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HHAAZZAARRDDSS OOFF II NNDDUUSSTTRRII AALL II SSAATTII OONN AANNDD UURRBBAANNII SSAATTII OONN

Dr. I.D. MALL Professor, Department of Chemical Engg.,

Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee- 247667 EENNVVII RROONNMM EENNTT LL iivviinngg,, NNoonn ll iivviinngg :: SSooii ll ,, wwaatteerr ,, aaii rr ,, eenneerr ggyy,, ssppaaccee SSoocciiooeeccoonnoommiicc.. According to Hindu mythology, the gods once decided to churn the sea (Samudra Manthan) to obtain the pot of nectar of immortality (amrut). While churning, along with various unique precious things, a stream of poison was released and it started damaging and destroying the environment. Unless this problem was solved, it was not possible to obtain the amrut. When no other god showed willingness to handle the poison, Lord Shiva volunteered. He drank the whole stream of poison. But if He gulps down, He will invite death and hence He stops the poison in His throat. Thereafter, Lord Shiva is also known as Neelkanth (blue throat). Thus Lord Shiva showed the way to process the elements damaging environment and pioneered the concept of 'Sustainable Development'. ORIGIN OF THE SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT

� The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development � The Convention of Climate Change � Convention on Biological Diversity � Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests (Forests

Principles program).

LIVINGNON-

LIVING

ENVIRONMENT

SOCIE-ECONOMIC

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FFAACCTTOORRSS II NNFFLL UUEENNCCII NNGG SSUUSSTTAAII NNAABBII LL II TTYY

Sustainability is � Safe � Universally accepted � Stable � Technology that benefits all � Antipollution � Improvement in quality of life � Nontoxic � Awareness � Beautiful � Indigenous knowledge � Least-cost production � Income � Total quality � Youth

CARRYING CAPACITY

� The number of people the earth can support � Biological: maximum limits of global food production � Cultural: quality of life, the environment, future generations � Cultural carrying capacity: the size of a population that can live in a long-term,

sustained balance with the environment at a reasonable quality of life with land

Economic ProgressQuality of Life

Output

Developmental Activities

Input Wastes / Residuals

Resources Environment

AssimilativeCapacity

SupportiveCapacity

Carrying Capacity

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ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

� Reviving growth. � Changing the quality of growth. � Meeting essential needs for jobs, food, energy, water, and sanitation. � Conserving and enhancing the resource base. � Reorienting technology and managing risk. � Merging environment and economics in decision making.

Mahatma Gandhi [when asked if, after independence, India would attain British standards of living]: “It took Britain half the resources of the planet to achieve its prosperity; how many planets will a country like India require?”

� Rapid industrialization, urbanization and fast economic growth worldwide

phenomenon. � 1950: 29.3% of the global population in urban area, � Present share of urban population more than 43%, to cross 50% mark in 2005. � By 2030, global urban population: twice the size of rural population. � By 2025, more than three fifth of the world population will live in urban area. � Growth of urban population in the developing countries is running at much faster

rate than the developed countries. � By 2000 AD there will 21 cities in the world with more than 10 Million

inhabitants and 17 of them will be in developing countries, � During the second half of the 20th century the world population is projected to

grow by almost 160%, urban population to grow by 375%. � Annual rate of growth reached a peak of 90 million persons a year between 1985

and 1990 � By 2000, this has fallen to approximately 80 million persons per year � Experts predict 85%,that growth will level off by the 2070 � Urban population in India:

� 17.3% in 1950 � 25.5% in 1990 and � more than 45% by 2025 AD

� Since 1950 global economic output has increased approximately 5 times � On top of increased rates of resource extraction, industrialization, consumption,

and waste production � In developing countries:

� Wages improved � Poverty declined � Infant mortality declined � Life expectancy increased

� However in some poor countries : economic conditions get worse, as results of Social/political unrest, internal and boundary wars, tribal conflicts

� Gap between rich and poor grows

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� In 1960 30:1 � In 1992 61:1

� The present people make 1.1% of global income. � At least 1/5 of people are worse off today in income than generation ago. � Today 20 % of the Earth’s people consume 90 % of its resources; meanwhile

some 4 billion people live on less than US$ 2 per day. This pattern is not sustainable – nor is the rate of resource depletion.

� If we do not act rapidly, by 2032 more than half the World’s people will live in water-stressed areas.

� In addition, expansion of cities, roads and other infrastructure will entail the disturbance or outright destruction of habitats and wildlife on over 70 % of the planet’s total land surface (Toepfer, 2002).

� Over 70% of the earth surface could be affected by roads, mining, cities and other infrastructure development in the next 30 years unless urgent action is taken,

� Automobile pollution is major concern in cities all over the world. � Loss of biodiversity and climatic changes due to large scale deforestation is

another major problem of urbanization and industrialization. � The CO2 level in the atmosphere is increasing, causing the earth’s temperature to

rise and leading to the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers � The number of forest fires is also increasing around the world. � Rivers are running dry. � China in 1972 the yellow river did not reach the sea for the first time in the

history � 1977: it did not reach the sea during 226 days � Situation in many rivers in India is also alarming

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� Plants and animal are taking strong a strong hit; they are desperately trying to adapt, but too many will not make it

� Poverty erodes human capital; � There are stark social inequities. 20% world population accounts for 80% of total

consumption � Nearly half of the world population( an estimated 2.8 billion people) lives in less

than two dollars a day � Modern society has introduced or increased human exposure to thousands of

chemicals in the environment Fast growing unplanned and indiscriminate urbanization: Cause of recent ecological imbalances Major environmental crisis which mankind is facing due to urban and industrial development are:

� Large scale contamination of water and air. � Deforestation � Increase in urban slums � Generation of huge solid waste consisting of hazardous material. � Water scarcity and ground water depletion. � Global warming � Greenhouse effect � Ozone layer depletion

WATER SCARCITY AND WATER POLLUTION

� The wars of the next century will be over water – not oil or politics and it is feared that the growing water scarcity is causing interstate tension which may explode into violent conflicts over the earth’s fundamental water resources.

� Global water consumption increased 6 times in the past century

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� 1/3rd of people have less than adequate water could rise to 2/3 to 20/35 � The global water requirements are likely to increase almost tenfold during the

20th century. Water scarcity has been a major problem in most of the cities in India.

� In urban areas of South America, Africa, and Asia, 95% of all sewage is discharged untreated into rivers

According to a report of Global Environment Outlook (GEO – 2000 of UNEP), the global fresh water consumption has risen six fold between 1900 and 1995 even more than twice the rate of population growth. One third of the world’s population is already living in countries with moderate to high water stress, where water consumption is more than 10 percent of the renewable fresh water supply. Roughly 20 percent of the world’s population (1.1 billion), lack access to safe drinking water and around 50 percent adequate sanitation. The problems are most acute in Africa and West Asia; besides it is a major constraint in the overall socio-economic growth in many countries including China, India and Indonesia.

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� Two thirds of India’s surface water are contaminated sufficiently to be considered dangerous to human health. 70% of water in India is polluted.

� Only 8 of 3119 towns in India fully treat their sewage and only 209 towns partially treat their sewage.

� 65% of the country’s population in 212 class I cities generated 1214 million litre per day of waste water. Class I and Class II generated 2000 crore lit sewage treat only 200 crore lit.

� Ganga water at Varanasi: Coliform count in upstream and downstream more than 13 times and 300 times the safe limit respectively in the downstream.

Yamuna - river, or a drain?

� To call Yamuna a river, particularly in Delhi, is an aberration of the first order. The water is black and oil-laden with suspended pollutants.

� Yamuna leaving New Delhi receives 200 million litre of untreated sewage per day and has coliform 25 million organisms per 100 millimeter against the safe level for drinking water 100 organisms per 100 millimeter.

� Yamuna has become a sewer for disposal of wastes from 50,000 industries and sewage from 8 million people.

� Poor water quality continues to pose a major threat to human health. Diarrhoeal disease alone amounts to an estimated 4.3 % (62.5 million DALYs) of the total DALY global burden of disease (WHO, 2002). It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene and is mostly concentrated on children in developing countries.

OCEAN POLLUTION 6 million tonnes of plastics bottles, packaging material, and other litter tossed from ships into ocean annually. Few coastal lines in the world remain uncontaminated by oil or oil products

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IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION � Water Pollution

� 851 industries Discharging 100 +kg BOD � Tamil Nadu Highest Polluter

� Grasim Industries � 687k Gallons/day of Industrial Waste disposed into Ganges � Food and Agro Based Industries contribute 65-70% of Total Industrial water

waste

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MM AAJJOORR PPOOLL LL UUTTII NNGG II NNDDUUSSTTRRII EESS � By Industrial Sectors– � 17 Key industry sectors

AIR POLLUTION Air Pollutant Impacts

� Greenhouse effect � Ozone depletion � Acidification � Smog formation � Eutrophication � Human health

08Iron & Steel

110Fertilizer

64Dyes

177Distillery

116Cement

02Copper

25Caustic

07Aluminum

# of UnitsIndustry

04Zinc

97TPP

392Sugar

12Refinery

96Pulp& Paper

251Pharma

49petrochemical

71Pesticide

70Leather

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� Automobile exhaust cause of major concern during recent yeas, contributing significantly to urban air pollution problem.

� The rate of growth of the world’s vehicle fleet projected to surpass that of both the total and urban population.

� Daily pollutant emission in Metropolitan cities itself has increased considerably. � About 5 million people from Delhi suffer from respiratory illness. 2000 fatal

accidents every year, 10 -12% rise in Delhi. � Lead level in many of the cities was at alarming situation. Situation has improved

with phasing out of lead EMBODIED MATERIALS

� Where do old cars go when they die? � ~1500 kg or 3000 lb of material per vehicle

(~2 years worth of daily personal trash) � 75% of weight is metals – recyclable, usually � Batteries - lead (again) � Spare parts

CONSUMABLE MATERIALS

� Gasoline - air pollution impacts � Oils and fluids - residual materials � Tires - metal and rubber materials � Coolants - dreaded CFCs � Batteries - lead (again) � Spare parts

LAND USE PATTERNS

� Road space and construction � Interstate highway system � Parking space and construction � Spread of communities � More roads and change in use � Replacement of mass transit

CCRRII TTEERRII AA AAII RR PPOOLL LL UUTTAANNTTSS � Nitrogen Dioxide: NO2

� Brownish gas irritates the respiratory system Originates from combustion (N2 in air is oxidized); NOx sum of NO, NO2, other oxides of N

� Ozone: Ground Level O3 � Primary constituent of urban smog � Reaction of VOC + NOx in presence of heat +sun light

� Carbon Monoxide: CO � Reduces bloods ability to carry O2

� Lead: Pb � Cause learning disabilities in children , toxic to liver, kidney, blood forming

organs

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� tetraethyl lead – anti knock agent in gasoline � leaded gasoline has been phased out

� Particulate Matter: PM10 (PM 2.5) � respiratory disorders

� Sulfur Dioxide: SO2 � formed when fuel (coal, oil) containing S is burned and metal smelting � precursor to acid rain along with NOx

EENNVVII RROONNMM EENNTTAALL EEMM II SSSSII OONNSS

� Delhi – total pollution load declines from 412,000t – 328,000 t (1998-2020) � By 2020, two wheelers and cars contribute 80% HC emissions in Delhi � Two wheelers alone contribute 70% of CO2 emissions � Annual Pollution load in Mumbai declines by 40% � Particulates, SOx and NOx declines due to the decline in diesel usage � CO2 emissions by 2020 under BAU in Delhi would be 2.57 times the present

value � In Mumbai it would be 2.7 times � CO2 emissions in Delhi are 2.4 times higher than Mumbai at any given time

BIODIVERSITY With the loss of tropical forests, Earth’s biodiversity will decline…. 50% of plant, animals, and microorganisms live in rain forests…. Biodiversity has been seen as the total (and irreducible) complexity of all life, including not only the great variety of organisms but also their varying behavior and interactions DDEEFFOORREESSTTAATTII OONN AANNDD LL OOSSSS OOFF BBII OO--DDII VVEERRSSII TTYY

� Biodiversity now fundamental component of sustainable development. � With the loss of tropical forests, Earth’s biodiversity will decline…. � 50% of plant, animals, and microorganisms live in rain forests…. � Biodiversity has been seen as the total (and irreducible) complexity of all life,

including not only the great variety of organisms but also their varying behavior and interactions

� Soil loss and erosion � Dramatic increase in the 2nd half of 20th century � Highest erosion rates in poorer countries � Deserts will expand because of land use pressure, grazing. Deforestation,

increased cultivation, draught � Recent Loss of>20% of tropical forests � Estimate that only10% will be left by 2nd half of the century � India has less than 2% of total forest area in the world, supports over 15% of the

world population. � Forest over in Delhi only 23% against head of 25%.

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� The per capita forest area decreased from 0.20 hectare in 1981 to 0.11 hectare in 1991.

� Dense forest 40 to 11.73 % Forest cover only 12% against head of 33%. Forest over in Delhi only 23% against head of 25%.

� The per capita forest area decreased from 0.20 hectare in 1981 to 0.11 hectare in 1991.

� Dense forest 40 to 11.73 % Forest cover only 12% against head of 33%. CCLL II MM AATTII CC CCHHAANNGGEESS

� With rapid and unappropriated development of cities and industrialization there has been insignificant changes in the climatic conditions of most of the cities and hill stations.

� Climate change is one of the primary environmental concerns of the 21st century. No single issue is complex, or holds as many potential implications for the world’s inhabitants.

� By 2020, the world’s appetite for energy is likely to be about 75 % higher than what it was in 1990, barring major changes in energy policies, environmental policies, and/or technologies. Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are currently about 30 % above pre-industrial levels and are rising.

� By 2020, 1oC warmer � By 2070, 3oC warmer � A rise of 3oC would make the world hotter than it has been for the last 2 million

years. � Due to the global warming sea levels expected to increase by a meter or more by

next century. Heat island and another important phenomenon affects the urban environment.

GGLL OOBBAALL WWAARRMM II NNGG

� GHGs: CO2, water vapour, methane, etc., trap infrared radiation from Earth: greenhouse effect – essential for life

� Swedish scientist Ahrrenius calculated effect of doubling CO2 in 1896 – 5 degree C. rise close to modern climate models

� CO2 increased by 30% since pre-industrial times; will double by mid-Century � Mean global temperature increased by 0.6 C. over same period; sea levels by 10 –

20 cm, mostly from warming � Models predict 3 – 6 degree C. rise by 2100 without ‘feedback’ � About 7 billion tonnes (Gt) of anthropogenic carbon emissions p.a., 20% from

burning (tropical) forest But smoke, dust and sulphate aerosols from coal and forest burning reflect more incoming radiation and cool the earth

� Hence burning forests and ‘brown haze’over S.E. Asia slow global warning, perhaps by three quarters according to Nobel Laureate climatologist Paul Crutzen (New Scientist, 7.06.03)

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CCLL II MM AATTEE CCHHAANNGGEE AANNDD DDEEVVEELL OOPPMM EENNTT

SOLID WASTE GENERATION

� World’s urban waste 720 million tonnes (50% in developing countries) � Global Municipal Solid Waste to Increase 7% in 2004

� A report from Research Markets in Dublin, Ireland estimates that in 2004, the

total amount of municipal solid waste generated globally will increase 7% over 2003 figures to 1.84 billion tonnes. The report further estimates that between 2004 and 2008, global generation of municipal waste will rise by 31.1%.

INDIA:

� 294.484 g per capita per day. � About 28% of the garbage remains unattended. � More that 80% of town and cities do not have adequate infrastructure. � Solid waste from 9 major metropolitan cities expected to go 12 million tonnes by

turn of century. � Hospital Waste: 0.5 Kg per bed per day containing cotton plastics, dressings,

surgical and autopsy waste items saturated with blood and body fluids and provide fertile environment to bacteria, virus and other micro organisms to multiply.

� 7780 tonnes per day solid waste in Delhi.

Socioeconomic development pathDemographic change

Economic growthTechnology

Policy & Institutions

Climate changeTemperature rise

Precipitation changeSea level rise

Variability and extreme events

Human and Natural systemsLand and water resourcesEcosystems and biodiversityHuman healthHuman settlements and infrastructure

Emissions and concentrationsGreenhouse gases

Aerosols

Impa

ctsM

itig

atio

n

AdaptationVulnerability

Source: IIASA

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� 300 million tonnes of solid waste. � 450 million tonnes of coal ash � Hospital Waste: 0.5 Kg per bed per day containing cotton plastics, dressings,

surgical and autopsy waste items saturated with blood and body fluids and provide fertile environment to bacteria, virus and other micro organisms to multiply. 85% General category 15% Infectious and hazardous

� 7780 tonnes per day solid waste in Delhi. 60 tonnes of Biomedical waste

� 300 million tonnes of solid waste. � 450 million tonnes of coal ash

Greenhouse Gas Sources & Sinks Associated With Material Life Cycle

Municipal Solid Waste Projected Trend in Generation of MSW

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WASTE OR RESOURCE? FACTS AT A GLANCE � About 0.1 million tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated in India every day.

That is approximately 36.5 million tonnes annually. � Per capita waste generation in major Indian cities ranges from 0.2 Kg to 0.6 Kg. � Difference in per capita waste generation between lower and higher income

groups range between 180 to 800 gm per day. � The urban local bodies spend approximately Rs.500 to Rs.1500 per tonne on solid

waste for collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. About 60-70% of this amount is spent on collection, 20-30% on transportation and less than 5% on final disposal.

� Calorific value of Indian solid waste is between 600 and 800 Kcal/Kg and the density of waste is between 330 and 560 Kg/m3.

� Waste collection efficiency in Indian cities ranges from 50% to 90%. � Out of the total municipal waste collected, on an average 94% is dumped on land

and 5% is composted. � Between 2000 and 2025 the waste composition of Indian garbage will undergo the

following changes: � Organic Waste will go up from 40 percent to 60 percent � Plastic will rise from 4% to 6% � Metal will escalate from 1% to 4% � Glass will increase from 2% to 3% � Paper will climb from 5% to 15% � Others (ash, sand, grit) will decrease from 47% to 12%

PPAASSTT CCOONNCCEEPPTT

Environmental

Social Economic

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DECISION MAKING IN A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY WHY RE-BUILDING NATURAL RESOURCES IS URGENT? - EXAM PLE OF INDIA

� GDP loss due to environmental damage exceeds 10% per year (the case of the US is perhaps worse according to the organisation Redefining Progress)

� 11-26% loss of agricultural output due to soil degradation � Annual growth of forest only 88 / cubic mtrs as against 139-235 cubic mtrs

possible. � 23 known species extinct, indicative of threat to rich bio-diversity. � 2.5 million people dying prematurely each year due to air pollution � Water quality in most major rivers of India far below acceptable level

CONCLUSIONS FFoouurr CCrr ii tt iiccaall FFaaccttoorr ss

� Population- how to control? � Technology- help or hindrance? � Consumerisation- can we all have the resources we want ? � Land use- is there enough?

Environmental Goals � Climate protection through control of CO2 emission � Preservation of natural resources and responsible use of alternative fuels and raw

materials � Control and reduction of atmospheric emissions and discharges � Land scape protection

“Nature is essence of civilisation, to preserve it in its pristine glory and magnificence becomes our priority”

Social Economic

Environmental

SustainableSolutions