THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATIO

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DONE BY:-GROUP B

The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the and  cultaral conditions starting in the UK, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-fold.  In the words of Nobel Prize winning  Robert lucas J.R. "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before.

Before The Industrial RevolutionBefore the dawn of the Industrial Revolution Britain was a quite different place to the one that exists today. Industrialisation brought with it new types of roads, trains and many other forms of communications which simply did not exist prior to industrialisation. So before the Industrial Revolution it was very hard to keep in touch with people in other parts of the country. News was spread by travellers or through messengers and goods were distributed largely within the locality in which they were produced. Because it was so hard to move around: and remember, there were no cars, aeroplanes or even tarmac roads, people had to rely upon themselves and their communities to provide the vast majority of the things that they needed. Food was produced locally, agriculture could provide for but a few large commercial towns. Clothing was made locally, making use of animal hides and furs: nylon wasn't an option and cotton wasn't imported in large quantities until developments enabled mass production of goods.

Life was, for the bulk of the population, the life of a farmer. By the 18th century the feudal system was long gone, but in it's place was a system in which the people were as reliant upon each other and their master as before.In general then, people worked in villages and small towns, working the land and relying upon the local community to provide for them. Some people were fortunate enough to benefit from imported goods which came into ports such as London and Bristol in increasing quantities from the Elizabethan age onwards. What was manufactured was done making use of natural elements. Windmills for example could make the life of a miller easier.Education was poor, only the rich being catered for by nannies and private tutors. There were of course schools and several universities. These were not for the ordinary man or woman though. Politics was based upon land ownership and military honors won, with women and ordinary men given few rights. Life as a result was a constant battle against famine, a wicked landlord, overwork and sheer bad luck. Industrialisation would CHANGE ONLY SOME OF THESE WORRIES

Changes In Agriculture

Britain in 1700, was large a rural, agricultural society. Most people lived on farms. They worked for many hours growing their own food, making their own clothing, and collecting firewood to warm their houses in the damp, cold climate. Life was simple and hard. Most people were poor and, if harvest failed, they risked starvation. There were no organized social welfare programs, medical practices were primitive, sickness and disease were common, infant mortality was high, and the average life expectancy was low. All of this was to change.

Enlarging The FarmsBetween 1760 and 1830, much of the farmland in Britain was consolidated into large farms through a series of measures callled the Enclosure Acts which were passed by the British Parliament. The purpose of the Acts was to make farming more effecient. Over the centuries, the famrland in Britain had been divided and subdivided into large number of small strips. This happened for several reasons. Large landowners with several children might divide the land among them, and farmers bought and sold small strips from one another. In time, wealthier farmers owned a number of small strips of land scattered around the village. Many wealthier farmers felt they needed to consolidate the scattered pieces of land so that effecient, large-scale production techniques could be used. Large blocks of common land was available for community use. This land was important to the farmers wiht small farms because they had the right to graze their animals on it. They also had the gleaning rights. This meant that they could gather wood for fuel in the woodlands and pick up any left over grain after harvest. The farmers with larger farms thought that the common lands could be put to better use. They knew if the common lands were 'enclosed' by Parliament, the small peasant farmers would not be able to continue to farm on their small strips of land and would have to sell it. The effect would be on redistribution of the small strip farms into larger more effecient units.

Changes In Agricultural Methods

. The Encosure Acts created large, effecient farms run by wealthy farmers who were willing and able to try new ideas. Two such farmers, Viscount Charles Townshend and Jethro Tull, increased the effeciency of farming methods with two innovations during this period. Townshend introduced a new system of crop rotation. Traditionally, crops were grown in a three-field system over a three-year period. With the three-field system, there were only two fields with crops. Each field's soil recovered its fertility during its fallow year when no crop was sown. Townshend introduced a four-year rotation cycle using four crops, each sown in separate fields. Instead, adding manure and sowing a crop of clover helped to restore the fields' fertility. The new system was much more productive, yet no more harmful to the land. Growing turnips and clover as food for cattle and sheep also gave farmers additional source of income 

Proto-industrialization:

The period of industrialization before the first factories came up in Europe is termed as proto-industrialization. This period was marked by merchants from towns getting products made in villages.Reasons for focus of merchants on villages: There were powerful trade and craft guilds in urban areas. These associations controlled competition and prices and prevented entry of a new player in the market. Because of them, it was difficult for new merchants to set business in towns.

Features of proto-industrialization in Britain:

The merchants supplied money to the peasants in the countryside. They motivated them to produce products for an international market.Land was becoming scarce in villages. Small plots of land were not enough to meet the need of a growing population. Peasants were looking for some additional sources of income.The proto-industrial system was a network of commercial exchanges. It was controlled by merchants. Goods were produced by peasants who worked within their family farms and not in factories. The finished product passed through several stages and reached the markets of London. From London, the products were supplied to the international market.

THE COMING UP OF FACTORYThe earliest factories in England came up in the 1730s. By late 18th century, there were numerous factories dotting the landscape of England. In 1760 Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton. This quantity increased to 22 million pounds by 1787.Benefits of factories: The factories increased efficiency of workers. Because of new machines a worker could produce better products in much bigger quantities. Cotton textiles were the main area in which industrialization happened. Managing and supervising the labour was much easier in factories than it was in the countryside.

The pace of Industrial ChangeCotton and metals were the most dynamic industries in Britain. During the first phase of industrialization (upto 1840s), cotton was the leading sector. The iron and steel industries grew rapidly with the expansion of railways. The railways expanded in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from 1860s. By 1873, the export of iron and steel from Britain was valued at about 77 million pounds. This was double the value of cotton export.At the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20% of total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. This shows that the traditional industry could not be displaced by the new industries.The cotton or metal industries could not set the change of pace in the traditional industries. But the traditional industries experienced many changes which were brought by small and apparently ordinary innovations. Food processing, building, pottery, glasswork, tanning, furniture making and production of implements were such industries.

The new technology took a long time to spread across the industrial landscape. High cost of machines and costly repair scared the merchants and industrialists. The new machines were not as effective as claimed by their inventors and manufacturers.Historians acknowledge the fact that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer.Hand Labour and Steam Power: During this period, there was no shortage of human labour. Because of good supply of workers, there was no problem of labour shortage or high wages. As a result, the merchants and industrialists preferred to manage with human labour rather than investing in costly machines.Machine-made goods were standardized and could not match the high quality finish of hand-made goods. The people from the upper classes preferred things produced by hand.The situation was different in nineteenth century America. There was shortage of labour in America and hence mechanization was the only way out in that part of the world.

- Protective Tariff - To stop the import of certain goods and to protectthe domestic goods a tariff was imposed. This tariff was imposed inorder to save the domestic goods from the competition of importedgoods and also to save the interest of local producers.- Laissez, Faire - According to the economists, for the fast trade a policyof Laissez Faire should be applied whereby government should neitherinterfere in trade nor in the industrial production. This policy was introducedby a British economist named Adam Smith.- Policy of Protection - The policy to be applied in order to protect thenewly formed industry from stiff competition.- Imperial preference - During British period, the goods imported fromBritain to India be given special rights and facilities.- Chamber of commerce - Chamber of commerce was established in the19th century in order to take collective decisions on certain importantissues concerning trade and commerce. Its first office was set up inMadras.- Nationalist Message - Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalistmessage very clearly. They said, if you care for the national then buyproducts that Indians produce. Advertisement became a vehicle of nationalistmessage of Swadeshi.

SARBAS, ZIYAN, NANDU, THANWEER,IDREES, MUFAZZAL, ANFIL,SHEHSAD, ASIF, SHYLESH