Chapter 9: Nation-Building and Nationalism

AP United States HistoryWeek of November 16, 2015

Extending America’s Boundaries• Thanks to peace with Britain (War of 1812), the nation focused on the North American continent

• Treaties with Britain established Canadian border, relations with Canada

• Settlement had begun in Louisiana Territory area

• Obtaining Spanish Florida was first goal

• John Quincy Adams wanted to reduce Spanish claims east and west of Mississippi R.

• 1816: US troops enter Florida in pursuit of Seminole Indians

• 1817: Andrew Jackson occupied East Florida — First Seminole War

• Although Monroe’s cabinet denounced the attack, Jackson was not censured (why?)

• Spain eventually ceded Florida — Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

• Adams and Onís also extended Spanish border all the way to Pacific Ocean

Native American Societies Under Pressure

The Five Civilized Tribes occupied present-day Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Florida

They had adopted many hallmarks of white society — agricultural economy, republican government, and even slavery

• Despite “civilization,” white Americans did not want to incorporate Natives into society

• How did the Five Nations respond? Either accommodation or resistance

• Accommodation: Cherokee Nation

• Early 1800s, Cherokee had shifted to a patrilineal, agrarian, market-based economy

• This also brought slavery and racial discrimination

• From 1820-27, also adopted written constitution and republican government

• Sequoyah developed Cherokee alphabet

Native American Societies Under Pressure, Part IIThe Five Civilized Tribes occupied present-day Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, Florida

They had adopted many hallmarks of white society — agricultural economy, republican government, and even slavery

• Despite “civilization,” white Americans did not want to incorporate Natives into society

• How did the Five Nations respond? Either accommodation or resistance

• Resistance: Seminole Nation

• Seminole nation was multicultural; formed after European conquest

• Comprised of migrated Creek, native Floridians, and runaway slaves

• “Seminole Negroes,” or, “estelusti”

• Treaty of Moultrie Creek (1823) removed tribe from northern Florida to Tampa area

• Also required Seminole to return runaway slaves

• When federal action (deception, bribery, etc) did not remove Natives, states proclaimed sovereignty

People and Settlement on the Frontier

Between 1810 and 1840, settlers poured across Appalachian range into the fertile land of the midwest

• Most of the land went to settlers and farmers through speculators

• After War of 1812, government surveyed land and sold it at auction

• Squatters also sought to obtain land

• Pioneer families were saddled with debt — need to sell goods led to regional development

• Frontier life

• Role of women on frontier

• Able to buy goods they previously made at home — soap, candles, clothing

• Also made clothes, worked the fields, performed all frontier tasks

• Frontier life was still difficult: work was shared — mutual aid

Transportation Revolution

Traveling over mountains was challenging; prosperity and progress in the United States was dependent on new forms of transportation

• 1815: Madison called for “internal improvements;” including transportation

• Turnpikes were built linking eastern cities

• Problem: bulk freight

• Solution: transportation by river

• System of rivers was one of the most significant reasons for rapid economic development

• Problem: how do you transport things upstream?

• Solution: steam transport

• Problem: how do you ship things east to ports for transatlantic trade?

• Solution:

The Canal Boom

A system of canals created a link between the Midwest, Mississippi and Great Lakes with the eastern seaboard

• NY governor De Witt Clinton pushed for the project

• 1825: Erie Canal opened

• Lowered costs of both western products in east and price of goods imported from the east by westerners

• By 1830s, canal boom had ended — unprofitable, overextended credit, and financial panics

• What transportation boom started?

Emergence of a Market EconomyBetween 1800 and 1840, the United States developed a new economic system based on commercial agriculture

• What caused the commercial agriculture boom?

1. Technological advances: iron or steel plows, grain cradle, better varieties of grain and livestock

2. Good land: midwest was fertile

3. Transportation: distant markets and credit are now available

This is the biggest cause of the agricultural boom

• Nation shifted from diversified (family) farming to concentration on staple crops

• Wheat production moved west (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois), sheep in New England

• South: tobacco in upper South, rice in South Carolina, sugar in Louisiana, and in the lower South…

• Cotton was the “king” crop — demand from textile manufacturing, effect of cotton gin, availability of land, and…

• Slavery provided a system of labour that allowed large-scale operations

Emergence of a Market Economy: Commerce and BankingBetween 1800 and 1840, the United States developed a new economic system based on commercial agriculture

• What caused the commercial agriculture boom?

4. Well, so did the availability of credit

• New system of marketing emerged

• (Old: farmers took crops themselves, or merchants took crops and bartered locally, and intermediaries shipped crops to larger markets)

• Credit was a large part of this system

• New: long-distance transactions needed cash money, not credit and bartering

• Remember: Bank of United States’ charter lapsed in 1811

• State-chartered banks emerged to pick up the paper-money slack

• Congress chartered Second Bank of the United States in 1816, but economic panics followed

• So, skepticism over and hostility towards banking, credit, and financial institutions remained

Emergence of a Market Economy: Industry!Between 1800 and 1840, the United States developed a new economic system based on commercial agriculture

• Growth of market economy created new opportunities for industrialists

• Factory production existed, but was rare. Where was most work done? Where were most things made?

• At home by women, or in shops by artisans

• First fully developed factory system developed for textile manufacturing in Lowell, Mass. (Themes: women and labour)

• Francis Cabot Lowell a) manufactured a power loom b) near a water site and c) obtained a charter for textile manufacturing

• Began in 1813, employing many young, unmarried women, and grew in 1820s and 1830s

• Later, many girls became labour activists

• New England became the first important manufacturing area in the US

• Factory production a) changed women’s work, and b) changed New England from oceanic trade to manufacturing

• Downside: Now, everyone in America was involved in an interdependent — not independent — economic system, and was now susceptible to booms and busts

Politics After 1812After the War of 1812, expansion, growth, and changes in American life generated considerable controversy, but not just yet. First…the Era of Good Feelings

• Era of Good Feelings: James Monroe’s two terms as president (1817-1825)

• President largely promoted “good feelings,” and was active in foreign policy

• Congress legislated on some matters: admission of Missouri, tariff, Second Bank of the US

• Supreme Court was dominant: significant cases that affirmed federal power

Politics After 1812: The Republican Era

After the War of 1812, expansion, growth, and changes in American life generated considerable controversy, but not just yet. First…the Era of Good Feelings

Era of Good Feelings: James Monroe’s two terms as president (1817-1825)

• Federalist Party was largely out of electoral politics

• Republicans adopted two “Federalist” policies: Bank, and a protective tariff

• Henry Clay’s American System — a tariff to stimulate domestic industries

• 1816: Congress raised import duties average of 25%

• Congress established the Second Bank of the United States

• Outside of National Road, no major infrastructure improvements

• Efforts came from states, like Erie Canal by NY state legislature

• Monroe and Madison both vetoed bills for infrastructure improvements

Politics After 1812, Part II: The Missouri CompromiseAfter the War of 1812, expansion, growth, and changes in American life generated considerable controversy, but not just yet. First…the Era of Good Feelings

Era of Good Feelings: James Monroe’s two terms as president (1817-1825)

• 1817: Missouri applied for statehood

• The territory of Missouri included roughly 3,000 ____

• Slaves. Missouri was to be the first slave state carved out of Louisiana Purchase

• North didn’t like South’s added weight in House, electoral college

• South didn’t like North’s growing population and House majority

• Solution: Maine petitioned for statehood, and in February, 1820, Missouri Compromise passed

• Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state

• No slavery north of 36º30’, slavery allowed below

What could possibly go wrong, next?

Politics After 1812, Part III: The Supreme CourtAfter the War of 1812, expansion, growth, and changes in American life generated considerable controversy, but not just yet. First…the Era of Good Feelings

• Supreme Court handed down three decisions that affirmed the power of the federal government

• Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

• Dartmouth's charter was an irrevocable contract

• So, businesses can hold onto rights in their contracts

• Decision weakened states’ ability to regulate businesses and helped foster modern capitalism

• McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819, one month later)

• Maryland’s tax on the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States is unconstitutional

• Marshall underscored the Bank as part of the Constitution’s “implied powers,” and that no state may tax or destroy it

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

• New York’s steamboat monopoly is unconstitutional because it interfered with Congress’ right to regulate interstate commerce

Politics After 1812, Part IV: The Monroe DoctrineAfter the War of 1812, expansion, growth, and changes in American life generated considerable controversy, but not just yet. First…the Era of Good Feelings

Spirit of Nationalism was also reflected in foreign affairs

• How would the US respond to all this nationalism in Latin America?

• Before 1822: neutrality

• Recognizing governments would antagonize Spain

• After Adams-Onís Treaty: Monroe recognized and established diplomatic ties with Latin American nations

• Sec. Adams felt US interests would be best served by avoiding entanglements in European politics

• What’s happening in Europe?

• Grand Alliance, possible US-British cooperation

• Dec. 2, 1823: Monroe Doctrine: US opposed further colonization in Americas or any effort by Europeans to extend political systems into Western Hemisphere

• US would not involve itself in European politics or take part in European wars

• What did this mean for the US?

Politics After 1812, Part IV: The Monroe Doctrine

“The occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”

“We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.”