museum inthe ASA's basement.17 Anticipating his fourthNew York-to-Illinois visit to his namesakecollection, Wood suffered a massive heartattack at home in May of 1963. 4

Unfortunately, Dr. Paul Wood died justmonths before the grand opening of hisWood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology.

3 ... 2 ... 1-STORIED BUILDING:A LIBRARY EXPLODES;

A MUSEUM IMPLODES (1963-1985)ASA Executive Director "Jack" Andes'

frugality had funded the ASA's Park Ridgebuildings, yet unexpected costs downsizedthe planned three-storied WLM Annex totwo stories.4 1,42 Wood's death narrowed thelibrarian search into one for a part-timelibrarian-curator. 40 By September of 1963, aherpetologist and bibliophile, predoctoralFulbright Scholar Walter Necker, B.S. was


hired as Librarian-Curator.43

By November, the Presidentof the American MedicalAssociation and ASA offi-cers flanked Betcher in open- Iing the WLM in ASA's two-story annex. 42 (Site #8) I

Full-time by March of1965, Necker professionallyorganized the Library- 0Museum for three years. 44

Wood's apparatus mentor,Elmer McKesson, wasmemorialized by the WLM's formal galleryopening in 1965.45,46 Citing incomplete docu-mentation of objects, Necker butted headswith WLM officers over filling exhibit cases.The accomplished librarian and curator justcould "not suffer fools gladly" 43 (Fig. 3). InJanuary of 1967, Necker resigned, facingallegations of inflating travel expenses. 47

Inaugurated later that year, the WLM'sannual historical lectures were posthumouslynamed after President Emeritus LewisWright in 1975.48,49 (Susan Vassallo chairstoday's Wright Memorial Lecture Commit-tee).25 The WLM's outreach actually beganin Necker's wake, courtesy of a WLM trusteewho was linked to the National Libraryof Medicine, Seymour Alpert. 5o TheAnesthesiology Bibliography commenced in1968; the Self-Evaluation Program, in 1969(sponsored by the American College ofAnesthesiologists).51

By March of 1969, the WLM was facingthe resignation of the WLM's "acting librari-an" secretary and a nationwide shortage oflibrarians. 52,53 So in September the WLMhired as Curator a predoctoral anatomy-illus-trator, Martin Levine, M.S. 54 If Necker hadbeen 90% of what the WLM needed, Levinewas but the complementary 10%: an audio-visual educator. Consequently, in recasting

Figure 3. From 1963-67, Librarian-Curator

Walter Necker (right) refused to mount exhibits

with "incomplete documentation." The WLM's

first museum gallery (left) opened formally in

1965 only to be demolished by 1977 for ASA

office space.

the WLM as a "Teaching Resources Center,"WLM President James Eckenhoff did notplace the Curator on Eugene Conner'sLibrary or Louis Orkin's Museum Commit-tee." Rather, the one-year president addedLevine to the Audio-Visual Committee.56,57

That committee prospered under Chair JohnLeahy's technical wizardry and John WilliamPender's interviewing skill.58,59 (Begun byLeahy in 1965 and endowed posthumouslyby Pender, [who had been trained in oral his-tory by Seegal] their "Men of Anesthesia"recordings expanded as the "Living HistoryCollection" under Elliott Miller.60.6' Morerecently, Alan Sessler and Mary EllenWarner have coordinated interviews of livinglegends of anesthesiology 25).

After organizing the WLM's three-month American College of Surgeon's exhib-it, Dallas bibliophile and year 1970's incom-ing WLM president, Charles Tandy, hadalready begun book conservation efforts atthe WLM. 62,63 Delighted by Levine's


February 1971 find of Patrick Sim, M.L.S.,Dr. Tandy reveled in the young librarian'sreference skills and work ethic.47 A productof Hong Kong's parochial schools andDewey's first decimalized library systemstateside, Sim was highly professional andservice-oriented. 64 (See Fig. 4). Sim's rook-ie year initiated two long-running WLMseries: the Residents Reading List and theHistory of Anesthesiology reprints.

August of 1971 saw disputes over theCurator's personnel management and per-sonal timekeeping, so Tandy invited him to"consider relocating in a position whichwould allow freer rein to [Levine's] ... obvi-ous creative talents." 65 Within two monthsthe ASA Directors accepted the WLMTrustees' request to dissolve the New Yorkcharter and transfer WLM assets and liabili-ties to the ASA.66 Surrounded by perceptionsof previous curatorial misconduct, the newASA section tacitly bowed to future ASAcontrol of WLM staff.

Sim's pride in his Chinese heritage andthe public's clamor for all things acupunctureled to acquisitions in Asian medicine. Thesewould include a reprinted 14th C. Chineseand two 18th C. Japanese classics. The WLMeven acquired England's first "acu.text:"J.M. Churchill's 1821 Treatise on Acupunc-turation.67

Holdings grew on the ether controversyand other anesthesia-linked topics. Tandycontacted legions of antiquarian bookdealers.Robert Boyle's 17th C. Sceptical Chymistand the Nitrous Oxide Archive of Davy's col-league, William Clayfield, soon graced theshelves. 68 Reflecting its founder's familyinterest in hypnotism, the WLM acquiredworks on mesmerism, including bothMesmer's treatise on animal magnetism andhis contract with Rousseau. 69,70 Most mes-merizing: 275 letters handwritten by French

Figure 4. WLM Librarian since 1971, PatrickSim cradles treasures from the K. Garth Huston,Sr., Rare Book Room, a memorial for theHonorary Librarian. Their mutual friend, DrCharles Tandy, has collected most of the WLM'santiquarian books since 1969.

magnetists in the WLM's Chapelain-DeleuzeArchives.

Resuscitation highlighted 1975. First, theMarch of Dimes donated Virginia Apgar'sresuscitation library.71 Then Tandy shuttledback from the WLM with physician-printerK. Garth Huston, Sr., to the Chicago ASAAnnual Meeting. 72 These two bibliophilesco-produced the 1976 "Bicentennial" exhibitand Resuscitation Catalogue.73 As Tandy'ssuccessor, WLM President Huston commu-nicated less well with ASA officers than withbookdealers and printers. After international-izing the WLM's list of antiquarian book-sellers, Huston coordinated publication state-side of the 3rd volume of S.W. Syke'sEssays...and abroad of both W.D.A. Smith's


Under the Influence ... and Robinson's 1847Treatise on Ether After acquiring Liston's1846 letter to Boott (about England's firstetherization for major surgery), Hustonencouraged Sim to annotate a rare book cat-alog for the WLM. 64 ,74 Huston consulted theUK's Bernard Middleton for bookbindingand Illinois' Russell Maylone and WilliamMinter for, respectively, special collectionsand de-acidification. 75

Linking the WLM in 1984 to theAmerican Association for the History ofMedicine, Huston co-presented papers withAnesthesia History Association (AHA)founders (and incoming WLM Trustees)Selma Calmes and Roderick Calverley. 76

Huston also supported C. Ronald Stephen'sediting of the Classical Files of the lateWLM Secretary, David Little. (EditorsStephen and Doris Cope would link theWLM to the AHA with the Bulletin ofAnesthesia History. Other AHA memberswould provide WLM liaisons, like WilliamHammonds with Georgia's Crawford W.Long Museum and California's Calmes withboth the Guedel Anesthesia Center andLiebeskind Pain Archive). 77,78 AHA histori-ans clamored around the WLM-sponsoredexhibit "Pain and Its Relief' which began an8-year stint at the Smithsonian. 79

The Smithsonian success highlighted theWLM's failure to maintain a major galleryon-site. The failure became glaring, particu-larly after $75,000 was donated for WLMgallery displays by the widow of Wood'sapparatus mentor, Elmer McKesson.8 0

Ironically, the Widow McKesson also wasfunding ASA's medical student preceptor-ships, one of several educational programswhose office space would begin displacingMcKesson memorial exhibits by 1970.81Multiplying preceptorships and Mrs.McKesson's own death in 1973 facilitated

the 1977 plans to demolish the WLM'sground-floor gallery to make way for moreASA "educational" offices. 82

The WLM was effectively reduced to aone-story library. By 1983 faithful VincentCollins was asked to triage WLM apparatusfor potential display, dispersal, or disposal. 83

Pressures mounted with the arrival of newASA affiliates: the Anesthesia Patient SafetyFoundation in 1984, the Society forAmbulatory Anesthesia in 1985, and theFoundation for Anesthesia Education andResearch in 1986. As ASA personnel andanesthesia antiques competed for limitedspace, some of the apparatus began disap-pearing. Repeatedly risking his futureemployment, Librarian Sim began retrieving(from the ASA dumpster) "mysteriously"discarded museum apparatus. 84

A GALLERY REBORN: MILLER TIMEFOR A TRUE LIBRARY-MUSEUM

(1985-1997)A Harvard anesthesiologist and accom-

plished educator, Elliott Miller transformedthe WLM in a dozen years. As architect ofthe modern Library-Museum, PresidentMiller blended Midwestern candor with IvyLeague finesse.85 Expecting cordial diversityfrom WLM Trustees, he sailed his motleycrew through daunting meeting agendas.Influential guests and fatigued Trustees thenmingled at WLM dinners. Miller observedthat "breaking bread together" gave rise tocommon purpose. 86

Having tapped M.T. "Pepper" Jenkins tore-establish the post of WLM Vice-President,Miller consulted "outsiders" like apparatuscurators George Bause (U.S.) and DavidWilkinson (U.K.). 87,88 Founder of anesthesiamuseums at Johns Hopkins and Yale, Bausewas soon named WLM's Medical and thenHonorary Curator.89 He inventoried a crush

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of large anesthesia machinesin the "dungeon" beneath theWLM's lone surviving displaycabinet. Next, seven new cab-inets were designed and filledas curatorial demonstrations. 90

The "demos" convinced theASA to include a professionalgallery in its planned three-story building.91 The archi-tect's wide-open gallery lay-out was redrafted by theCurator to feature 50 modularplatforms and display cabi-nets. 92 (Fig. 5).

After naming the Rare Book Room afterthe late Honorary Librarian Garth Huston,Miller consulted two professional librarians,Alabama's A.J. Wright and Illinois' KarenAmbrose. 93 The two helped design a newbuilding whose top floor would house the cli-mate-controlled Huston Rare Book Room;the WLM Fellows' Beecher Reading Room;the Dripps Audiovisual Room; and rein-forced flooring for library stacks and theRovenstine Reading Area. Staff officeswould include the Librarian's Adriani, Asst.Librarian's Vandam-Covino, and CollectionSupervisor's Waters Rooms. Past ASAPresident Harry Bird and staffer GlennJohnson shepherded the project along.41,93

To reach ASA members, Miller hired aprofessional to design the WLM 's "BloodTransfusion" exhibit for the 1987 ASAAnnual Meeting.75 In German, French, andEnglish, rare books explored blood transfu-sion and shock. After 1988 the Curator coor-dinated the WLM's international and annualASA exhibits, often collaborating with LeslieRendell-Baker.94 By 1991 three ASA founda-tions had combined annual exhibits, antici-pating today's Anesthesia Resource Center.

Before incorporating the WLM in Illinois,

Figure 5. Discarding the architect's modernopen-floor design, Honorary Curator GeorgeBause (left) redesigned the WLM's second formalmuseum gallery to include 50 modular cabinetsand platforms (right).

Miller expanded internal committee struc-ture.8595 He also studied Edward Ernst's 1988Long-Range Planning Report, a precedent forsimilar reports from future WLM presidents. 96

As Ernst had recommended, an AssistantLibrarian, Sally Graham, M.L.S., was hired in1988. (She would later index the 1982-95 AHANewsletters for Editors Doris Cope, SelmaCalmes, and Ronald Stephen). 97 AnAnesthesia History Association cofounder andArmy Reservist, Roderick Calverley hadlinked the WLM to scores of anesthesiadepartments, societies, libraries, and museumsworldwide. An uncanny observer, Calverleyeven rediscovered the WLM's long-lost JohnSnow Apparatus at another Chicago muse-um.98 As Graham ushered the WLM into theinformation age, "WorldWide Rod" gracious-ly yielded to the WorldWideWeb. He foundedthe Paul M. Wood Fellowship program inanesthesia history in 1988.99 (After Rod'suntimely death in 1995, a Calverley Fellowwas named as one of four annual historyresearch fellowships).


Next, the WLM received Samuel Tirer'sdonated paper on France's Charribre EtherInhalers and acquired Alexander Richardson's1849 oil of James Robinson, England's firstdental etherizer.',00 0' The Curator was prompt-ed by Miller to phone-bid on an 1819 Laennecstethoscope and, by Calverley, to visitVancouver Island for the Webb ChloroformCollection.8 4 ,10 2 Lawrence's oil portrait ofnitrous pioneer Sir Humphry Davy wasdonated to the WLM by Davy-Richardsdescendant Bause.103

After installing four "scholarly" exhibitsin the gallery of ASA's new NorthwestHighway building, the Curator faced oneASA staffer who noted that previous curatorshad been fired for not filling all displaysareas.10 2,104 Lacking full documentation onapparatus but also lacking Necker's spine,Bause buckled. Because the air conditioningfailed, floor temperatures on that July week-end approached 85 ° F. So, over 48 hours, alone curator sweated through the emptygallery installing 50 exhibits in rapidfire suc-cession.84 On August 15, 1992, the new three-story ASA Building formally opened at 520N. Northwest Highway. (Site #9) The WLMLibrary occupied two-thirds of the top floorand the Museum, one-third of the groundfloor.

The WLM team of Sim and Bause wouldsoon forsake summer's heat for winter'schill. First, though, the WLM acquiredJoseph Clover's diaries and Lister's letter onchloroform to Lawrie. 0 5,10 6 Then, on shortnotice, "a full day, and well into the night"was spent dismantling 37 years' worth of

WLM displays at the Museum of Scienceand Industry.106,107 As Sim navigated, Bauseedged an apparatus-filled moving vanthrough a Chicago blizzard up 1-94 to Park

Ridge. 84

In 1997 there was much less excitement

involved in dismantling another long-termWLM exhibit: a 40-year-old one at theInternational College of Surgeons. After

Assistant Librarian Graham resigned, two

WLM staffers were hired. Brilliant at refer-

ence, Assistant Librarian Karen Bieterman,M.L.I.S., became an ASA favorite.'0 8 Then,

Library Assistant Carole Siragusa graced theWLM. A quick study, Siragusa mastered dig-ital imaging along with diverse clerical activ-ities.

Except for Raymond Fink, all Publi-cations Committee Chairs (Nicholas Greene,Kathryn McGoldrick, and Donald Caton)tapped by Harvard's Miller had been Yaleprofessors or fellows. Pairs of books by JohnSnow and by Thomas Keys were reprinted.Next, the WLM published English transla-tions of Overton by Lipnick and of Bernardand Pirogoff by Fink. 109 The WLM even pub-lished proceedings of the Third InternationalSymposium on the History of Anesthesia. l"0

After transforming the WLM into a scholar-ly press, Nicholas Greene inaugurated aNobel-Prize-like quadrennial award: theWLM Laureate in the History ofAnesthesia.'" Not surprisingly, certainLaureates, like Gwen Wilson and NormanBergman, had seen earlier books of theirssponsored by the WLM. 112,11"3

ANTICIPATING THE ASA'SCENTENNIAL: HISTORIC WLM

IMPORT-EXPORT (1997-2005)Golden they were, but most of the Miller

years were heavily funded by the ASA.Miller handed the torch in 1997 to a brillianthistorian of general and obstetric anesthesia.President Donald Caton faced an ASAdemanding a financially "self-sufficient"WLM by Year 2000. Caton's long-range plan

had been to increase income by improvingvisibility. Led by Frank McKechnie, Cope,

63


Caton himself, and then Jonathan Berman,the WLM Marketing Committee soon fieldeda speaker's bureau, pamphlets, and Anesthe-siology advertisements. 114 With Fink andMcGoldrick, Caton edited Careers in Anesthe-siology. Encouraging museum contacts withthe U.K., Australia, and Germany, the editingtrio hailed Eddie Bowie's donation of appa-ratus in cross-section. 15

Organizing became Priority One. Bring-ing the library online, Bieterman capturedtitles with cataloguing software. WLMTrustee George Sheplock reached out digital-ly with the WLM Virtual Tour both on CD-ROM and online. 116 ,117 After consulting PatsyGerstner of the Dittrick Medical HistoryCenter, her fellow Clevelander, Bause, pre-scribed mobile carriage shelving to relievebasement clutter (and postpone off-site stor-age for 6 years). 118 Moreover, a superbCollections Supervisor, Judith Robins, M.A.,was hired. Rescuing the WLM from itsphysician-curator, Robins' industry trans-formed the jumbled dungeon of archives andapparatus into useful collections. Along withArchives Committee Chair Douglas Bacon,Robins encouraged donation of valuable per-sonal and organizational archives.

Joking about his Scottish-American fru-gality, the WLM's Donald Caton slashedbudgets and encouraged less expensiveannual exhibits. Thus, a budget-beleagueredCurator bargained for A.M. Long's 1884"Improved Anaesthetic Apparatus" beforeflying to Montpelier, France.119 There, afterinspecting the spoils of internet auction,Bause hand-carried Charribre's 1847 EtherInhaler back to the WLM. Although "posi-tively apoplectic at the thought of excessivespending," Caton relaxed after the inhalerwas funded privately. 84,"5

In 2001 WLM President KathrynMcGoldrick succeeded Caton. A prolific author

64

and editor, she learned that the ASA wasreconsidering total termination of its WLMstipend. Just as Caton's Trustees had assistedBoston's Rafael Ortega with 2000'sEvolution of the Anesthesia Machine CD-ROM, now McGoldrick helped Ortega with2004's Vandam memorial DVD.120,12 1

(WLM's long-term workhorse, LeroyVandam labored on many WLM projects,including the Smithsonian exhibit, theHistorical Reprints series, the Yankee Dodgevideotape, and historic watercolors).

The Mayo Clinic Curator's Room, andthe "George and Ramona Bause Gallery" ofthe WLM, were named, respectively, in 2001and 2002. 122,123 While Mayo donorsrearranged his office, the Curator collectedc. 1821 needles of premiere English acupunc-turist J.M. Churchill. 124 In 2003 McGoldrickauthorized two curatorial efforts: an exhibitat the nation's capital (at "ASAWashington") and the recording of the WLMGallery Audiotour.67,125,126

Publicity Committee Chair Lydia Conlayrepeated A.H. "Buddy" Giesecke's highlight-ing of the WLM in each September's ASANewsletter. The publicity worked. MauriceAlbin donated his seminal neurosciences col-lection; the Tandys generously contributedtheir unique Robert Macintosh Archive. 127

Two acquisitions actually generated publici-ty. The first, Nobelist Linus Pauling's 1975holograph, whispered from the "HustonRoom" that general anesthesia resulted from"the formation of hydrate microcrystals inthe brain ... ."128 For the next major acquisi-tion, a nervous curator flew to Edinburgh forJames Robinson's third prototype, the 1846Hooper Ether Inhaler.' 29

Throughout the years, the WLM success-fully avoided touching its endowment forexpensive acquisitions or programs. This isall the more impressive when one considers


the mixed success of past WLM fundrais-ers. 10 2 ,130 Fortunately, fund managers andthen Dr. Stephen Slogoff septupled theendowment from 1985-2004.25,96 So, after

introducing Caton as the incoming WLMLaureate, a delighted McGoldrick handed thehelm to President William Hammonds andVice-President Lydia Conlay. Meanwhile,editorializing "from the crow's nest" of theASA Newsletter, WLM Secretary-Treasurer

Douglas Bacon trained a spyglass on 2005for his ASA Centennial Committee. 25

Today, two stalwart bookends, Dr.Charles Tandy and Librarian Patrick Sim, arenearing 70 years of combined WLM service.They brace a library of scores of Trustees andthousands of ASA members, all sharing PaulWood's vision of a national repository andeducational resource-the ASA's WoodLibrary-Museum of Anesthesiology.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks the following reviewers from the Wood Library-Museum ofAnesthesiology: Librarian Patrick Sim and Drs. Charles Tandy, Elliott Miller, Donald Caton,Kathryn McGoldrick, and William Hammonds.

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27. Minutes of Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum, November27, 1953. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

28. Letter from Paul M. Wood, M.D., to John H. Hunt, May 8, 1956. The Collected Papersof Paul M. Wood, M.D. The Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology Collection,Park Ridge, IL.

29. Foregger R. Richard von Foregger, Ph.D., 1872-1960: manufacturer of anesthesiaequipment. Anesthesiology 1996; 84(1):190-200.

30. Rosenberg H, Axelrod JK. Henry Ruth: pioneer of modern anesthesiology.Anesthesiology 1993; 78(1): 178-183.

31. International College of Surgeons. International College of Surgeons: 1954-1956Directory. Chicago, IL: International College of Surgeons; 1956.

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34. Foregger R. Death of a Company. Milwaukee: Harmar Press; 1997.

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35. Foregger LM. Letter from Lily M. Foregger to Paul M. Wood, M.D., May 19, 1960.Collected Papers of Paul M. Wood, M.D. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, ParkRidge, IL.

36. Neff W: Don't bury the Library-Museum in suburbia. Anesthesiology 1961; 22(4): 632-633.

37. Moore DC: The need is immediate. Anesthesiology 1961; 22(4): 633-635.

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39. Minutes of Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum,December 29, 1960. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

40. Minutes of Interim Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum,September 9, 1963. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

41. Interview of William S. Marinko by Elliott V. Miller, M.D., August 14, 2002 [videocas-sette]. Park Ridge (IL): John W. Pender Living History Collection. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

42. Perkins & Will of of Chicago, IL: The WLM Addition for the American Society ofAnesthesiologists /Entrance Elevations:Two Story Fagade/Sheet# 6. February 16, 1962[Architectural Draft]. The Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology Collection, ParkRidge, IL.

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44. Minutes of Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum,October 23, 1965. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

45. Doctor McKesson memorialized in WLM. ASA Newsletter 1965; 29(6): 4.

46. Morris LE. A perspective- E.I. McKesson (1881-1935). In: The History of Anesthesia.Atkinson RS, Boulton TB (eds). London: Parthenon Publishing; 1989: 575-578.

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48. Stephen CR. Lewis H. Wright: the man behind the lectureship. ASA Newsletter 1989;53(8): 19-21.

49. Stephen C. The Lewis H. Wright memorial lectureship. Bull Anesth Hist 1996; 14(3):3,6.

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52. Letter from Kaethe Lichard to Albert M. Betcher, M.D., March 7, 1969. Exhibit #3 of

the Minutes of Interim Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-

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Society of Anesthesiologists, June 2, 1967. The Wood Library-Museum Collection,Park Ridge, IL.

54. Wood Library-Museum has new curator: Martin G. Levine. ASA Newsletter 1969;

33(9): 5,7.

55. WLM establishes a "teaching resources center." ASA Newsletter 1970; 34(7): 1.

56. Ellison N. James E. Eckenhoff, M.D., 1915-1996. ASA Newsletter 1997; 61(1): 31.

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59. Pender JW. Living History videotapes preserve specialty's heritage. ASA Newsletter

1989; 53(8): 13.

60. Seegal D. Videotaped autobiographical interviews. An adjunct to medical education.

JAMA 1966; 195(8): 650-652.

61. Minutes of Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum,

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Operation Originally Peculiar to the Japonese and Chinese, and by Them

Denominated Zin-King, Now Introduced into European Practice, with Directions for

Its Performance, and Cases Illustrating Its Success. London: Simpkin and Marshall;1821: 76-78.

68. Annual Report of the Librarian [Patrick Sim, M.L.S.] to the Board of Trustees of theWood Library-Museum, September 1973. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, ParkRidge, IL.

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69. "John Hodge, our president has written Mr. Wood and asked him to come and give usa lecture on hypnotism." Diary of Edith Blanche McCaughey, entry for September 15,1897. Clinton County Historical Society, Frankfort, Indiana.

70. Wood PM. Hypnotism from the viewpoint of anesthesia. N Y State J Med 1959;59(8):1566-1568.

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77. Minutes of Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum, August19-20, 1993. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

78. Minutes of Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum, August 16-17, 2001. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

79. Knight N. Pain and Its Relief: An Exhibition at the National Museum of AmericanHistory. Washington, D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press; 1983.

80. Mrs. McKesson donates $5,000 for preceptorships. ASA Newsletter 1967; 31(6): 7.


82. ISD Inc of Chicago, IL: American Society of Anesthesiologists/515 BusseHighway/Park Ridge, Illinois/Demolition, Construction, Telephone, & ElectricPlan/Project #1918, Drawing #A-1. May 2, 1977 [Architectural Draft]. The WoodLibrary-Museum of Anesthesiology Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

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85. Miller EV. Presidential musings 1985-1992, Historical Notes on the WLM. Park Ridge,Illinois, Wood Library-Museum, 1992: 23-24.

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88. Minutes of Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum, March 2-3, 1988. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.


90. Minutes of Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum, October10, 1987. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

91. Chipman/Adams Ltd of Park Ridge, IL: First Floor Plan [of American Society ofAnesthesiologists/520 N Northwest Highway/Park Ridge, Illinois]. Undated, c.1990.[Architectural Draft]. The Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology Collection, ParkRidge, IL.

92. Chipman/Adams Ltd of Park Ridge, IL: Museum Plan/Fixture Schedule/Key Plans ofAmerican Society of Anesthesiologists /520 N Northwest Highway/Park Ridge, Illinois(Job# 500-91/Sheet# F-1). December 4, 1991 [Architectural Draft]. The Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

93. Report of the Librarian [Patrick Sim, M.L.S.] to the Board of Trustees of the WoodLibrary-Museum, October 19, 1990. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, ParkRidge, IL.

94. Rendell-Baker L, Mayer JA, Bause G. Pioneers and innovators in anesthesia. In: TheFourth International Symposium on the History of Anaesthesia Proceedings. Schulteam Esch J, Goerig M. Lubeck, Drager (eds). Park Ridge, Illinois: Wood Library-Museum Of Anesthesiology; 1998: 697-723.


96. Miller EV. A vision forged for the future of anesthesia. ASA Newsletter 1989; 53(8): 4-5.

97. Cope DK, Calmes SH, Stephen CR, editors. Anesthesia History AssociationNewsletters (1982-1995). Park Ridge, Illinois: Wood Library-Museum; 1992.

98. Calverley RK. An early ether vaporizer designed by John Snow: a treasure of theWood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology. In: The History of Anesthesia: ThirdInternational Symposium Proceedings. Fink BR, Morris LE, Stephen CR (eds). ParkRidge, Illinois: Wood Library-Museum; 1992: 91-99.

99. Calmes SH: Dr. Rod Calverley- 1938-1995 [obituary]. BullAnesth Hist 1996; 14(2):3,17.

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100. Manuscript of "The evolution of the Charribre Ether Inhaler" by Samuel Tirer, M.D.[unpublished manuscript]. The Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology Collection,Park Ridge, IL.

101. Report of the Librarian [Patrick Sim, M.L.S.] to the Board of Trustees of the WoodLibrary-Museum, August 19, 1987. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, ParkRidge, IL.

102. Minutes of Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum, February28 - March 1, 1991. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

103. Bause GS. A nitrous anesthetic declined: Sir Humphry Davy, PRS (1778-1829) por-trayed by Sir Thomas Lawrence, PRA (1769-1830). In: The History of Anesthesia.Atkinson RS, Boulton TB (eds). London: Parthenon Publishing; 1989: 488-494.

104. Interview of Charles C. Tandy, M.D. by Elliott V. Miller, M.D., Mar 2, 1995 [videocas-sette]. John W. Pender Living History Collection. The Wood Library-MuseumCollection, Park Ridge, IL.

105. Tandy CC. Joseph Lister on chloroform: unique holograph now resides in WLM. ASANewsletter 1994; 58(9): 19.

106. Minutes of Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum, March 3-4,1994 [amended August 18, 1994]. Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

107. Report of the Librarian [Patrick Sim, M.L.S.] to the Board of Trustees of the WoodLibrary-Museum, March 3-4, 1994. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, ParkRidge, IL.


109. Report of the Librarian [Patrick Sim, M.L.S.] to the Board of Trustees of the WoodLibrary-Museum, March 5-6, 1992. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, ParkRidge, IL.

110. Fink BR, Morris LE, Stephen CR, editors. The History of Anesthesia: The ThirdInternational Symposium Proceedings. Park Ridge, Illinois: Wood Library-Museum ofAnesthesiology; 1992.

111. Minutes of Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum, October19, 1996 [amended February 27, 1997]. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, ParkRidge, IL.

112. Wilson G. One Grand Chain. Melbourne, Australia: Australian and New ZealandCollege of Anaesthetists; 1995.

113. Bergman NA. The Genesis of Surgical Anesthesia. Park Ridge, Illinois: Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology; 1998.



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116. Sheplock GJ, Bause GS. Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology Virtual Tour:Explorations of Anesthesiology Through Time [CD-ROM]. Park Ridge, Illinois, WoodLibrary-Museum of Anesthesiology, 1998.

117. American Society of Anesthesiologists [homepage on the Internet]. Park Ridge (IL),American Society of Anesthesiologists. Cusick J, Sheplock G, Bause GSL. WoodLibrary-Museum virtual tour, 1998-2005. Available from: http://www.asahq/wlm.

118. Report of Patsy Gerstner [of the Dittrick Medical History Center of Cleveland, OH] tothe Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum, Feb 10, 1998. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

119 Minutes of Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Wood Library-Museum, March 4-5, 1999. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, Park Ridge, IL.

120. Arkoff H, Ortega R. The Evolution of the Anesthesia Machine [CD-ROM]. Boston:Anesthesia Associates of Massachusetts; 2000.

121. Ortega R. Leroy D. Vandam, M.D. An Anesthesia Journey [DVD]. Boston: AnesthesiaAssociates of Massachusetts; 2004.

122. Bacon DR. The Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology: WLM dedicates curator'sroom in John Lundy's honor. ASA Newsletter 2001; 65(4): 23.


124. Report of the Honorary Curator [George Bause, M.D.] to the Board of Trustees of theWood Library-Museum, October 11, 2003. The Wood Library-Museum Collection,Park Ridge, IL.

125. Bause GS. Wood Library-Museum Gallery Tour [audio tour]. Toronto, Tour-MateSystems Canada Ltd, 2003.


127. Report of the Librarian [Patrick Sim, M.L.S.] to the Board of Trustees of the WoodLibrary-Museum, February 27-28, 2003. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, ParkRidge, IL.

128. Holograph of "American scientists and the spirit of the frontier" [32 pages] of LinusPauling, Ph.D., September 10, 1975. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, ParkRidge, IL.

129. Robinson J. A Treatise on the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether, for the Prevention ofPain in Surgical Operations; Containing a Numerous Collection of Cases in Which ItHas Been Applied, ....History of the Discovery - Description of the Apparatus - Methodof Preparing the Ether - Remarks as to the Time When the Operation ShouldCommence, Etc....London: Webster & Company; 1847:7-19.

130. Letter from Paul M. Wood, M.D., to Albert M. Betcher, M.D., December 18, 1953.Collected Papers of Paul M. Wood, M.D. The Wood Library-Museum Collection, ParkRidge, IL.

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