The Age of Jackson: 1824-

1840By: Rose Jao & Josh Hawn

Key Tenets of Jacksonian Democracy

Belief in the common man0 Jacksonians - great respect for the sense and abilities of common

man0 Andrew Jackson - seen as common man who represented the

interests of people. Expanded suffrage0 The Jacksonians expanded White male suffrage.0 During the Federalist Era, caucuses of party leaders maintained

discipline and selected candidates. During the Jackson administration, nominating conventions replaced legislative caucuses.

Patronage0 The Jacksonians supported patronage- the policy of placing

political supporters in office.0 Many Jacksonians believed that victorious candidates had a duty to

reward their supporters and punish their opponents. Opposition to privileged elites0 As champions of the common man, the Jacksonians despised the

special privileges of the Eastern elite.0 Special privileges were anathemas to a government dedicated to

promoting and protecting the common man.

Key terms:• Suffrage• Common man• Caucuses• Patronage

The Tariff of Abominations and the Nullification Crisis

The Tariff of Abominations, 18280 The tariffs passed between 1816 and 1828 were the first tariffs in American

history whose primary purpose was protection. 0 The Tariff of 1828 caused John C. Calhoun to write the doctrine of

nullification. The Doctrine of Nullification0 In the doctrine of nullification John C. Calhoun supported the states rights

and compared the tariff to the Kentucky and Virginia Acts.0 Penning the name South Carolina Exposition and Protest, Calhoun said that a

state can deny a federal law if they consider it unconstitutional. Opposition to Nullification 0 In the Webster- Hayne Debate, Daniel Webster presented his case with

extreme dislike towards nullification. Webster ended the powerful speech by supporting a unified country

0 Jackson’s disapproval of nullification helped his image for a common man with interests in the nation as a whole. Key terms:

• Tariff • Doctrine of nullification

Tariff of

1832

This document shows Congress’s decision to pass the Tariff of 1832

The Bank WarJackson’s Veto0 Jackson was against the bill to re-

charter the Second Bank of the United States (BUS)

0 Jackson believed that the bank was an upholder of special privileges. He argues that the BUS was beneficial to advocates of “hard money” and thus inimical to the interests of the common people who elected him.

Consequences0 Poor economy for future presidents0 Unrepaid loans, leads to thousands of

citizens losing their savings. 0 The lack of a central banking

authority contributed to wild expansion of money, risky land speculation, and inflation.

0 Jackson’s war on the BUS initiated and would lead to the two-party system

Key Terms:Hard money: Gold and silverSoft money: Credit

Photo: Jackson fighting the “bank” head on. Biddle is represented by the primary head with the top hat

Jackson and the Forced Removal of Native Americans

Jackson and the Cherokees0 Andrew Jackson was extremely against Indians. 0 John Marshall ruled in favor of the Indians, but

Jackson refused to reinforce the verdict, famously saying, “John Marshall has made his decision: now let him enforce it.”

The Trail of Tears0 Jackson’s Native American policy resulted in

the removal of over 20,000 Cherokees from their homeland to settlements across the Mississippi River.

0 The trail of Tears refers to the route taken by Native Americans as they were relocated to the Indian Territory of Oklahoma.

0 Approximately one-quarter of the Cherokee people died on the Trail of Tears.

Worcester vs. Georgia, 1831http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xd5qVE9LRFc

Planters in the Antebellum South, 1816-1860

King Cotton0 How the cash crop of cotton was

developed:0 Eli Whitney’s creation of the cotton gin

(engine).0 Purchasing of slaves and expansion of land

of the few wealthy owners.0 England’s participation in importing cotton. Southern Society0 A majority of the people living in the south

are not wealthy land owners. This was designated to a few.

0 Few slaves are owned by white families0 The south was controlled mostly by the few

wealthy land owners who had slaves, money, and land.

Slaves in the Antebellum South, 1816-1860

Slave Society0 Slaves were reduced to property, and given no civil nor

political rights.0 They were still able to keep bonds. However if there

were to be an auction, families rarely would be sold together and would be separated.

0 The large increase in the South’s slave labor force because of the increasing amount of American-born slaves.

0 During the antebellum period, free African Americans were able to accumulate some property in spite of discrimination.

0 An argument for the slaves that the owners gave was that their slaves still had more rights than those of slaves elsewhere. Given the opportunity to marry and procreate.

0 Few times did they revolt. They “damaged” the owners in a separate way by pretending to be sick or injured or just by working slower.

0 The majority of slaves modified their way of life because of their condition and created a mix of the two cultures.

“[illegible]e runaway! where is he?       $50 Reward for [illegible]

Daniel Lane after Henry Bibb in Louisville, Kentucky June 1838 The object was to sell Bibb in the Slave market but Bibb turned

the corner too quick for him & escaped. “

The Transportation RevolutionNew Developments0 The Erie Canal was one of the most famous canals and helped produce higher trade

activity in the North.0 Rivers were the most efficient way to transport goods and they were used more

efficiently when the invention of steamboats came about. They were used regularly around the 1830’s.

0 Railroads were used to transport goods but there were no locomotives. The first was built in 1825.

Consequences0 Ability to exchange goods at one-tenth the old price and only half the time.0 The Southern farmers moved to the fresh soil in the west from the depleted soil on the

east coast.0 Less impact on the south who were in more desolate areas already, then the trade routes

came through.0 Circulation on the canals increased making it difficult to transport goods.

WOMEN IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA

THE CULT OF DOMESTICITY/REPUBLICAN MOTHERHOOD0 American women had limited education, were not able to vote,

sue, or many other things that men were given the right to do.0 The concept of “republican motherhood” was that women are not

to have roles of authority and that they should educate their children and perform the household duties.

0 The mother of families should be focused on religion and the up keeping of the children.

FACTORY WORKERS IN LOWELL0 During the first half of the nineteenth century, farm girls and

young women from throughout New England were recruited to work in the textile factories in Lowell, Massachusetts.

0 Many were able to join organized demonstrations against their working conditions.

0 Protested women’s rights.

ALTERING THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WOMENS’S MOVEMENT0 Closely associated with the temperance and anti-slavery movements.0 The South was not as involved.

THE SENECA FALLS CONVENTION, 18480 Abolitionist activists and Quakers Elizabeth Cady Stanton (top) and Lucretia Mott

convene the Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights in a Wesleyan chapel at Seneca, New York.

0 They all came to protest the mistreatment of women in social, economic, political, and religious life. Its attendees adopted a statement known as the Declaration of Sentiments (or the Seneca Falls Declaration).

0 This meeting gathered activists from a wide range of political and reform concerns: antislavery, Free-Soil party supporters, temperance advocates

SUSAN B. ANTHONY0 Susan B. Anthony (bottom) was an advocator for women’s rights. She and Santon

became a driving force for the rights movement. The duo assisted each other to create this dynamo.

DOROTHEA DIX0 Dorothea Dix was an activist that helped people with mental and emotional disabilities.0 Dix was NOT involved in the women’s rights movement.

The Seneca Falls Convention

ABOLITION AND ABOLITIONISTSTHE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING0 The Second Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm, led by

travelling preachers such as Charles Finney and Lyman Beecher. 0 Stressed the philosophy of salvation through good deeds.0 The Second Great Awakening played an important role in making

Americans aware of the moral issues posed by slavery.

AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY0 The American Colonization Society worked to return freed slaves to the

west coast of Africa. It was primarily led by middle class men and women.

0 Established by Robert Finley in 1816.

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON0 Garrison was the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper the

Liberator and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. 0 Garrison’s support of women’s rights caused the American Anti-Slavery

Society to split into rival factions.0 Stressed nonviolent and passive resistance.0 Garrison started off as Frederick Douglass’ mentor, but eventually their

separate views led to a bitter dispute.

FREDERICK DOUGLASS0 Frederick Douglass was the most prominent Black abolitionist during the

antebellum period. 0 Although best known as an abolitionist, Douglass championed equal

rights for women and Native Americans.

SARAH MOORE GRIMKE0 Grimke was one of the first women to publically support both abolition

and women’s rights.0 She teamed with her sister Angelina to defy standards held for women at

the time, fully expressing their feminist and abolitionist views.(Top to bottom: Garrison, Douglass, Grimke)

TRANSECENDENTALISM AND UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES

TRANSCENDENTALISM0 Transcendentalism is a simple idea that both

men and women have equal knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel.

0 Ralph Waldo Emerson, the leading light of the group, believed that people were naturally good and that everyone's potential was limitless.

UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES100,000 individuals formed utopian communities in an effort to create perfect societies in widespread happiness. The best known utopian communities included the Mormons, Brook Farm, New Harmony, the Shakers and the Oneida Community.

Basic visual representation of transcendentalism

CULTRUAL ADVANCESEDUCATION0 McGuffey Readers were the best known and most widely used

school books in the nineteenth century, rivaling the Bible in sales0 Newspapers and mass spectator sports thrived during the first

half of the nineteenth century.0 Horace Mann worked to improve the educational system in all

aspects0 American literature emerged. Used recent history of the

Revolutionary War and other sources for books.

Painting by Thomas ColeTHE HUDSON RIVER SCHOOLA school of painting was founded by Thomas Cole, called the Hudson River School. This school produced works of art that depicted American landscapes and the coexistence of humans and nature. The Hudson River School was America’s fist coherent school of art.

Questions?