WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI...

22

Click here to load reader

Transcript of WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI...

Page 1: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

WHAT IS WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE?INTELLIGENCE?

Page 2: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

2

What is AIWhat is AI

Strong AI and Weak AIStrong AI and Weak AI AI domainsAI domains AI methodsAI methods AI and other disciplinesAI and other disciplines TimelineTimeline

Page 3: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

3

Strong AIStrong AI

Create a robot which is autonomous, thinks for itself, makes its own decisions, can deliberate about its own thoughts, can learn and adapt to new situations and can communicate with humans through the use of language

Page 4: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

4

Weak AIWeak AI

To build a computer program that simulates a particular intelligent activity, e.g. playing chess

Page 5: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

5

Some AI DefinitionsSome AI Definitions

"The branch of computer science that "The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior.”intelligent behavior.”

" The science of making machines do " The science of making machines do things that would require intelligence things that would require intelligence if done by men.”if done by men.”

"The study of computations that make "The study of computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and it possible to perceive, reason, and act"act"

Page 6: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

6

Some Important Some Important QuestionsQuestions

How do we define human behavioral How do we define human behavioral and thinking patterns and thinking patterns

How do we define a rational behavior How do we define a rational behavior

What should be the difference What should be the difference between an ordinary program (say a between an ordinary program (say a sorting program) and an AI program sorting program) and an AI program

What is the essence of intelligent What is the essence of intelligent behaviorbehavior

Page 7: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

7

Specifics of AI problemsSpecifics of AI problems

Require both procedural and Require both procedural and declarative knowledgedeclarative knowledge

Require reasoning abilitiesRequire reasoning abilities

Require planningRequire planning

Require learning abilitiesRequire learning abilities

Page 8: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

8

Intelligent AgentsIntelligent Agents

Features Topics

Goal - motivated behavior State space search

Decision making Logical systems; reasoning patterns

Knowledge-based behavior Knowledge representation Information Data Knowledge

Adaptive behavior Machine learning

Interaction and communication

Vision, Pattern recognitionNatural Language Processing

Physical activity Robotics

Page 9: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

9

AI methods, problems, AI methods, problems, applicationsapplications

Paradigms: Symbolic; Connectionists

Methods: Knowledge Representation, Logic, Search

Problems: Planning and Decision Making, Pattern Recognition, Machine Learning

Applications: Intelligent agents, Expert systems, Game playing, Natural Language Processing, Robotics

Page 10: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

10

Page 11: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

11

Page 12: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

12

ExampleExampleA farmer has to move a goat, a cabbage and a wolf from one side of a river to the other side using a small boat. The boat can carry only the farmer and one more object (either the goat, or the cabbage, or the wolf).

If the farmer leaves the goat with the wolf alone, the wolf would kill the goat.If the goat is alone with the cabbage, it will eat the cabbage.

How can the farmer move all his property safely to the other side of the river?

Page 13: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

13

SolutionSolution

Identify the Identify the initialinitial and the and the targettarget states states Choose appropriate Choose appropriate representationrepresentation of the of the

statesstates Decide on Decide on operatorsoperators to change the states. to change the states. Identify Identify restrictionsrestrictions: are all operators : are all operators

applicable to all states?applicable to all states? Decide on how the Decide on how the costcost of the solution would be of the solution would be

measuredmeasured Solve the problemSolve the problem

Page 14: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

14

AI and other disciplinesAI and other disciplines

PhilosophyPhilosophy Psychology/ Cognitive psychology / Psychology/ Cognitive psychology /

Cognitive ScienceCognitive Science MathematicsMathematics Computer ScienceComputer Science Computer EngineeringComputer Engineering Computational LinguisticsComputational Linguistics Biology and NeurologyBiology and Neurology

Page 15: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

15

Timeline of AITimeline of AI

1943 Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts: a model of connected artificial neurons

1956 Dartmouth workshop Alan Turing, John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell

1958 LISP by McCarthy

Page 16: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

16

Timeline of AITimeline of AI1965 ELIZA :Weizenbaum, a program that acts as a psychoterapist.

Work on machine translation - unsuccessful.1966 Funding for AI stopped.Difficulties: Lack of knowledge about world. The scale problem - easy to solve toy problems, very difficult to solve real world problems

Page 17: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

17

Timeline of AITimeline of AI1969-1979 Knowledge -based systems

1972 Prolog, created by Alain Colmerauer

1975 Frames: a knowledge representation scheme, developed by Marvin Minsky.

Page 18: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

18

Timeline of AITimeline of AI SHRDLU by Terry Winograd -

understanding natural language in the block world

DENDRAL - inferring molecular structure from the information provided by a mass spectrometer. Developed by Edward Feigenbaum

Page 19: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

19

MYCIN – a rule-based system for knowledge representation and inference in the domain of medical diagnosis and therapy.

(The first expert system) .

Timeline of AITimeline of AI

Page 20: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

20

Timeline of AITimeline of AI

1980 R1 - first commercial ES - McDermott, configures orders for new computer systems.

1981 Fifth generation project in Japan.

Mid 80'sMid 80's Neural Networks Neural Networks

Page 21: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

21

1990’s Major advances in Machine learning, Natural language processing, multi-agent systems, robotics

Timeline of AITimeline of AI

Page 22: WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?. 2 What is AI Strong AI and Weak AI Strong AI and Weak AI AI domains AI domains AI methods AI methods AI and other disciplines.

22

Timeline of AITimeline of AI

2000 Robotics:Humanoid robots

- Rodney BrookRobo-Cup soccerHumanoid

sociable robotsInteractive robot pets

RoboCup Humanoid League 2006