The Age of Jackson:

Regional Economies Create Differences

North:

• Industrial Revolution occurs in the New England States in 1800

• Shipbuilding, mechanized textile, or fabric mills become profitable

• Northern Factories dominate the North’s economy and lead to new manufactured goods and increased market diversity

South:

• Agriculture dominates the Southern economy

• Eli Whitney’s invention of a cotton gin in 1793 made it profitable for Southern farmers to produce cotton

• Cotton becomes “King” in the south

The Election Of Andrew Jackson:

• Andrew Jackson captures the presidency in 1828 on the basis of being the representative of the “Common Man”

• Under Jackson, the United States experiences expansion in the economy, territory, and democracy

The Election Of Andrew Jackson:

• Jackson sought to give common people a chance to participate in government

• He did this through the spoil system, in which new administrations hire their own supporters to replace supporters of the previous administration

The Election Of Andrew Jackson: Indian Removal

• The Indian Removal Act forced Native Americans living in the east to move west onto reservations

• Some Native American groups resisted; one such group called the Cherokee were forced to march from Georgia to Oklahoma

• Many Cherokee died during the forced march and it later became known as the Trail of Tears

Nullification Crisis: Tariff of Abominations

• In 1824 and again in 1828, Congress increased the tariff of 1816

• Jackson’s vice president, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, called the 1828 tariff a Tariff of Abominations because he blamed it for economic problems in the South

Nullification Crisis:• The South’s economy depended

on cotton exports• The high tariff on manufactured

goods from Britain reduced British exports to the United States, and because of this, Britain bought less cotton

• With the decline of British goods, the South was now forced to buy more expensive Northern manufactured goods

• From the South’s point of view, the North was getting rich at the expense of the South

Nullification Crisis: South Carolina• To try to free South

Carolina from the tariff, Calhoun developed the theory of nullification

• Calhoun’s theory held that the U.S. Constitution was based on a compact of sovereign states

• On this theory, Calhoun estimated that each state had the right to determine whether acts of Congress were unconstitutional

Nullification Crisis: State Rights• If the state found an act

unconstitutional, the state could nullify or void that act within its borders

• In 1832, Congress raised the tariffs again, and South Carolina declared the tariffs to be null and void

• In addition, South Carolina threatened to secede, or withdraw from the Union, if customs officials tried to collect duties

Jackson’s Response:

• Outraged, Jackson asks Congress to pass the Force Bill to use military force to force states to comply with U.S. laws

• A bloody confrontation seemed likely until Henry Clay forged a compromise in 1833

• Clay proposed a tariff bill that would gradually decrease over a ten-year period

• The tension between states’ rights and federal authority subsided-temporarily

Henry Clay’s proposal