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The age ofnationalism

and nation-building

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Coat_of_arms_of_North_German_Confederation.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_German_Empire.svg

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Otto von Bismarck

1815-1898

Prussian aristocrat

Entered civil service, became a diplomat

Working to strengthen Prussia

Austria emerged as a main obstacle to his plans1862 became chief minister (until 1890)

Riding the wave ofPrussian nationalism and

militarism

In perpetual conflict with liberal parliamentMight is right

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http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.beppegrillo.it/immagini/immagini/Bismarck.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.beppegrillo.it/en/wailing_wall/&usg=__w6bSFoM6BYWyJ0qQR-GLxOxw_g4=&h=429&w=400&sz=21&hl=en&start=13&tbnid=LNBits9h1WZVYM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=117&prev=/images?q=bismarck&gbv=2&hl=en&safe=off

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Bismarcks legacyOversaw the unification of Germany

1866: Austro-Prussian War

1867: Chancellor of the North German

Confederation

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Red colour:North German

Confederation

(mainly

Protestant states)

Yellow colour:

Allied, CatholicSouthern states

22 kingdoms, Grand duchies,

duchies, principalities, and

Free Hanseatic cities

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Map-NDB.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Map-NDB.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Map-NDB.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Map-NDB.svg

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For comparison:Germany 2010

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Bismarcks legacy (contd)

Liberal vs. illiberal

Reaching out to the people but ignoring

parliamentary institutions1867: customs union with the Southern states

1870: Franco-Prussian War

Authoritarianism

Nationalism

New conservatism

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http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.lifeinitaly.com/files/imagecache/large/Flag_of_Italy_(1860)_Kingdom.png&imgrefurl=http://www.lifeinitaly.com/node/9445&usg=__USiAvjTs1RyHSAB8ZhRQkFNq0y8=&h=500&w=500&sz=42&hl=en&start=17&tbnid=kmktnqWMd25sFM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=130&prev=/images?q=italy+1860&gbv=2&ndsp=21&hl=en&safe=off

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1859: conflict with Austria in the North

Short-lived alliance with Napoleon IIIRise ofnationalism in urban centres

Anti-foreign sentiment (with France and

Austria controlling large areas of todays

Italian state)

Growing support forKing Victor Emmanuel

as nominal head of state1860: central Italy in a merger with the

kingdom of Sardinia

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Giuseppe Garibaldi1807-1882

Participated in South Americas

anti-colonial struggle

Returned to Italy in 1848Joined anti-Austrian forces in 1859

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

Unification of Italy:1860, with Kings support, union of north

and south; Venice joined 1866; Rome 1870

Parliamentary monarchy

A persistent North-South divide

(until today)

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Post-1848, Hungarian kingdom treated as a defeated party

This changed with the Austro-Prussian War of 1866

Austrias position weakened looking for

a compromise solution:

The Austro-Hungarian Compromise

of 1867

A dual monarchy with a shared Emperor(Franz JosephEmperor of Austria, King of

Hungary, King of Bohemia), military, and foreign policy

The Hungarian Kingdoms Slavic and other minorities

exposed to growing Magyarization pressures; non-

Magyar secondary schools closed down

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_Joseph,_circa_1915.JPG

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