The Age of Jackson1824-1840

Jackson faced 3 important issues for the nation.

Issue Details

Issue #1:Native

Americans

1. Held land in ____________2.The land was good for __________ ____________and

whites wanted it. ________was also discovered on their land.3.Jackson signed ___________ __________ ______ of

1830. It was about opening Indian lands to settlement by whites. (This Act led to the _______ ___ _______).

4. Worcester vs. Georgia. A Christian missionary refused to ______ ___ ________and had been put in prison. Court said that a state can not over rule a Federal Treaty. Jackson _________to _________!

5.Leaders of the Cherokee people signed the Treaty of ____ __________ agreeing to relinquish the land for $_______.

6.In ______ , federal troops rounded up about __________ Cherokees. Forced to march in the cold, rain, and snow, many grew weak and ill. Over 4,000 died. This harsh journey to Indian Territory became known as the ______ ___ ______

3 Issues Faced by Andrew JacksonName: _________________________________ Class Period: ___________ Date: _________________

Issue Details

Issue #2Conflicts

Over States Rights:

1. North ____________ high tariffs

2. South ___________ high tariffs

3. 1828 ________ ___ _______________. South was furious.

4. ______________Crisis.

5. John C. Calhoun. South Carolina Exposition and Protest. Claimed final source of government ___________came from the __________. S. Carolina had “States’ Rights” and they could ___________federal law=Nullification Crisis!

6. Jackson threatened to use _________7. Clay offered _____________Tariff8. Kept both sides ____________and prevented a

permanent _______between the North and the South.

Issue Details

Issue #3National

Bank:

1. The Second Bank was _____________. Jackson didn’t ________ the bank.

2. Jackson ___________ their charter. Major issue in the 1832 election. Jackson _____ the election.

3. Jackson put government money in state _______ (Jackson’s _____ Banks)

4. The National Bank went ____ ___ __________.

5. A few months after Jackson left office, a _______ spread through the U.S. It became known as the ________ ___ ______.

A _________is a widespread fear about the state of the economy.

Issue #1

Native AmericansBy the 1820s, about 100,000 Native Americans

remained east of the Mississippi River. 1. They held large areas of land in Georgia and

other Southern states. The U.S. Government had signed a treaty with the Cherokee saying they had the rights to this land.

2. The Cherokees set up a constitution based on the U.S. Constitution and founded the Cherokee Nation. However, the land was good for growing cotton and whites wanted it. Later, gold was discovered on their land. Now the state of Georgia began pressuring Jackson to remove the Indians from the land and open it up to white settlers.

Cherokee land at the Northern tip of Georgia

Jackson believed the government had the right to decide where Native Americans could

live. He believed they were a conquered people and they could either adopt white culture and

become citizens of the U.S. or they could move into the Western territories. They could not

have their own governments within the nation’s borders. As whites were moving onto Indian land, Jackson asked Congress to pass a law

that would require Native Americans to either move west or submit to state laws. Many Americans objected to Jackson’s proposal.

3. Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act of 1830. Jackson pushed Congress to pass this act. It passed by 1 vote. The act called for the government to negotiate treaties that would require Native Americans to relocate west. Jackson claimed this policy would allow Native Americans to keep their way of life but it was really only about opening Indian lands to settlement by whites. (This Act led to the Trail of Tears).

The Indian Removal Act said that Native Americans would be moved to an area in Oklahoma that became known as Indian

Territory. The Cherokees refused to move and sued in Federal Court to protect their land.

4. One of the cases that made it to the Supreme Court was Worcester vs. Georgia. This involved a Christian missionary who lived with the Indians. He had refused to sign an Oath of Allegiance to Georgia and had been put in prison. The Supreme Court under Justice Marshall ruled in favor of the Native Americans. The Court said that a state can not over rule a Federal Treaty. The President’s job is to make sure that Federal law is obeyed. But Jackson refused to enforce the Supreme Court’s decision!

Should the President be allowed to do whatever he wants?

5. Under pressure, leaders of the Cherokee people signed the Treaty of New Echota

on Dec. 29, 1835 agreeing to relinquish(give up) the land for $5 million.

This was just a small group and the Cherokee people had not authorized them to sell their

land. The men didn’t profit from the sale and really believed they were doing the right thing

for their people but only a few thousand Cherokee agreed to move. The rest continued to farm their land and waited to see what the

U.S. government would do.

6. In 1838, federal troops and militia rounded up about 16,000 Cherokees and forced them into camps. Soldiers took people from their homes with nothing but the clothes on their backs. Forced to march in the cold, rain, and snow without adequate clothing, many grew weak and ill. One in 4 died along the trail. Over 4,000 died. This harsh journeyof the Cherokee from their homeland to Indian Territory became known as the Trail of Tears.

It was a 1,000 mile march in the middle of a very harsh winter. People died of disease and

starvation

Issue #2Conflicts Over States Rights:

Sectional differences had developed that led to tension between states & the central government.

1. North supported high tariffsReasons:

People buy American products

manufactured in Northern factories

and tariffs help pay for internal

improvements such as canals, railroads and telegraph lines (built mostly in the

North)

2. South opposed high tariffsReasons:

Products they need and want are made more expensive.

Foreign countries stopped buying southern exports b/c of tariffs. America wasn’t building internal

improvements in the south.

Problem:Tariffs help the

economies of some sections of the country more than the others.

At first Jackson supported a limited central govt. with a strong president but…

Jackson later decided we should have a strong central government (meaning him) which can control

states.

3. 1828 Tariff of Abominations passed. South was furious. Tariff made goods more expensive for the South and made it harder for them to sell their cotton to Europe.

4. South Carolina was especially angry. This led us to the Nullification Crisis.

Nullification says that States can refuse to enforce laws passed by U.S. Congress

inside their state boundaries.

5. Vice President John C. Calhoun wrote a pamphlet called South Carolina Exposition and Protest. In it he claimed that the final source of government power came from the states, not the Federal (Central, National) government. He claimed S. Carolina had “States’ Rights” and they could NULLIFY(ignore) federal law.=Nullification Crisis!

Jackson began threatening to hang Calhoun for treason.

President talking about killing the V.P…Wow!!!

In Congress we had the Webster-Hayne Debate. Daniel Webster (Mass.) said the Union was

supreme over the states, while Hayne (S.C.) said states have the right to protect themselves from

unfair laws of the Union.

6. Southern states were threatening to secede from the Union. Jackson threatened to use force to see that federal laws were obeyed and the Union preserved.

7. Henry Clay offered the 1833 Compromise Tariff and the South was able to back down. Both sides claimed they had won.

8. The compromise kept both sides happy and prevented a permanent split between the North and the South.

Issue #3 National Bank:

1. The Second Bank of the U.S. was the most powerful bank in the country. Jackson didn’t trust the bank because it made loans to members of Congress and could have influenced those members to vote certain ways.

2. To operate, the bank had to have a charter from Congress. Jackson vetoed their charter. He had declared war on the bank and it was a major issue in the 1832 election. The National Republican’s called Jackson a tyrant who wanted too much power. The Democrats said Jackson was defending the common people from a too powerful bank. Jackson won the election.

3. In his 2nd term, Jackson set out to destroy the bank. He put government money in state banks (Jackson’s Pet Banks), rather than the National Bank.

4. The National bank fought back by making it harder for people to borrow money. People rallied to Jackson’s position. The National Bank went out of business.

How did this happen?People took their paper money to the banks and demanded gold or silver in exchange. The banks ran out of gold and

silver. The banks went out of business. A depression (severe economic slump) followed. People had little money

to spend so manufacturers lost customers. Factories closed and people that were out of work couldn’t pay their

rent. They went hungry and froze in the winter.Ironically, Jackson (who had caused the problem) didn’t get the blame for the bad economy. Martin van Buren

had become President just as the banks were closing. He was the President blamed for everyone’s woes.

Problem: The “pet banks” issued too much paper money. The rise in the money supply made each dollar worth less. Prices rose. This led to inflation (an increase in prices and a decrease in

the value of money).

5. A few months after Jackson left office, a panic spread through the U.S. It became known as the Panic of 1837.

A Panic is a widespread fear about the state of the economy.

Review1. Why did Jackson pass the Indian

Removal Act?

3. Why did some sections like the Tariff and some hate it?

4. What did Calhoun claim in his South Carolina Exposition and Protest?

2. What happened in the Supreme Court Case Worcester vs. Georgia?

6. Why were the Compromises that Henry Clay came up with important?

5. Explain Nullification.

The Age of Jackson1824-1840

Issue Details

Issue #1:Native

Americans

1. Held land in Georgia2. The land was good for growing cotton and whites wanted it.

Gold was discovered on their land.3. Jackson signed Indian Removal Act of 1830. It was about

opening Indian lands to settlement by whites. (This Act led to the Trail of Tears).

4. Worcester vs. Georgia. A Christian missionary refused to sign an Oath and had been put in prison. Court said that a state can not over rule a Federal Treaty. Jackson refused to enforce!

5. Leaders of the Cherokee people signed the Treaty of New Echota agreeing to relinquish the land for $5 million.

6. In 1838, federal troops rounded up about 16,000 Cherokees. Forced to march in the cold, rain, and snow, many grew weak and ill. Over 4,000 died. This harsh journey to Indian Territory became known as the Trail of Tears.

Issue Details

Issue #2Conflicts

Over States Rights:

1. North supported high tariffs

2. South opposed high tariffs

3. 1828 Tariff of Abominations. South was furious.

4. Nullification Crisis.

5. John C. Calhoun. South Carolina Exposition and Protest. Claimed final source of government power came from the states. S. Carolina had “States’ Rights” and they could NULLIFYfederal law=Nullification Crisis!

6. Jackson threatened to use force7. Clay offered Compromise Tariff8. Kept both sides happy and Prevented a

permanent split b/t the North and the South.

Issue Details

Issue #3National

Bank:

1. The Second Bank was powerful. Jackson didn’t trust the bank.

2. Jackson vetoed their charter. Major issue in the 1832 election. Jackson won the election.

3. Jackson put government money in state banks (Jackson’s Pet Banks)

4. The National Bank went out of business. 5. A few months after Jackson left office, a panic

spread through the U.S. It became known as the Panic of 1837.

A Panic is a widespread fear about the state of the economy.

Review1. Why did Jackson pass the Indian

Removal Act?

To open Indian lands for white settlers

2. What happened in the Supreme Court Case Worcester vs. Georgia?

Christian missionary living with Cherokee refused to obey Georgia. Was arrested.

Sued. Supreme Court said Georgia didn’t have the power to over rule a Federal Treaty

4. What did Calhoun claim in his South Carolina Exposition and Protest?

The final source of government power comes from the states.

Tariffs help the economies of some sections of the country more than the others.

3. Why did some sections like the Tariff and some hate it?

6. Why were the Compromises that Henry Clay came up with important?

Kept both sides happy and prevented a permanent split b/t the North and the

South.

States can refuse to enforce laws passed by U.S. Congress inside their state boundaries.

5. Explain Nullification.