The Age of Jackson
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Transcript of The Age of Jackson
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The Age of JacksonAndrew Jackson (A.J.)
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Expansion of DemocracyNorth
Workshops => factories
Craftspeople => business owners/hired labor
South Small farms =>
large plantations Family owned =>
wealthy white people/enslaved African Americans
* LOSING WEALTH AND POWER IN THEIR GOVERNMENT ** Wealth into the hands of a few *
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Jacksonian Democracy Government managed by wealthy, property-owning men.
Policies targeted to help build THEIR power Small farmers, western frontier settlers, and slave-holders
hoped for a change => Andrew Jackson (1800’s Obama) Defend the rights of the common people and slave states
(SOUTH) Democratic reforms (i.e. voting qualification changes –
excluded free blacks as they were allowed under their state constitutions)
Nominating Conventions – members nominate candidates not the party’s leaders.
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Election of 1828: re-do 1824
Andrew Jackson Democratic Party John C. Calhoun as
running mate War hero (War of
1812) Born poor, rose to
success through hard work
John Quincy Adams National
Republicans Harvard graduate Father was the 2nd
president
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Jackson’s Qualifications Born and raised in the Carolinas (SOUTH) Taught himself and became a successful lawyer Tennessee’s first U.S. Congress representative Served in the U.S. Senate Served on the TN Supreme Court War hero: defeated Creek and Seminole Indians; Battle of
New Orleans (“Maverick”) Strong presidency – vetoed many bills (more than
the 6 presidents preceding him) Vetoed re-chartering of the Second Bank of U.S.
Strong Union – threatened S.C. when it tried to nullify a federal tariff
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1828 Negative “commercials”A.J.
Hot tempered Crude
(raw/unprepared) Not ready to be
president of the U.S. “paid for by the J.Q.
campaign”
John Q. Out of touch with
everyday people – those people A.J. was defending.
“cold as a lump of ice” “paid for by the A.J.
campaign”* A.J. WINS and breaks a popular vote record *
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“Pays to be the King” Win for the common people Spoils System: the practice of giving
government jobs to political backers Jackson rewarded some supporters Martin Van Buren – Secretary of State Kitchen Cabinet – informal group of
trusted advisers who sometimes met in the White House kitchen… … Jackson was a hungry fella’
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Different region = different interests
North Economy based on
manufacturing Supported tariffs –
American goods sold at lower prices than British goods
Opposed gov’t cheap sale of public land (lose people)
South Economy based on agriculture
Mostly cash crops (cotton/tobacco)
Opposed tariffs – increased the cost of imported goods
Sold goods to foreign nations – tariffs angered trade partners
Relied on enslaved Africans
West• Emerging economy – farming and settlement
• Support for international improvements and the sale of public land
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Hot Topic of the day: Tariffs
North Wanted tariffs to
protect their industries from foreign competition.
So high, that importing wool would be impossible
South Tariff would hurt their
economy Tariff of Abominations
(hateful thing): Congress placed a high tariff on imports prior to A.J. JQA signed it (rather than
vetoed it) knowing he would be defeated in his re-election bid.
Added to growing sectional differences.
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States’ Rights on tariffs? What do you think A.J.?
Individual states’ right to disregard a law that had been passed by the U.S. Congress (federal government)
John C. Calhoun represented the severely damaged economy of South Carolina due to the tariff (previously favored a strong central gov’t) Some even mentioned leaving the Union. Congress should not favor one state or region over another… States’ Rights Doctrine: because the states formed the
national government, state power should prevail – could nullify any federal law (unconstitutional)
Opposition (northern states) – American people, not the individual states made up the Union.
Nullification (reject) Crisis: conflict of nullification Calhoun did resign from the vice-presidency (Martin Van
Buren) Elected to the Senate to continue his push for nullification
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Hayne vs. Webster (Senate)
Hayne Robert Y. Hayne,
senator from South Carolina
What is his side…? Nullification gave
states a way to lawfully protest federal legislation.
Webster Massachusetts What is his side…? United States was one
nation, not a pact among independent states Welfare of the nation
should override that of individual states.
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Jackson to the rescue (?) Opposed to nullification, but concerned of economic issues
in the south. 1832 he urged Congress to pass a tariff that lowered the
previous rate (not good enough) South Carolina passed the Nullification Act and threatened to
withdraw from the Union and voted to form its own army (Jackson’s not so happy…)
At A.J.’s request, Congress passed the Force Bill – approving the use of the army if necessary. No other state openly supported S.C.
Henry Clay “Mr. Compromise” – gradual lowering of the tariff over several years and S.C. leaders would enforce the law. Neither side changed their beliefs about states’ rights… Civil
War
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Jackson creates more waves Did not always support greater federal power Opposed the Second Bank of the United States
20 year charter to act exclusively as the federal government’s financial agent.
80% of the bank was privately owned but it was supervised by Congress and the president.
Unconstitutional extension of Congressional power – states should have the power here.
Many in the South opposed the bank – only helped wealthy businesspeople
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McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch
Refused to pay the tax
Federal government
Maryland Pass a tax that
would limit the Bank’s operations.
Took McCulloch to court…
StateRuling:
National bank was constitutional and the states can’t have more power than the federal government
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Dealing with the aftermath Bank’s director pushed a bill to renew the
Bank’s charter Jackson would defeat the bill – Congress could
not get the 2/3 vote to override the veto. Jackson weakens the Bank’s power by
moving funds to state banks… led to inflation by offering easy credit to people buying land. More economic issues on the horizon…
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AHHHH… Panic of 1837 1834 the Whig Party formed – favoring the idea of
a weak president and strong Congress Just like an English political party opposed to the
monarchy… Jackson was using his power like a king. Couldn’t choose one candidate
1836 Election – Whig vs. Van Buren Panic of 1837: severe economic depression…
contributed partially to Jackson’s policies, but Van Buren took the rap for it.
1840 Whigs chose William Henry Harrison as their single candidate who won a landslide election against Van Buren.
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A.J. and the Indians Famous American Indian fighter
No sympathy for Native American’s land claims – where they had always lived – American farmers have priority.
Reversed the government’s pledge to respect Indian land claims.
Brutal removal of the southeastern peoples to empty places in the West.
Indian Removal Act: (1830) authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River to lands in the West.
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Congress deals with Indians Established Indian Territory – U.S. land
in what is now Oklahoma, where the Indians were moved to. Protect the Indians from further conflicts
with American settlers (Calhoun). Bureau of Indian Affairs – managed
Indian removal to western lands (government agency)
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Native Experience Mississippi abolished the Choctaw government and
forced them to sign the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek: Gave more than 7.5 million acres of their land to the
state ¼ of the Choctaw Indians died on the move to Indian
Territory. This spurred some other Indians to resist removal.
Creek Indians were “escorted” by federal troops to the Indian Territory after resisting.
Chickasaw negotiated a treaty for better supplies on their trip – many still died.
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New Approach by Cherokee Could they avoid removal by adopting the culture of
white people? Set up schools where children learned English Developed a government modeled after the U.S.
Constitution – election system, bicameral council, court system.
Created a writing system and published a newspaper in both English and Cherokee
This did not protect the Cherokee Upon finding gold in Georgia, the preparations for their
removal were made. GA militia began attacking Cherokee towns
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Worcester v. GeorgiaCase
Cherokee sued Georgia saying they were an independent nation that Georgia’s government had no legal power over their lands.
Ruling Chief Justice John
Marshall: Cherokee nation was a
distinct community in which the laws of Georgia had no force.
Only the federal government, not the states, had authority over Native Americans.
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Follow through on the decision Georgia ignored the Court’s ruling and
Jackson didn’t enforce it either. Violation of his presidential oath yet most
Americans didn’t see much issue with it. Cherokee were removed by U.S. troops
and Georgia quickly took their businesses, farms, and property.
Trail of Tears: Cherokee’s 800-mile forced march, where many died (18,000)
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Others resistance movements Leader of Fox and Sauk Indians in Illinois, Chief
Black Hawk tried to protect their lands. Ran out of food and supplies and were eventually
forced to leave. Second Seminole War in Florida
Osceola told his people to resist with force After Osceola died, his followers continued fighting Many were removed or killed, but eventually U.S.
gave up the fight and a small group resisted removal.