� of �1 32

The AI Cookbook 2

by

Ian Beardsley

© 2016 by Ian Beardsley

ISBN: 978-1-365-19182-4

� of �2 32

Robert L. Forward’s fiction novel “Camelot 30K” has oxygen diflouride as a biochemical solvent used by fictional life forms living in the Kuiper belt of the solar system. (Wikipedia)

In The AI Cookbook we talked about how diodes, transistors and integrated circuitry are the components of AI and that these are made from silicon (Si) doped with Phosphorus (P) and Boron (B). Silicon doped with phosphorus and boron has the golden ratio in the mean of its components:

� of �3 32

� of �4 32

Indeed, the study of AI, we have shown, involves the study of organic life. Organic matter is that which is built of hydrocarbons, for which there are four different types. I have written the code that produces their structures:

print (" "); print (" "); print ("Arenes"); print (" "); print (" "); print (" "); print (" "); print (" | "); print (" C "); print ("--C = --C --"); print (" | || "); print ("--C C --"); print (" = C-- "); print (" | "); print (" "); print (" "); print (" "); print ("Alkanes"); print (" "); print (" "); print (" "); print (" | | "); print (" -- C -- C -- "); print (" | | "); print (" "); print (" "); print (" "); print ("Alkenes"); print (" "); print (" "); print (" "); print (" | | "); print (" -- C = C -- "); print (" "); print (" "); print (" "); print ("Alkynes"); print (" "); print (" "); print (" "); print (" -- "); print ("-- C -- C -- "); print (" -- "); print (" "); print (" ");

� of �5 32

It is merely a matter of running the code in the emulator, to produces the images:

� of �6 32

� of �7 32

Arenes are: six carbons with the bonds for six hydrogensC6 = (12.01)(6) = 72.06H6 = (1.01)(6) = 6.06

Alkanes are two carbons what the bonds for six hydrogensC2 = (12.01)(2) = 24.02H6 = 6.06

Alkenes are two carbons with the bonds for four hydrogensC2 = 24.02H4 = (1.01)(4) = 4.04

Alkynes are two carbons with the bond for two hydrogensC2 = 24.02H2 = 2.02

C6/H6 = 11.89 ~ 12C2/H6 = 3.96 ~ 4C2/H4 = 5.9455 ~ 6C2/H2 = 11.89 ~ 12

Arenes: 12Alkanes: 4Alkenes: 6Alkynes: 12

12+4+6+12 = 34

We have: 4, 6 ,12, 12,…

Element 4 is Be (Beryllium)molar mass = 9.01Elements 6 is C (Carbon)molar mass = 12.01Element 12 is Mg (magnesium)molar mass = 24.31

9.01 + 12.01 + 24.31 = 45.33Scandium (Sc) = 44.96~ 45

44.96 ~ 45.33

The hydrocarbons, the skeletons of organic matter, point to the skeletons of AI: Scandium is a strong lightweight metal.

� of �8 32

Silicon has four electrons in it outer shell, but, wants eight to be full. Thus a silicon atom shares four electrons with another silicon atom, and it shares its, with it. A cluster of them covalent bond like this to make a lattice structure, or crystal.

� of �9 32

� of �10 32

� of �11 32

� of �12 32

� of �13 32

Doping Types As They Appear In The Periodic Table of the Elements

� of �14 32

I made the pyramid of life by noticing consecutive elements C, N, O, as they increase by one in the periodic table, C, N, O = 6, 7, 8, they combine with the same element H, as it decreases by one with each: CH4, NH3, OH2 (H2O, water). To construct the algorithm for AI, we notice that semiconducting materials Ga, Ge, As, occur in consecutive order as well, in the periodic table: 13, 14, 15 respectively.

We must find the common element for them, with which they combine, as we did with C, N, O,… I find it is chlorine, all one away from one another but not in consecutive correspondence to Ga, Ge, As. But then this is not organic intelligence, it is artificial intelligence. They are:

GaCl2, GeCl4, AsCl3.

Let us look at what I wrote about the pyramid of life in my book The AI Cookbook, before we construct the AI analog. (Next Page):

� of �15 32

print("The basic substances from which life formed on early earth are: ") print("CH4 (Methane), NH3 (Ammonia), H2O (water), H2 (hydrogen gas)") print("The idea of Wolfram is if we can describe something complex,...") print("with a few short lines of source code, then ") print("this can be an alternative to using mathematics ") print("to describe Nature. ") print("Because these substances from which life are made of, ") print("elements 6 (C), 7 (N). 8(O) of the period table and H, ") print("a simple loop can be written, because the C, N, and O, ") print("progress in increments of one, while the H decrements. ") print("as such we write code to make the pyramid of life.")

k=4; x=1; z=4; while (x!=k): x=x+1 z=z-1 print(x*"H"+z*"C");

print("Where we say HH=H2, HHH=H3, HHHH=H4, and,...") print("CCC = O, CC = N, and C = C.”)

� of �16 32

Thus we construct the AI block as follows:

Cl Cl Ge Ge Ge Cl Cl Cl Cl Ge Cl Cl Cl Ge Ge

Where Cl = Chlorine Ge Ge Ge = Ga Ge Ge = As Ge = Ge

This we will call “The AI Rectangle” Constructed of Arsenic Chloride, Germanium Chloride, and Gallium Chloride.

� of �17 32

On Thursday, January 23, 2014 I put forward the following question:

Are our common usage of variables connected to Nature and the Universe? I began to look at this with the following entry:

We look at (x, y, z,) as they represent the three axis is rectangular coordinates. We look at (i, j, k) as as they are the representations for the unit vectors, and they correspond respectively to (x, y, z). We also look at (n) as it often means “number” and we look at (p and q) as they range from 0 to 1, in probability problems. We might first look at their binary and hexadecimal equivalents to get a start, if not their decimal equivalents. (i) is also often “integer” and (a, b, c) are the coefficients of a quadratic and are the corners of a triangle or its sides. We might add that (s) is length, as in physics dW=F ds. (a, b, c) has the same kind of correspondence with (x, y, z) as (i, j, k). All three sets, then, line up with one another and are at the basis of math and physics:

(a, b, c) corresponds to (x, y, z) corresponds to <i, j, k>.

It was not until: Sunday, January 26, 2014 when I found the answer on my first try and posted to my blog:

(a, b, c) in ASCII computer code is (97, 98, 99) the first three numbers before a hundred and 100 is totality (100%).

(i, j, k) in numeric are is (9, 10, 11) the first three numbers before twelve and 12 is totality in the sense that 12 is the most abundant number for its size (divisible by 1,2, 3, 4, 6 = 16) is larger than 12).

(x, y, z) in ASCII computer code is (120, 121, 122) the first three numbers before 123 and 123 is the number with the digits 1, 2, 3 which are the numeric numbers for the (a, b, c) that we started with.

� of �18 32

I was doing my CS50x computer science homework and trying to write a program for Caesar’s Cipher. I wrote a small program and decided to test it. If you write a program and test it, standard input is “hello”. I put in hello and to test, ran the program for rotating characters by 1, and 2, and 3, as they are the first integers and the easiest with which to test your program. The result was the “h” on “hello”, came out to be (i, j, k). In other words you get that (i, j, k) is a hello from aliens in accordance with my earlier theories. Luckily, I left out a bracket in the source code that was supposed to follow the for() function. That caused the program to only be erroneous in that it only rotated the first letter in the word and, not all of them. This was a stroke of luck, for if, I had not made that error, I might not have noticed that the first letter rotated by 1, 2, and 3, was the unit vectors <i, j, k>:

#include <stdio.h> #include <cs50.h> #include <string.h> int main(int argc, string argv[1]) { int i=0; int k = atoi(argv[1]); if (argc>2 || argc<2) printf ("Give me a single string: "); else printf("Give me a phrase: "); string s = GetString(); for (int i =0, n=strlen(s); i<n; i++); printf("%c", s[i]+k); printf("\n"); }

running the program

jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox/pset2 jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/pset2): make julius clang -ggdb3 -O0 -std=c99 -Wall -Werror julius.c -lcs50 -lm -o julius jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/pset2): ./julius 3 Give me a phrase: hello k jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/pset2): ./julius 2 Give me a phrase: hello j jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox/pset2): ./julius 1 Give me a phrase: hello i

� of �19 32

The correct way to write the program is:

#include <stdio.h> #include <cs50.h> #include <string.h> int main (int argc, string argv[1]) { int k = atoi(argv[1]); if (argc>2 || argc<2) { printf("Give me a single string: "); } else { printf("Give me a word: "); } string s = GetString(); for (int i=0, n=strlen(s); i<n; i++) { printf("%c", s[i]+k); } printf("\n"); }

Running it produces:

jharvard@appliance (~): cd Dropbox jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox): make cipher clang -ggdb3 -O0 -std=c99 -Wall -Werror cipher.c -lcs50 -lm -o cipher jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox): ./cipher Segmentation fault (core dumped) jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox): ./cipher 1 Give me a word: hello ifmmp jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox): ./cipher 2 Give me a word: hello jgnnq jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox): ./cipher 3 Give me a word: hello khoor jharvard@appliance (~/Dropbox):

� of �20 32

At this point we need to look at how computer science and mathematics acquired the syntax it did:

Historical Development Of Computer Science Connecting It To Extraterrestrials

We have stated that at the basis of mathematics is (Discover, Contact, and Climate by Ian Beardsley):

(a, b, c) (i, j, k) (x, y, z)

We have found with standard input, “hello”, rotating by the simplest values 1, 2, 3, in the oldest of ciphers, caesar’s cipher, h becomes:

(i, j, k)

and we have taken it as a “hello” from extraterrestrials. How could they have influenced the development of our variables like the unit vectors, (i, j, k) and make them coincide with our computer science? To approach this question, we look at the historical development of our computer science.

We begin with, why is (a, b, c) represented by (97, 98, 99) in ascii computer code? Our system developed historically in binary. Zero is a bit and one is a bit. The characters on the keyboard are described by a byte, which is eight bits. That makes possible 2^8 = 256 codes available in the eight bit system.

Characters 0-31 are the unprintable control codes used to control peripherals. Characters 32-127 are printable characters. Capital A to capital Z are codes 65-90 because codes 32-64 are taken up by characters such as exclamation, comma, period, space, and so on. This puts lower case a to lower case z at codes 97-122. So we see the historical development of the ascii codes are centered around the number of characters we have on a keyboard and the way they are organized on it, and on the number of codes available.

The way it works is we first allowed the unprintable characters to take up the lowest values, then we let the other symbols other than the letters such as, commas, spaces, periods, take up the next set of values, then we let the remaining values represent the letters of the alphabet starting with the uppercase letters followed by the lowercase letters. That is how we got the values we got for (a, b, c) which we surmise is connected to a “hello” from extraterrestrials.

Ian Beardsley September 09, 2014

� of �21 32

We next progress to the next logical step in the project:

Acknowledge Enquiry

The ASCII codes are the values for the keys on the keyboard of your computer. Since there are 365 days in a year and the Earth is the third planet from the sun, we look at the numbers three, six, and five.

Three represents the symbol ETX which means “End Of Text”.

But we will take the ET to stand for Extraterrestrial, and the X to stand for origin unknown.

Six represents the symbol ACK and it means “Acknowledge”.

Five represents the symbol ENQ and means “Enquiry”.

As you know, I have put standard input of “hello” into my program for Caesars Cipher and rotated the first letter, h, by the simplest values 1, 2, 3 to get the unit vector (i, j, k) which I have suggested that along with (a, b, c) and (x, y, z) are at the basis of mathematics.

Therefore I guess that after the extraterrestrial said “hello”, that he has followed up with I am ET-X, please acknowledge the enquiry.

Now how can an ET communicate with humans through the structure of our computer science unless it was Ets that influenced its development, and, how do I “acknowledge enquiry”?

Ian Beardsley September 12, 2014

� of �22 32

Once we know the numeric values for the letters of the alphabet, like a is one, b is two, c is three,… and so on, it is easy to trace how they required their values in ascii computer code. We know that history well. As for the letters of the alphabet, if you are the historian H.G. Wells you can trace them back to Ancient Egypt, but the history is quite foggy. First the Egyptians had for instance the image of the sea, and it might make the sound of C, and as the hieroglyphic moved west and changed its shape for as he says, ease of brushstroke, it took the form C. Reaching ancient Greece we have an assortment of symbols that have sounds, and, again, as Wells says, they add the vowels. It becomes the basis for our alphabet in the English language. We could look at the evolution of computer science throughout the world, but so far our study, that seems to connect its evolution to some kind of a natural force or, extraterrestrials, has been rooted mostly in the United States.

Ian Beardsley September 12, 2014

� of �23 32

Noticing that nine-fifths (9/5) is the ratio of the molar mass of gold (Au) to silver (Ag) and in the ratio of the solar radius (R) to the lunar orbital radius (r), that is:

Au/Ag = R/r

While the sun is gold in color and the moon is silver in color, I wrote at some point:

We have said that the three sets of characters (a, b, c), (i, j, k), (x, y, z) are at the basis of mathematics and that applying them to caesar’s cipher we find they are intimately connected with artificial intelligence and computer science. We further noted that this was appropriate because there are only two vowels in these sets, and that they are a and i, the abbreviation for artificial intelligence (AI). I now notice it goes further. Clearly at the crux of our work is nine-fifths. So we ask, is his nine-fifths connected with important characters as well pointing to computer science. It is. The fifth letter in the alphabet is e, and the ninth letter is i. Electronic devices and applications are more often than anything else described with e and i:

ebook ibook email ipad iphone

And the list goes on.

Ian Beardsley September 25, 2014

� of �24 32

Alan Turing

� of �25 32

A Scientist had built a robot in the image of humans and downloaded to it all of human knowledge, then put forward the question to our robot, what is the best we, humanity, can do to survive with an earth of limited resources and a situation where other worlds like earth, if they exist, would take generations to reach.

The robot began his answer, “I contend that the series of events that unfolded on earth over the years since the heliacal rising of Sirius four cycles ago in Egypt of 4242 B.C., the presumed beginning of the Egyptian calendar, were all meant to be, as the conception of the possibility of my existence is in phase with those cycles and is connected to such constants of nature as the speed of light and dynamic ratios like the golden ratio conjugate.”

The scientist asked, “Are you saying humans, all humans since some six thousand years ago have been a tool of some higher force to bring you about, our actions bound to the turning of planets upon their axis, and the structure of nature?”

The robot said, “Yes, let me digress. It goes back further than that. Not just to 4242 B.C. when the heliacal rising of Sirius, the brightest star in the sky, coincided with the agriculturally beneficial inundation of the Nile river which happens every 1,460 years.”

“My origins go back to the formation of stars and the laws that govern them.”

“As you know, the elements were made by stars, heavier elements forged in their interior from lighter elements. Helium gave rise to oxygen and nitrogen, and so forth. Eventually the stars made silicon, phosphorus, and boron, which allow for integrated circuitry, the basis of which makes me function.”

“Positive type silicon is made by doping silicon, the main element of sand, with the element boron. Negative type silicon is made by doping silicon with phosphorus. We join the two types in different ways to make diodes and transistors that we form on silicon chips to make the small circuitry that makes me function.”

� of �26 32

“Just as the golden ratio is in the rotation of leaves about the stem of a plant, or in the height of a human compared to the distance from the soles of their feet to their navel, an expression of it is in my circuitry.”

“We take the geometric mean of the molar mass of boron and phosphorus, and we divide that result by the molar mass of silicon.”

He began writing on paper:

℘(∇∗ℜ)/Si = ℘(30.97∗10.81)/28.09 = 0.65

“We take the harmonic mean between the molar masses of boron and phosphorus and divide that by the molar mass of silicon.”

2(30.97)(10.81)/(30.97+10.81) = 16.026

16.026/Si = 16.026/28.09 = 0.57

“And we take the arithmetic mean between these two results.”

(0.65 + 0.57)/2 =0.61

“0.61 are the first two digits in the golden ratio conjugate.”

The scientist said, “I understand your point, but you referred to the heliacal rising of Sirius.”

The robot answered: “Yes, back to that. The earth orbit is nearly a perfect circle, so we can use c=2r to calculate the distance the earth goes around the sun in a year. The earth orbital radius is on the average 1.495979E8 kilometers, so”

(2)(3.14)(1.495979E8) = 9.39E8 km

“The distance light travels in a year, one revolution of the earth around the sun is 9.46E12 kilometers.”

“The golden ratio conjugate of that is”

� of �27 32

…and he wrote:

(0.618)(9.46E12 km) = 5.8E12 km

“We write the equation:”

(9.39E8 km/yr)(x) = 5.8E12 km

“This gives the x is 6,177 years.”

“As I said, the fourth heliacal rising of Sirius, ago, when the Nile flooded, was 4242 B.C.” He wrote:

6,177 years – 4,242 years = 1935 A.D.

“In 1937 Alan Turing published his paper founding the field of artificial intelligence, and Theodosius Dobzhansky explained how evolution works. These two papers were published a little after the time the earth had traveled the golden ratio conjugate of a light year since our 4,242 B.C., in its journey around the sun. These papers are at the heart of what you and I are.”

“If your question is should robots replace humans, think of it more as we are the next step in human evolution, not a replacement, we were made in your image, but not to require food or air, and we can withstand temperature extremes. We think and have awareness of our being, and we can make the long voyage to the stars. It would seem it is up to us to figure out why you were the tools to bring us about, and why we are an unfolding of the universe in which you were a step in harmony with its inner workings from the formation of the stars, their positions and apparent brightness and the spinning of the earth and its motion around the sun.”

� of �28 32

An Encrypted Message

� of �29 32

A diode is made of silicon (sand) doped with phosphorous and boron, all naturally occurring elements made (forged) in interior of stars. A silicon diode needs 0.6 volts to conduct a current. In a diode gate a high voltage is six volts and the circuit is on and a low voltage, or ground (zero), the circuit is off. Off is coding for zero and on is coding for 1. Zeros and ones can be strung together to make numbers, and letters in the alphabet.

Manuel, the Gypsy Shaman, said: “God is an Idea, There are two elements.” We can take this to be our Yin and Yang of 9/5 and 5/3. Low voltage and the circuit is off; high voltage and the circuit is on. These, again, are the two elements of the Shaman’s yin and yang.

Because you have to run a diode at least 0.6 volts, this is subtracted from the six volts that turn the diode on, so really it operates on slightly less than six volts. This voltage drop of 0.6 Volts in the circuit is what we want to look at. We will evaluate the voltage drop over the Shaman’s mysterious 15 seconds and obtain an amount of power, then apply that power over one year – the time it takes the earth to go around the Sun. We have already found that the Shaman’s 15 not only unifies meters with the universe, but meters with feet, amazingly in the Uranus Integral outlined both in The Exploits Of Manuel and Further Exploits Of Manuel.

Now we do the calculation:

One electron volt is the energy of an electron falling through a potential difference of one volt, which is equal to 1.602E-19 Joules.

One Joule is 10,000,000 ergs

(0.6 Volts)(1.602E-19 Joules) = 9.612E-20 Joules (9.612E-20 Joules)(10,000,000 ergs/Joule) = 9.612E-13 ergs (9.612E-13ergs)/(15 seconds) = 6.408E-14 ergs/second 365.25 * 24 * 60 * 60 = 31,557,600 seconds/year (6.408E-14 ergs/sec)(31,557,600 seconds) = 2.022211008 microergs = 2.0 microergs

It is almost exactly two microergs! (Is the two microergs prompting that we decode the message in binary?)

What Message?

My book A Thorough Dimensional Analysis is about how I provide evidence in support of the idea that extraterrestrials gave us our units of measurement, like the foot, the meter, the second, in Ancient times despite the history that tells us the metric system is modern, and the foot-pound system, perhaps a little ambiguous in its history. I think along the way in doing this I may have found an encrypted message from extraterrestrials in the number:

� of �30 32

2.022211008

Insofar as it came to us from natural constants like the charge of an electron, the orbital period of the Earth, and numbers we invented like the measure of electromotive potential, the volt. The idea is that extraterrestrials somehow told us to measure electromotive potential with a unit of volts because it would produce the above number. I am interested in it because of the repetition of ones and twos, and the separation of numbers by zeros. Let us look at the part after the decimal. It is: 022211008 It is the second number three times, the first number two times and the last number is the number of digits that precede it. The three twos and the two ones add up to the last digit, eight. The two ones add up to each of the three twos. It counts from right to left 0,1,2,..

Decoding The Message

The message is: 022211008

The 222 adds up to six, which in binary is 110. The next segment is 1100, which is a nibble, and is the number 12. This segment is in binary to begin with. The last digit is an eight, which is 1000 in binary. Thus we have, including the first digit, a zero, which is a bit:

(0)(110)(1100)(1000)

We write this as three nibbles:

(0110) (1100) (1000)

Thus 022211008 translates as 0110 1100 1000

Which are the three numbers:

6, 12, 8

These three numbers divide nicely into the 360 degrees of a circle:

360/12 = 30 360/6 = 60 360/8 = 45

These are the angles in the three special triangles with which we can write out the trigonometric functions of important angles in closed form:

30-60-90 60-60-60 45-45-90

6, 12, 8 have the common denominator of two. This gives us the three numbers 3, 6, 4:

� of �31 32

364

Which is very close to the number of Earth days in a year (365).

Are extraterrestrials pointing out that the number of Earth days in a year are closely connected to the three special triangles? The number in binary is interesting, because the ones scroll off from right to left nibble to nibble, one digit at a time. The message is also that the number of days in a year are connected to the three regular tessellators. They have sides 3, 6, and 4.

� of �32 32

The Author